**5. Acknowledgement**

We kindly acknowledge the support of the WWF in the execution of this study.

#### **6. References**


Industrial Contaminants and Pesticides in Food Products 87

Jurewicz, J.; Hanke, W. (2008). Prenatal and childhood exposure to pesticides and

Kannan, K.; Corsolini, S.; Falandysz, J.; Oehme, G.; Focardi, S.; Giesy, J.P. (2002).

Kannan, K.; Corsolini, S.; Falandysz, J.; Fillman, G.; Kumar, K.S.; Loganathan, B.G.; Mohd,

Lee, D.H.; Steffes, M.; Jacobs, D.R. Jr. (2007). Positive associations of serum concentration of

Martin, J.W.; Mabury, S.A.; Solomon, K.R. ; Muir, D.C.G. Bioconcentration and tissue

Martin, J.W.; Whittle, D.M.; Muir, D.C.G.; Mabury, S.A. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in a

Ohta, S.; Ishizuka, D.; Nishimura, H.; Teruyuki, N.; Aozasa, O.; Shimidzu, Y.; Ochiai, F.;

Ohta, S.; Tokusawa, H.; Nakao, T.; Aozasa, O.; Myata, H.; Alaee, M. (2008). Global

Peters, R.J.B.; Beeltje, H.; van Delft, R.J. (2008). Xeno-estrogenic compounds in precipitation.

Rimkus, G.G.; Wolf, M. (1995). Nitro musk fragrances in biota from freshwater and marine

Rusiecki, J.A.; Baccarelli, A.; Bollati, V.; Tarantini, L.; Moore, L.E.; Bonefeld-Jorgensen, E.C.

Ribas-Fito, N.; Sala, M.; Kogevinas, M.; Sunyer, J. (2001). Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)

(2008). Global DNA hypomethylation is associated with high serum-persistent organic pollutants in Greenlandic Inuit. *Environmental Health Perspective*, Vol.116,

and neurological development in children: a systematic review. *Journal of* 

the market fishes from Japan. *Chemosphere*, Vol.73, (2008), pp. S31-S38. Peters, R.J.B. (2005). TNO report B&O-A R 2005/129, Man-made chemicals in maternal and

*Journal of Environmental Monitoring*, Vol.10, (2008), pp. 760-769.

*Epidemiological Community and Health*, Vol.55, (2001), pp. 537-546.

environment*. Chemosphere,*Vol.30, (1995), pp. 641-651.

*Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,* Vol.22, (2003), pp. 196-204.

*Technology,* Vol.36, (2002), pp. 3210-3216.

*Chemosphere*, Vol.46, (2002), pp. 689-696.

Vol.115, (2007), pp. 883-888.

cord blood, (March 2005).

(2008), pp. 1547-1552.

pp. 5379-5385.

tm.

4495.

http://archive.food.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1998/no168/168phtha.h

neurobehavioral development: review of epidemiological studies*. International Journal of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health,* Vol.21, (2008), pp. 121-132.

Perfluorooctane sulfonate and related fluorochemicals in marine mammals, fish and birds from the Baltic and Mediterranean Sea. *Environmental Science and* 

M.A.; Olivero, J.; Van Wouwe, N.; Yang, J.H.; Aldous, K.M. (2004). Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochenmicals in in human blood from several countries*. Environmental Science and Technology*, Vol.38, (2004), pp. 4489-

polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides with self-reported arthritis, especially rheumatoid type, in women*. Environmental Health Perspective,* 

distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)*.* 

foodweb from Lake Ontario*. Environmental Science and Technology*, Vol.38, (2004),

Kida, T.; Nishi, M.; Miyata, H. (2002). Comparison of dioehyl ethers fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nusing women in Japan.

contamination of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls (Co-PXBs) in


Cox, S.; Niskar, A.S.; Narayan K.M.V.; Marcus, M. (2007). Prevalence of self-reported

De Winter-Sorkina, R.; Bakker, M.I.; van Donkersgoed, G.; van Klaveren, J.D. (2003). RIVM

De Winter-Sorkina, R.; Bakker, M.I.; Wolterink, G.; Zeijlmaker, M.J. (2006). RIVM report

EC (2003). European Commission report. Report on Tasks for Scientific Cooperation

EFSA (2004). European Food Safety Authority report. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on

EU (2004). EU-report: Dioxins & PCBs: Environmental levels and human exposure in candidate countries. Reference: ENV.C.2/SER/2002/0085, (June 2004). Fernandes, A.R.; Costley, C.T.; Rose, M. (2003). Determination of 4-octylphenol and 4-

FDA (1999). Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study 1999. See internet site,

FDA (2003). Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study 2003. See internet site,

