**4. Conclusion**

As described above, most of the aquatic contaminants have shown either activations or suppressions in the immune response that greatly varied with the exposure route, time, dosage and fish specie with many similarities to immunotoxicological data in mammals. Therefore, although researchers do not have precise contamination biomarkers in aquatic animals some conclusions may rise: i) heavy metals contamination is usually followed by metallothionein overexpression (Misra et al., 1989; Hansen et al., 2007; Costa et al., 2009); ii) OCs exposure is concomitant to decreased number and size of melano-macrophage centres (Schmitt et al., 2005; Hinck et al., 2007); iii) immunotoxicological effects due to PHAs and PCBs are generally parallel to an increase in the activity of the detoxification proteins cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), through the involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR), and/or EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) (Lee & Anderson, 2005; Duffy & Zelikoff, 2006; Reynaud & Deschaux, 2006; Bravo et al., 2011); and iv) further and deeper studies are needed to understand the real effect of environmental contaminants in fish and the mechanisms for toxicity. Moreover, looking at the fish species studied and those subjected to aquaculture, most of the data come from wild fish, salmonids and cyprinids but other major species are almost ignored. Even further, most of the studies focus on freshwater fish and very little is known for marine species. These aspects should be covered by future works to progress in the understanding of the immunotoxicological effects and mechanisms and the consequences and risks they may have on human consumers as consequence of the bioaccumulation.

#### **5. Acknowledgments**

This work has been funded by national (IDI-20091041, AGL2008-05119-C02-01 and AGL2010-20801-C02-02) and regional projects (04538/GERM/06). A. Cuesta thanks to the *Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación* for the *Ramón y Cajal* contract.

#### **6. References**

Ahlborg, U.G.; Becking, G.C.; Birnbaum, L.S.; Brouwer, A.; Derks, H.J.G.M.; Feeley, M.; Golor, G.; Hanberg, A.; Larsen, J.C.; Liem, A.K.D.; Safe, S.H.; Schlatter, C.; Waern,

resistance to disease (Kreutz et al., 2010) whilst failed to do so in common carp (Cossarini-Dunier et al., 1987; Cossarini-Dunier & Hattenberger, 1988). Phenols are another group of toxics. Phenol, pyrocatechol and hydroquinone decreased the cell-mediated cytotoxic activity of spleen lymphocytes in common carp (Taysse et al., 1995), pentachlorophenol reduced macrophage production of cytokines in goldfish (Chen et al., 2005) but activated phagocytosis and unaltered other immune functions and disease resistance in rainbow trout (Shelley et al., 2009). Endocrine disrupting chemicals produce population decline, an increasing incidence of cancer, inhibition of reproductive function, and developing disruption of the immune and nervous systems. However, there are very limited data concerning the role of endocrine disrupting chemicals on aquatic organism, including the fish immune response. Zebrafish embryos exposed for 3 days to 17α-ethynyestradiol, permethrin, atrazine and nonylphenol (0.1-12.5 μg/L) altered the expression of immunerelevant genes (TNFα, IFN, IL-1β, IL-8, CXCL-Clc, CC-chemokines, iNOS, etc.) indicating

their single and combined effects upon fish immune response (Jin et al., 2010).

risks they may have on human consumers as consequence of the bioaccumulation.

*Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación* for the *Ramón y Cajal* contract.

This work has been funded by national (IDI-20091041, AGL2008-05119-C02-01 and AGL2010-20801-C02-02) and regional projects (04538/GERM/06). A. Cuesta thanks to the

Ahlborg, U.G.; Becking, G.C.; Birnbaum, L.S.; Brouwer, A.; Derks, H.J.G.M.; Feeley, M.;

Golor, G.; Hanberg, A.; Larsen, J.C.; Liem, A.K.D.; Safe, S.H.; Schlatter, C.; Waern,

As described above, most of the aquatic contaminants have shown either activations or suppressions in the immune response that greatly varied with the exposure route, time, dosage and fish specie with many similarities to immunotoxicological data in mammals. Therefore, although researchers do not have precise contamination biomarkers in aquatic animals some conclusions may rise: i) heavy metals contamination is usually followed by metallothionein overexpression (Misra et al., 1989; Hansen et al., 2007; Costa et al., 2009); ii) OCs exposure is concomitant to decreased number and size of melano-macrophage centres (Schmitt et al., 2005; Hinck et al., 2007); iii) immunotoxicological effects due to PHAs and PCBs are generally parallel to an increase in the activity of the detoxification proteins cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), through the involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR), and/or EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) (Lee & Anderson, 2005; Duffy & Zelikoff, 2006; Reynaud & Deschaux, 2006; Bravo et al., 2011); and iv) further and deeper studies are needed to understand the real effect of environmental contaminants in fish and the mechanisms for toxicity. Moreover, looking at the fish species studied and those subjected to aquaculture, most of the data come from wild fish, salmonids and cyprinids but other major species are almost ignored. Even further, most of the studies focus on freshwater fish and very little is known for marine species. These aspects should be covered by future works to progress in the understanding of the immunotoxicological effects and mechanisms and the consequences and

**4. Conclusion** 

**5. Acknowledgments** 

**6. References** 

F.; Younes, M. & Yrjäinheikki, E. (1994). Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs. *Chemosphere*, Vol.28, No.6, pp. 1049-1067, ISSN 0045-6535.


Immunotoxicological Effects of Environmental

4341.

2620.

0141-1136.

338, ISSN 0166-445X.

No.3, pp. 388-396, ISSN 0147-6513.

*Toxicology*, Vol.56, No.2, pp. 81-91, ISSN 0166-445X.

Vol.12, No.1-4, pp. 251-259, ISSN 0147-6513.

No.1, pp. 1-6, ISSN 0147-6513.

*Immunotoxicology*, Vol.3, No.1, pp. 39-47, ISSN 1547-691X.

Contaminants in Teleost Fish Reared for Aquaculture 255

Cuesta, A.; Meseguer, J. & Esteban, M.A. (2008b). Effects of the organochlorines p,p'-DDE

Dautremepuits, C.; Betoulle, S.; Paris-Palacios, S. & Vernet, G. (2004a). Immunology-related

Dautremepuits, C.; Betoulle, S.; Paris-Palacios, S. & Vernet, G. (2004b). Humoral immune

Davila, D.R.; Davis, D.A.P., Campbell, K.; Cambier, J.C.; Zigmond, L.A. & Burchiel, S.W.

Duchiron, C.; Betoulle, S.; Reynaud, S. & Deschaux, P. (2002a). Lindane increases

Duchiron, C.; Reynaud, S. & Deschaux, P. (2002b). Lindane-induced macrophage activating

Duffy, J.E. & Zelikoff, J.T. (2006). The relationship between noncoplanar PCB-induced

Duffy, J.E.; Carlson, E.; Li, Y.; Prophete, C. & Zelikoff, J.T. (2002). Impact of polychlorinated

Duffy, J.E.; Carlson, E.A.; Li, Y.; Prophete, C. & Zelikofft, J.T. (2003). Age-related differences

Dunier, M. & Siwicki, A.K. (1994). Effects of lindane exposure on rainbow trout

Dunier, M.; Siwicki, A.K. & Demaël, A. (1991). Effects of organophosphorus insecticides:

*Toxicology*, Vol.92, No.2, pp. 86-94, ISSN 0166-445X.

and lindane on gilthead seabream leucocyte immune parameters and gene expression. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.25, No.5, pp. 682-688, ISSN 1050-4648. Datta, S.; Ghosh, D.; Saha, D.R.; Bhattacharaya, S. & Mazumder, S. (2009). Chronic exposure

to low concentration of arsenic is immunotoxic to fish: role of head kidney macrophages as biomarkers of arsenic toxicity to *Clarias batrachus*. *Aquatic* 

perturbations induced by copper and chitosan in carp (*Cyprinus carpio* L.). *Archives of Environmental and Contamination Toxicology*, Vol.47, No.3, pp. 370-378, ISSN 0090-

factors modulated by copper and chitosan in healthy or parasitised carp (*Cyprinus carpio* L.) by *Ptychobothrium* sp. (Cestoda). *Aquatic Toxicology*, Vol.68, No.4, pp. 325-

(1995). Role of alterations in Ca2+-associated signaling pathways in the immunotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. *Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A: Current Issues,* Vol.45, No. 2, pp. 101–126, ISSN 1087-

macrophage-activating factor production and intracellular calcium in rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) leukocytes. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety*, Vol.53,

factor (MAF) production by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*): involvement of intracellular cAMP mobilization. *Aquatic* 

immunotoxicity and hepatic CYP1A induction in a fish model. *Journal of* 

biphenyls (PCBs) on the immune function of fish: age as a variable in determining adverse outcome. *Marine Environmental Research*, Vol.54, No.3-5, pp. 559-563, ISSN

in the sensitivity of the fish immune response to a coplanar PCB. *Ecotoxicology,*

(*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) immunity. I. Effect of lindane on antibody-secreting cells (ASC) measured by ELISPOT assay. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,* Vol.27,

effects of trichlorfon and dichlorvos on the immune response of carp (*Cyprinus carpio*). III. *In vitro* effects on lymphocyte proliferation and phagocytosis and *in vivo*

(*Sparus aurata*) serum. *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta*, Vol.1770, No. 1, pp. 150-155, ISSN 0005-2728.


Carlson, E.A.; Li, Y. & Zelikoff, J.T. (2002). Exposure of Japanese medaka (*Oryzias latipes*) to

challenge. *Aquatic Toxicology*, Vol.56, No. 4, pp. 289–301, ISSN 0166-445X. Carlson, E.A.; Li, Y. & Zelikoff, J.T. (2004). Benzo[a]pyrene-induced immunotoxicity in

Chen, X.; Yao, G. & Hou, Y. (2005). Pentachlorophenol reduces B lymphocyte function

Cleland, G.B. & Sonstegard, R.A. (1987). Natural killer cell activity in rainbow trout (*Salmo* 

*of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences*, Vol.44, No.3, pp. 636–638, ISSN 0706-652X. Connon, R.E.; Geist, J.; Pfeiff, J.; Loguinov, A.V.; D'Abronzo, L.S.; Wintz, H.; Vulpe, C.D. &

Cossarini-Dunier, M. (1987). Effects of the pesticides atrazine and lindane and of manganese

Cossarini-Dunier, M. & Hattenberger, A.M. (1988). Effect of pesticides (atrazine and lindane)

Cossarini-Dunier, M.; Monod, G.; Demael, A. & Lepot, D. (1987). Effect of gamma-

Costa, P.M.; Caeiro, S.; Diniz, M.S.; Lobo, J.; Martins, M.; Ferreira, A.M.; Caetano, M.; Vale,

Cuesta, A.; Esteban, M.A. & Meseguer, J. (1999). Natural cytotoxic activity of gilthead

Cuesta, A.; Meseguer, J. & Esteban, M.A. (2008a). The antimicrobial peptide hepcidin exerts

(Fam. *Osmeridae*). *BMC Genomics*, Vol.10, pp. 608, ISSN 1471-2164.

ISSN 0005-2728.

No.1, pp. 40–52, ISSN 0041-008X.

No.sA, pp. 67–73, ISSN 0022-1112.

98, ISSN 0147-6513.

ISSN 0147-6513.

171, ISSN 0165-2427.

*Toxicology,* Vol.43, No.2, pp. 239-245, ISSN 0278-6915.

*Vétérinaires*, Vol.19, No.3, pp. 209–211, ISSN 0003-4193.