Fromme, H.; Otto, T.; Pilz, K. (2001). Polycyclic musk fragrances in fish samples from Berlin waterways, Germany. *Food Additives and Contaminants,* Vol.11, (2001), pp. 937-944. Gallani, B.; Boix, A.; Di Domenico, A.; Fanelli, R. Occurence of NDL-PCB in food and feed in

Gatermann, R.; Biselli, S.; Huhnerfuss, H.; Rimkus, G.G.; Hecker, M.; Karbe, L. (2002) Part 1:

Geenen R. (2003). TNO report TR 03/725, The determination of additives in food products,

Guenther, K.; Heinke, V.; Thiele, B.; Kleist, E.; Prast, H.; Raecker, T. Endocrine disrupting

Guo, Y.L.; Lambert, G.H.; Hsu, C.C. (1995). Growth abnormalities in the population exposed

Joint Food Safety and Standards Group (1998). Joint Food Safety and Standards Group, Food

*Environmental Health Perspective,* Vol.103, (1995), pp. 117-122.

Species-dependent bioaccumulation of polycyclic and nitro musk fragrances in freshwater fish and mussels. *Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology*.

nonylphenols are ubiquitous in food. *Environmental Science and Technology*, Vol.36,

in utero and early postnatally to polychlorinatedbiphenyls and dibenzofurans.

surveillance information sheet, number 168, (December, 1998). See internet site,

Europe. *Organohalogen Compounds,* Vol.66, (2004), pp. 3561-3569.

Health Perspective, Vol.115, (2007), pp. 1747-1752.

(2003).

(2006).

operation, (October 2003).

(2003), pp. 846-852.

Vol.42, (2002), pp. 437-446.

(December, 2003).

(2002), pp. 1676-1680.

*The EFSA Journal*, Vol.102, (2004), pp. 1-119.

http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/pes-99rep.pdf.

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/tds-toc.html

diabetes and exposure to organochlorine pesticides among Mexican Americans: Hipanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984. Environmental

report 310305001, *Dietary intake of brominated flame retardants by the Dutch population,*

320100002, *Brominated flame retardants: occurrence, dietary intake and risk assessment,*

(SCOOP), task 3.2.13. Assessment of the dietary exposure to organotin compounds of the population of the EU member states. European Commission, Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection, Reports on tasks for scientific co-

Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission to assess the health risks to consumers associated with the exposure to organotins in foodstuffs.

nonylphenol congeners in composite foods. *Food Additives and Contaminants*, Vol.20,

http://archive.food.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1998/no168/168phtha.h tm.


**6** 

 *Greece* 

**Pesticide Residues in Bee Products** 

Andreas Thrasyvoulou1 and Urania Menkissoglu-Spiroudi2

"The man has no divine right over the food. He must compete for this with weeds, diseases,

With the above quote, Grodner clearly reflects the situation in the area production and processing of food. More than 10.000 species of insects and mites, 1.500 species of fungi and 600 plant species have been identified as harmful to agriculture (Grodner, 1996; Pimentel et al., 2000). The production of plant and animal products requires the use of large quantities of chemicals (plant protection agents, veterinary drugs, fertilizers, etc.), which could lead to increased production and improved quality, as a consequence. The quality of the final product is usually reflected to particular visual parameters like color, size and general appearance. In the case of food, however, many questions are raising about their safety. The reason is the possible presence of chemical residues detected in the final product. Nowadays, consumer safety is a major priority for governments of developed countries and food safety is a criterion for the trading and prices on the market. Reports in media about alimentary scandals cause anxiety to consumers and turning a part of the market to organic products, which are considered free, or at least less contaminated by hazardous substances. In recent years, reports in media have grown at an alarming rate and any references to the consumer aimed at creating impressions, achieved by overemphasizing the disadvantages of chemical use and mainly problems related to environmental pollution and its impact on human health. In contrast, reports in media referring to the advantages of using chemicals are minimal to nonexistent. For example, the absence of appropriate chemical agents to combat rodents lead to the first epidemic of the bubonic plague disease and the death of 65.000.000 people. Moreover, the starvation in Ireland began due to the fungal disease *Phytophthora infestans*, which destroyed potatoes causing 1.000.000 deaths from 1845 to 1851 (Knutson et al., 1990). Besides health problems that preoccupied humans in the past, the economic impact on different groups of consumers will be significant in case of pesticides withdrawal. Specifically, the weekly expenses for food are expected to rise by 44% for consumers of low average income. The economies of countries with intensive agriculture will be stroke because of the decline in exports of grains and products like cotton. Finally, undesirable environmental effects are expected due to the increasing of cultivated land and the erosion problems that could be observed because of the limited growth of the root

**1. Introduction** 

insects and other organisms" (Grodner, 1996).

Emmanouel Karazafiris1, Chrysoula Tananaki1,

*2 Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture,* 

*Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,* 

*Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,* 

*1Laboratory of Apiculture-Sericulture, Faculty of Agriculture,* 