(*Sparus aurata*) serum. *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta*, Vol.1770, No. 1, pp. 150-155,

benzo[a]pyrene suppresses immune function and host resistance against bacterial

Japanese medaka (*Oryzias latipes*): relationship between lymphoid CYP1A activity and humoral immune suppression. *Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,* Vol.201,

through proinflammatory cytokines in *Carassius auratus*. *Food and Chemical* 

*gairdneri*): effect of dietary exposure to aroclor 1254 and/or mirex. *Canadian Journal* 

Werner, I. (2009). Linking mechanistic and behavioral responses to sublethal esfenvalerate exposure in the endangered delta smelt; *Hypomesus transpacificus*

ions on cellular immunity of carp, *Cyprinus carpio*. *Journal of Fish Biology*, Vol.31,

on the replication of spring viremia of carp virus in vitro. *Annales de Recherches* 

hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) on carp (*Cyprinus carpio*). I. Effect of chronic intoxication on humoral immunity in relation to tissue pollutant levels. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,* Vol.13, No.3, pp. 339-345, ISSN 0147-6513. Cossarini-Dunier, M.; Demael, A. & Siwicki, A.K. (1990). *In vivo* effect of the

organophosphorus insecticide trichlorphon on the immune response of carp (*Cyprinus carpio*). I. Effect of contamination on antibody production in relation to residue level in organs. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety*, Vol.19, No.1, pp. 93-

C.; DelValls, T,A. & Costa, M.H. (2009). Biochemical endpoints on juvenile *Solea senegalensis* exposed to estuarine sediments: the effect of contaminant mixtures on metallothionein and CYP1A induction. *Ecotoxicology*, Vol.18, No.8, pp. 988-1000,

seabream (*Sparus aurata* L.) leucocytes. Assessment by flow cytometry and microscopy. *Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,* Vol.71, No. 3-4, pp. 161-

an important role in the innate immunity against bacteria in the bony fish gilthead seabream. *Molecular Immunology,* Vol.45, No.8, pp. 2333-2342, ISSN 1672-7681.


Immunotoxicological Effects of Environmental

371-382, ISSN 1050-4648.

371–374, ISSN 1532-0456.

1050-4648.

Vol.17, No.2, pp. 183-189, ISSN 0147-6513.

Vol.30, No.8, pp. 736–737, ISSN 0019-5189.

*Safety,* Vol.20, No.3, pp. 241-245, ISSN 0147-6513.

2620.

Contaminants in Teleost Fish Reared for Aquaculture 257

Fletcher, T.C. (1986). Modulation of nonspecific host defenses in fish. *Veterinary Immunology* 

Frederick, L.A.; Van Veld, P.A. & Rice, C.D. (2007). Bioindicators of immune function in

Galloway, T. & Handy, R. (2003). Immunotoxicity of organophosphorous pesticides.

Gatta, P.P.; Thompson, K.D.; Smullen, R.; Piva, A.; Test, S. & Adams, A. (2001). Dietary

Gey van Pittius, M.; Van Vuren, J.H. & Du Preez, H.H. (1992). Effects of chromium during

Ghanmi, Z.; Rouabhia, M.; Othmane, O. & Deschaux, P.A. (1989). Effects of metal ions on

Ghanmi, Z.; Rouabhia, M.; Alifuddin, M.; Troutaud, D. & Deschaux, P. (1990). Modulatory

Ghosh, S. & Bhaattacharya, S. (1992). Elevation of C-reactive protein in serum of *Chana* 

Ghosh, D.; Datta, S.; Bhattacharya, S. & Mazumder, S. (2007). Long-term exposure to arsenic

Girón-Pérez, M.I.; Barcelós-García, R.; Vidal-Chavez, Z.G.; Romero-Bañuelos, C.A. &

Girón-Pérez, M.I.; Santerre, A.; Gonzalez-Jaime, F.; Casas-Solis, J.; Hernández-Coronado, M.;

Girón-Pérez, M.I.; Velázquez-Fernández, J.; Díaz-Resendiz, K.; Díaz-Salas, F.; Canto-

*Aquatic Toxicology,* Vol.81, No. 1, pp. 79-89, ISSN 0166-445X.

*and Methods*, Vol.16, No.9, pp. 495-499, ISSN 1537-6516.

creosote-adapted estuarine killifish, *Fundulus heteroclitus*. *Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A: Current Issues,* Vol.70, No.17, pp. 1433-1442, ISSN 1087-

organic chromium supplementation and its effect on the immune response of rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*). *Fish & Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.11, No.5, pp.

pH change on blood coagulation in *Tilapia sparrmanii* (*Cichlidae*). *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology,* Vol.101, No.2, pp.

cyprinid fish immune response: *in vitro* effects of Zn2+ and Mn2+ on the mitogenic response of carp pronephros lymphocytes. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,*

effect of metal ions on the immune response of fish: *in vivo* and *in vitro* influence of MnCl2 on NK activity of carp pronephros cells. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental* 

*punctatus* as an indicator of water pollution. *Indian Journal of Experimental Biology*,

affects head kidney and impairs humoral immune responses of *Clarias batrachus*.

Robledo-Marenco, M.L. (2006). Effect of chlorpyrifos on the hematology and phagocytic activity of Nile tilapia cells (*Oreochromis niloticus*). *Toxicology Mechanisms* 

Peregrina-Sandoval, J.; Takemura, A. & Zaitseva, G. (2007). Immunotoxicity and hepatic function evaluation in Nile tilapia (*Oreochromis niloticus*) exposed to diazinon. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology,* Vol.23, No.4, pp. 760-769, ISSN 1050-4648. Girón-Pérez, M.I.; Zaitseva, G.; Casas-Solis, J. & Santerre, A. (2008). Effects of diazinon and

diazoxon on the lymphoproliferation rate of splenocytes from Nile tilapia (*Oreochromis niloticus*): the immunosuppresive effect could involve an increase in acetylcholine levels. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology,* Vol.25, No.5, pp. 517-521, ISSN

Montero, C.; Medina-Díaz, I.; Robledo-Marenco, M.; Rojas-García, A. & Zaitseva, G. (2009). Immunologic parameters evaluations in Nile tilapia (*Oreochromis niloticus*)

*and Immunopathology,* Vol.12, No.1-4, pp. 59-67, ISSN 0165-2427.

*Ecotoxicology*, Vol.12, No.1-4, pp. 345-363, ISSN 0147-6513.

effects on humoral response. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety*, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 79-87, ISSN 0147-6513.


Dunier, M.; Siwicki, A.K.; Scholtens, J.; Dal Molin, S.; Vergnet, C. & Studnicka, M. (1994).

Dunier, M.; Vergnet, C.; Siwicki, A.K. & Verlhac, V. (1995). Effect of lindane exposure on

Eder, K.J.; Clifford, M.A.; Hedrick, R.P.; Köhler, H.R. & Werner, I. (2008). Expression of

Eder, K.J.; Leutenegger, C.M.; Köhler, H.R. & Werner, I. (2009). Effects of neurotoxic

Ekman, E.; Akerman, G.; Balk, L. & Norrgren, L. (2004). Impact of PCB on resistance to

el-Gendy, K.S.; Aly, N.M. & el-Sebae, A.H. (1998). Effects of edifenphos and glyphosate on

Evans, D.L.; Graves, S.S.; Cobb, D. & Dawe, D.L. (1984). Nonspecific cytotoxic cells in fish

Faisal, M.; Marzouk, M.S.; Smith, C.L. & Huggett, R.J. (1991b). Mitogen induced

Fatima, M.; Mandiki, S.N.; Douxfils, J.; Silvestre, F.; Coppe, P. & Kestemont, P. (2007).

*& Comparative Immunology,* Vol.8, No.2, pp. 303-312, ISSN 0145-305X. Faisal, M.; Weeks, B.A.; Vogelbein, W.K. & Huggett, R.J. (1991a). Evidence of aberration of

*and Immunotoxicology,* Vol.13, No.3, pp. 311-327, ISSN 0892-3973.

*Agricultural Wastes*, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 135-149, ISSN 1093-4529.

*Environmental Safety,* Vol.27, No.3, pp. 324-334, ISSN 0147-6513.

pp. 79-87, ISSN 0147-6513.

182-190, ISSN 0147-6513.

No.1, pp. 31-39, ISSN 0177-5103.

No.3-4, pp. 339–351, ISSN 0165-2427.

No.2, pp. 59-67, ISSN 0166-445X.

Vol58, No.1, pp. 135-141, ISSN 0007-4861.

*Immunology,* Vol.25, No.5, pp. 508-516, ISSN 1050-4648.

effects on humoral response. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety*, Vol.22, No.1,

Effects of lindane exposure on rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) immunity. III. Effect on nonspecific immunity and B lymphocyte functions. *Ecotoxicology and* 

rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) immunity. IV. Prevention of nonspecific and specific immunosuppression by dietary vitamin C (ascorbate-2-polyphosphate). *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,* Vol.30, No.3, pp. 259-268, ISSN 0147-6513. Dutta, H.M.; Qadri, N.; Ojha, J.; Singh, N.K.; Adhikari, S.; Datta Munshi, J.S. & Roy, P.K.

(1997). Effect of diazinon on macrophages of bluegill sunfish, *Lepomis macrochirus*: a cytochemical evaluation. *Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology*,

immune-regulatory genes in juvenile Chinook salmon following exposure to pesticides and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). *Fish & Shellfish* 

insecticides on heat-shock proteins and cytokine transcription in Chinook salmon (*Oncorhynchus tshawytscha*). *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety*, Vol.72, No.1, pp.

*Flavobacterium psychrophilum* after experimental infection of rainbow trout *Oncorhynchus mykiss* eggs by nanoinjection. *Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,* Vol.60,

the immune response and protein biosynthesis of bolti fish (*Tilapia nilotica*). *Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and* 

(*Ictalurus punctatus*). II. Parameters or target cell lysis and specificity. *Developmental* 

the natural cytotoxic cell activity in *Fundulus heteroclitus* (Pisces: *Cyprinodontidae*) from Elizabeth River, Virginia. *Veterinary Immunology Immunopathology*, Vol.29,

proliferative responses of lymphocytes from spot (*Leiostomus xanthurus*) exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated environments. *Immunopharmacology* 

Combined effects of herbicides on biomarkers reflecting immune-endocrine interactions in goldfish. Immune and antioxidant effects. *Aquatic Toxicology*, Vol.81,


Immunotoxicological Effects of Environmental

Vol.72, No.4, pp. 305-314, ISSN 0166-445X.

No.5-6, pp. 854-861, ISSN 1050-4648.

291-308, ISSN 0147-6513.

No.1, pp. 11–20, ISSN 0147-6513.

*Toxicology,* Vol.93, No.1, pp. 70-82, ISSN 0166-445X.

1474-1733.

5149.

Contaminants in Teleost Fish Reared for Aquaculture 259

Hsu, E.; Pulham. N.; Rumfelt, L.L. & Flajnik, M.F. (2006). The plasticity of immunoglobulin

Hutchinson, T.H.; Field, M.D. & Manning, M.J. (2003). Evaluation of non-specific immune

*Marine Environmental Research*, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 193-202, ISSN 0141-1136. Iwanowicz, L.R.; Lerner, D.T.; Blazer, V.S. & McCormick, S.D. (2005). Aqueous exposure to

Iwanowicz, L.R.; Blazer, V.S.; McCormick, S.D.; Vanveld, P.A. & Ottinger, C.A. (2009).

Jin, Y.; Chen, R.; Liu, W. & Fu, Z. (2010). Effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the

Kaattari, S.L. & Piganelli, J.D. (1997). Immunization with bacterial antigens: bacterial kidney

Karrow, N.A.; Bols, N.C.; Whyte, J.J.; Solomon, K.R.; Dixon, D.G. & Boermans, H.J. (2001).

Khalaf-Allah, S.S. (1999). Effect of pesticide water pollution on some haematological,

Khan, R.A. (2003). Health of flatfish from localities in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland,

Khangarot, B.S. & Tripathi, D.M. (1991). Changes in humoral and cell-mediated immune

Khangarot, B.S. & Rathore, R.S. (1999). Copper exposure reduced the resistance of the catfish

*Contamination & Toxicology*, Vol.62, No.4, pp. 490-495, ISSN 0007-4861. Khangarot, B.S.; Ray, P.K. & Singh, K.P. (1988). Influence of copper treatment on the

*Part A: Current Issues,* Vol.63, No.5, pp. 363-381, ISSN 1087-2620.

*Tierarztliche Wochenschrift*, Vol.106, No.2, pp. 67-71, ISSN 0341-6593.

*and Toxicology,* Vol.4, No.4, pp. 485–492, ISSN 0090-4341.

gene systems in evolution. *Immunologycal Reviews,* Vol.210, No.1, pp. 8-26, ISSN

functions in dab, *Limanda limanda* L., following short-term exposure to sediments contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons and/or polychlorinated biphenyls.

Aroclor 1254 modulates the mitogenic response of Atlantic salmon anterior kidney T-cells: indications of short- and long-term immunomodulation. *Aquatic Toxicology,*

Aroclor 1248 exposure leads to immunomodulation, decreased disease resistance and endocrine disruption in the brown bullhead, *Ameiurus nebulosus*. *Aquatic* 

transcription of genes related to the innate immune system in the early developmental stage of zebrafish (*Danio rerio*). *Fish & Shellfish Immunology,* Vol.28,

disease. *Developments in Biological Standardization,* Vol.90, pp. 145-152, ISSN 0301-

Effects of creosote exposure on rainbow trout pronephros phagocyte activity and the percentage of lymphoid B cells. *Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health* 

biochemical and immunological parameters in *Tilapia nilotica* fish. *Deutsche* 

contaminated with petroleum and PCBs. *Archives of Environmental Contamination* 

responses and in skin and respiratory surfaces of catfish, *Saccobranchus fossilis* following copper exposure. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol.*22, No.3, pp.

*Saccobranchus fossilis* to *Aeromonas hydrophila* infection. *Bulletin of Environmental* 

immune response in an air breathing teleost, *Saccobranchus fossillis*. *Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,* Vol.41, pp. 222-226, ISSN 0007-4861. Khangarot, B.S.; Rathore, R.S. & Tripathi, D.M. (1999). Effects of chromium on humoral and

cell-mediated immune responses and host resistance to disease in a Freshwater catfish, *Saccobranchus fossilis* (Bloch). *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,* Vol.43,

exposed to sublethal concentrations of diazinon. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology,* Vol.27, No.2, pp. 383-385, ISSN 1050-4648.


Gómara, B.; Bordajandi, L.R.; Fernández, M.A.; Herrero, L.; Abad, E.; Abalos, M.; Rivera, J.

Grinwis, G.C.; Vethaak, A.D.; Wester, P.W. & Vos, J.G. (2000). Toxicology of environmental

Hansen, B.H.; Garmo, O.A.; Olsvik, P.A. & Andersen, R.A. (2007). Gill metal binding and

Harford, A.J.; O'Halloran, K. & Wright, P.F.A. (2005). The effects of *in vitro* pesticide

Hart, L.J.; Smith, S.A.; Smith, B.J.; Roberston, J.; Besteman, E.G. & Holladay, S.D. (1998).

Hermann, A.C. & Kim, C.H. (2005). Effects of arsenic on zebrafish innate immune system. *Marine Biotechnology (NY),* Vol.7, No.5, pp. 494-505, ISSN 0025-3162. Hetrick, F.M.; Knittel, M.D. & Fryer, J.L. (1979). Increased susceptibility of rainbow trout to

Hinck, J.E.; Blazer, V.S.; Denslow, N.D.; Myers, M.S.; Gross, T.S. & Tillitt, D.E. (2007).

Hoeger, B.; van den Heuvel, M.R.; Hitzfeld, B.C. & Dietrich, D.R. (2004). Effects of treated

Holladay, S.D.; Smith, S.A.; Besteman, E.G.; Deyab, A.S.M.I.; Gogal, R.M.; Hrubec, T.;

*Immunology and Immunopathology*, Vol.64, No.1, pp. 69-82, ISSN 0165-2427. Holland, M.C.H. & Lambris, J.D. (2002). The complement system in teleosts. *Fish & Shellfish* 

*Aquatic Toxicology,* Vol.70, No.4, pp. 345-355, ISSN 0166-445X.

*Immunology*, Vol.12, No.5, pp. 399–420, ISSN 1050-4648.

*Environmental Microbiology*, Vol.37, No.2, pp. 198–201, ISSN 0099-2240. Hikima, J.I.; Jung, T.S. & Aoki, T. (2011). Immunoglobulin genes and their transcriptional

*and Food Chemistry*, Vol.53, No.21, pp. 8406-8413, ISSN 0021-8561.

*Toxicology & Chemistry,* Vol.26, No,5, pp. 944-953, ISSN 1552-8618.

*Aquatic Toxicology*, Vol.75, No.4, pp. 330-342, ISSN 0166-445X.

No.2, pp. 383-385, ISSN 1050-4648.

No.112-113, pp. 289-301, ISSN 0378-4274.

Vol.41, No.1-2, pp. 17–29, ISSN 0166-445X.

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2010.10.011, ISSN 0145-305X.

No.4, pp. 549-562, ISSN 0090-4341.

exposed to sublethal concentrations of diazinon. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology,* Vol.27,

&, González, M.J. (2005). Levels and trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Spanish commercial fish and shellfish products, 1995-2003. *Journal of Agricultural* 

chemicals in the flounder (*Platichthys flesus*) with emphasis on the immune system: field, semi-field (mesocosm) and laboratory studies. *Toxicology Letters*, Vol.15,

stress gene transcription in brown trout (*Salmo trutta*) exposed to metal environments: the effect of pre-exposure in natural populations. *Environmental* 

exposures on the phagocytic function of four native Australian freshwater fish.

Subacute immunotoxic effects of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 7,12 dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) on spleen and pronephros leukocytic cell counts and phagocytic cell activity in tilapia (*Oreochromis niloticus*). *Aquatic Toxicology*,

infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus after exposure to copper. *Applied and* 

control in teleosts. *Developmental & Comparative Immunology,* 

Biomarkers of contaminant exposure in Northern Pike (*Esox lucius*) from the Yukon River Basin, Alaska. *Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology*, Vol.52,

sewage effluent on immune function in rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*).

Robertson, J.L. & Ahmed, S.A. (1998). Benzo[a]pyrene-induced hypocellularity of the pronephros in tilapia (*Oreochromis niloticus*) is accompanied by alterations in stromal and parenchymal cells and by enhanced immune cell apoptosis. *Veterinary* 


Immunotoxicological Effects of Environmental

187-197, ISSN 1600-065X.

pp. 251–264, ISSN 1050-4648.

No.1, pp. 118-124, ISSN 1096-6080.

Haven, NJ, USA.

0166-445X.

Contaminants in Teleost Fish Reared for Aquaculture 261

Meseguer, J.; López-Ruíz, A. & Esteban, M.A. (1994). Cytochemical characterization of

Miller, N.; Wilson, M.; Bengten, E.; Stuge, T.; Warr, G. & Clem, W. (1998). Functional and

Milston, R.H.; Fitzpatrick, M.S.; Vella, A.T.; Clements, S.; Gundersen, D.; Feist, G.; Crippen,

Misra, S.; Zafarullah, M.; Price-Haughey, J. & Gedamu, L. (1989). Analysis of stress-induced

Misumi, I.; Vella, A.T.; Leong, J.A.; Nakanishi, T. & Schreck, C.B. (2005). p,p'-DDE depresses

Nakayama, K.; Kitamura, S.; Murakami, Y.; Song, J.Y.; Jung, S.J.; Oh, M.J.; Iwata, H. &

Nayak, A.K.; Das, B.K.; Kohli, M.P. & Mukherjee, S.C. (2004). The immunosuppressive effect

Nayak, A.S.; Lage, C.R. & Kim, C.H. (2007). Effects of low concentrations of arsenic on the

O'Halloran, A.J.; Ahokas, J.T. & Wright, P.F.A. (1996). *In vitro* responses of fish immune cells

O'Halloran, K.; Ahokas, J.T. & Wright, P.F.A. (1998). Response of fish immune cells to *in* 

O'Neill, G. (1981). The humoral response of *Salmo trutta* L. and *Cyprinus carpio* L. exposed to heavy metals. *Journal of Fish Biology*, Vol.19, No.3, pp. 297–306, ISSN 0022-1112. Ortiz-Delgado, J.B, & Sarasquete, C. (2004). Toxicity, histopathological alterations and

*Molecular Histology*, Vol.35, No.1, pp. 29-45, ISSN 1567-2379.

*et Biophysica Acta,* Vol.1007, No.3, pp. 325-333, ISSN 0005-2728.

*Bulletin,* Vol.57, No.6-12, pp. 445-452, ISSN 0025-326X.

*Immunology*, Vol.16, No.1, pp. 41-50, ISSN 1050-4648.

*Histochemistry*, Vol.102, No.1, pp. 37-44, ISSN 0022-1554.

Vol.111, No.13, pp. 1601-1607, ISSN 0091-6765.

leucocytes from the seawater teleost, gilthead seabream (*Sparus aurata* L.).

molecular characterization of teleost leukocytes. *Immunological Reviews*, Vol.166, pp.

T.L.; Leong, J. & Schreck, C.B. (2003). Short-term exposure of Chinook salmon (*Oncoryhnchus tshawytscha*) to o,p-DDE or DMSO during early life-history stages causes long-term humoral immunosuppression. *Environmental Health Perspectives*,

gene expression in fish cell lines exposed to heavy meals and heat shock. *Biochimica* 

the immune competence of Chinook salmon (*Oncorhynchus tshawytscha*) leukocytes. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.19, No.2, pp. 97-114, ISSN 1050-4648. Muhvich, A.G.; Jones, R.T.; Kane, A.S.; Anderson, R.S. & Reimscheussel, R. (1995). Effects of

chronic copper exposure on the macrophage chemiluminescent response and gill histology in goldfish (*Carassius auratus* L.). *Fish & Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.5, No.4,

Tanabe, S. (2008). Toxicogenomic analysis of immune system-related genes in Japanese flounder (*Paralichthys olivaceus*) exposed to heavy oil. *Marine Pollution* 

of alpha-permethrin on Indian major carp, rohu (*Labeo rohita* Ham.). *Fish & Shellfish* 

innate immune system of the zebrafish (*Danio rerio*). *Toxicological Sciences*, Vol.98,

to three classes of pesticides. In: *Modulators of Immune Responses: The Evolutionary Trail,* J.S. Stolen, T.C. Fletcher, C.J. Bayne, C.J. Secombes, J.T. Zelikoff, L.E. Twerdok & D.P. Anderson (Eds.), 531–534, SOS Publications, ISBN 978-188705-200-9, Fair

*vitro* organotin exposures. *Aquatic Toxicology*, Vol.40, No.2-3, pp. 141–156, ISSN

immunohistochemical CYP1A induction in the early life stages of the seabream, *Sparus aurata*, following waterborne exposure to B(a)P and TCDD. *Journal of* 


Knittel, M.D. (1981). Susceptibility of steelhead trout *Salmo gairdneri* Richardson to

Kranz, H. & Gercken, J. (1987). Effects of sublethal concentrations of potassium dichromate

Kreutz, L.C.; Barcellos, L.J.; Marteninghe, A.; Dos Santos, E.D. & Zanatta, R. (2010).

Lee, R.F. & Anderson, J.W. (2005). Significance of cytochrome P450 system responses and

spills. *Marine Pollution Bulletin,* Vol.50, No.7, pp. 705-723, ISSN 0025-326X. Lemaire-Gony, S.; Lemaire, P. & Pulsford, A.L. (1995). Effects of cadmium and

Lock, R.A. & van Overbeeke, A.P. (1981). Effects of mercuric chloride and methylmercuric

Low, K.W. & Sin, Y.M. (1998). Effects of mercuric chloride and sodium selenite on some

Luebke, R.W.; Hodson, P.V.; Faisal, M.; Ross, P.S.; Grasman, K.A. & Zelikoff, J. (1997).

Lugo, R.S.; Nathalí, G.; Villalobos, L.B. & Mairin, L. (2006). Immunological response of the

MacDougal, K.C.; Johnson, M.D. & Burnett, K.G. (1996). Exposure to mercury alters early

Magnadottir, B. (2006). Innate immunity of fish (overview). *Fish & Shellfish Immunology,*

Manning, M.J. (1998). Immune defence systems, In: *Biology of farmed fish*, K.D. Black & A.D.

Maule, A.G.; Jørgensen, E.H.; Vijayan, M.M. & Killie, J.E. (2005). Aroclor 1254 exposure

*Total Environment*, Vol.214, No.1-3, pp. 153-164, ISSN 0048-9697.

*Applied Toxicology*, Vol.37, No.1, pp. 1-15, ISSN 0272-0590.

*Diseases*, Vol.4, No.1, pp. 33–40, ISSN 0140-7775.

*Immunology*, Vol.29, No.4, pp. 694-697, ISSN 1050-4648.

1112.

4861.

UK.

313, ISSN 0166-445X.

No.1, pp. 67–73, ISSN 1532-0456.

No.10, pp. 1102-1106, ISSN: 0091-6765.

Vol.20, No.2, pp. 137-151, ISSN 1050-4648.

redmouth infection *Yersinia ruckeri* following exposure to copper. *Journal of Fish* 

on the occurrence of splenic melano-macrophage centres in juvenile plaice, *Pleuronectes platessa*, L. *Journal of Fish Biology*, Vol.31, No.sA, pp. 75–80, ISSN 0022-

Exposure to sublethal concentration of glyphosate or atrazine-based herbicides alters the phagocytic function and increases the susceptibility of silver catfish fingerlings (*Rhamdia quelen*) to *Aeromonas hydrophila* challenge. *Fish & Shellfish* 

levels of bile fluorescent aromatic compounds in marine wildlife following oil

benzo[a]pyrene on the immune system, gill ATPase and EROD activity of European sea bass *Dicentrarchus labrax*. *Aquatic Toxicology*, Vol.31, No.4, pp. 297–

chloride on mucus secretion in rainbow trout, *Salmo gairdneri* Richardson. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology*, Vol.69C,

immune responses of blue gourami, *Trichogaster trichopterus* (Pallus). *Science of the* 

Aquatic pollution-induced immunotoxicity in wildlife species. *Fundamental and* 

freshwater fish *Colossoma macropomum* as a biomarker of copper exposure. *Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology*, Vol.77, No. 6, pp. 925-930, ISSN 0007-

activation events in fish leukocytes. *Environmental Health Perspectives*, Vol.104,

Pickering, (Eds.), 180-221, Sheffield Academic Press, ISBN 1-85075-877-8, Sheffield,

reduces disease resistance and innate immune responses in fasted Arctic charr. *Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,* Vol.24, No.1, pp. 117-124, ISSN 1552-8618.


Immunotoxicological Effects of Environmental

ISSN 1050-4648.

149X.

ISSN 1050-4648.

pp. 281–291, ISSN 1050-4648.

149, ISSN 0145-305X.

No.3, pp. 316-323, ISSN 0147-6513.

Contaminants in Teleost Fish Reared for Aquaculture 263

Robohm, R.A. (1986). Paradoxical effects of cadmium exposure on antibacterial antibody

Rombout, J.H. & Huttenhuis, H.B.; Picchietti, S. & Scapigliati, G. (2005). Phylogeny and

Rougier, F.; Troutaud, D.; Ndoye, A. & Deschaux, P. (1994). Non-specific immune response

*Fish & Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.17, No.5, pp. 489-498, ISSN 1050-4648. Schmitt, C.J.; Hinck, J.E.; Blazer, V.S.; Denslow, N.D.; Dethloff, G.M.; Bartish, T.M.; Coyle, J.J.

*the Total Environment*, Vol.350, No.1-3, pp. 161-193, ISSN 0048-9697.

(Eds.), 63-103, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0123504395, London, UK.

*Developments in Biologicals*, Vol.121, pp. 25-32, ISSN 1424-6074.

Schuwerack, P.M.; Lewis, J.W. & Hoole, D. (2003). Cadmium-induced cellular and

Secombes, C.J. (1996). The non-specific immune system. cellular defenses. In: *The Fish* 

Secombes, C.J.; Bird, S. & Zou, J. (2005). Adaptive immunity in teleosts: cellular immunity.

Seeley, K.R. & Weeks-Perkins, B.A. (1997). Suppression of natural cytotoxic cell and

Shariff, M.; Jayawardena, P.A.H.L.; Yusoff, F.M. & Subasinghe, R. (2001). Immunological

Shelley, L.K.; Balfry, S.K.; Ross, P.S. & Kennedy, C.J. (2009). Immunotoxicological effects of a

Shen, L.; Stuge, T.B.; Zhou, H.; Khayat, M.; Barker, K.S.; Quiniou, S.M.; Wilson, M.; Bengten,

Siwicki, A.K. & Dunier, M. (1994). Effects of lindane exposure on rainbow trout

*Immunopathology,* Vol.12, No.1-4, pp. 251-262, ISSN 0165-2427.

responses in two fish species: inhibition in cunners (*Tautogolabrus adspersus*) and enhancement in striped bass (*Morone saxatilis*). *Veterinary Immunology and* 

ontogeny of fish leucocytes. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.19, No.5, pp. 441-455,

of Zebrafish, *Brachydanio rerio* (Hamilton-Buchanan) following copper and zinc exposure. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 115–127, ISSN 1050-4648. Sarmento, A.; Guilhermino, L. & Afonso, A. (2004). Mercury chloride effects on the function

and cellular integrity of sea bass (*Dicentrarchus labrax*) head kidney macrophages.

& Tillitt, D.E. (2005). Environmental contaminants and biomarker responses in fish from the Rio Grande and its U.S. tributaries: spatial and temporal trends. *Science of* 

immunological responses in *Cyprinus carpio* infected with the blood parasite, *Sanguinicola inermis*. *Journal of Helminthology*, Vol.77, No.4, pp. 341-350, ISSN 0022-

*Immune System, Organism, Pathogen and Environment*, G. Iwama & T. Nakanishi,

macrophage phagocytic function in oyster toadfish exposed to 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology,* Vol.7, No.2, pp. 115–121,

parameters of Javanese carp *Puntius gonionotus* (Bleeker) exposed to copper and challenged with *Aeromonas hydrophila*. *Fish & Shellfish Immunologyogy*, Vol.11, No.4,

sub-chronic exposure to selected current-use pesticides in rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*). *Aquatic Toxicology*, Vol.92, No.2, pp. 95-103, ISSN 0166-445X.

E.; Chinchar, V.G.; Clem, L.W. & Miller, N.W. (2002). Channel catfish cytotoxic cells: a mini-review. *Developmental & Comparative Immunology,* Vol.26, No.2, pp. 141-

(*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) immunity. II. *In vitro* restoration of antibody-secreting cells and lymphocyte proliferation activity by nitrogranulogen after *in vivo* immunosuppression due to lindane. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,* Vol.27,


Paul, I.; Mandal, C. & Mandal, C. (1998). Effect of environmental pollutants on the C-

Payne, J.F. & Fancey, L.F. (1989). Effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on immune

*Marine Environmental Research*, Vol.28, No.1-4, pp. 431–435, ISSN 0141-1136. Pimpão, C.T.; Zampronio, A.R.; Silva de Assis, H.C. (2008). Exposure of *Ancistrus multispinis*

Powell, D.B.; Palm, R.C.Jr; Skillman, A. & Godtfredsen, K. (2003). Immunocompetence of

Prabakaran, M.; Binuramesh, C.; Steinhagen, D. & Michael, R.D. (2006). Immune response

Prabakaran, M., Binuramesh, C., Steinhagen, D. & Dinakaran, M.R. (2007). Immune

Reynaud, S. & Deschaux, P. (2005). The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene on lymphocyte

Reynaud, S. & Deschaux, P. (2006). The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the

Reynaud, S.; Marionnet, D.; Taysse, L., Duchiron, C. & Deschaux, P. (2002). The effects of 3-

Reynaud, S.; Duchiron, C. & Deschaux, P. (2003). 3-Methylcholanthrene inhibits lymphocyte

*carpio* L). *Aquatic Toxicology*, Vol.63, No.3, pp. 319–331, ISSN 0166-445X. Rice, C.D. & Schlenk, D. (1995). Immune function and cytochrome P450 1A activity after

*Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,* Vol.7, No.3, pp. 195–204, ISSN 0899-7659. Rice, C.D.; Banes, M.M. & Ardelt, T.C. (1995). Immunotoxicity in channel catfish, *Ictalurus* 

*Contamination and Toxicology*, Vol.28, No.4, pp. 464–470, ISSN 0090-4341. Robertsen, B. (2006). The interferon system of teleost fish. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology*,

*Immunology*, Vol.22, No.5-6, pp. 519–532, ISSN 0145-305X.

*Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.25No.5, pp. 528-532, ISSN 1050-4648.

ISSN 1552-8618.

189-196, ISSN 0177-5103.

no.12, pp. 3053-3060, ISSN 1552-8618.

Vol.12, No.1, pp. 17–34, ISSN 1050-4648.

Vol.20, No.2, pp. 172-191, ISSN 1050-4648.

pp. 156-164, ISSN 0300-483X.

0166-445X.

reactive protein of a freshwater major carp, *Catla catla*. *Developmental & Comparative* 

responses in fish: Changes in melano-macrophage centers in flounder (*Pseudopleuronectes americanus*) exposed to hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments.

(Regan, 1912, Pisces, Teleostei) to deltamethrin: effects on cellular immunity. *Fish &* 

juvenile Chinook salmon against *Listonella anguillarum* following dietary exposure to Aroclor 1254. *Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,* Vol.22, No.2, pp. 285-295,

and disease resistance of *Oreochromis mossambicus* to *Aeromonas hydrophila* after exposure to hexavalent chromium. *Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,* Vol.68, No.3, pp.

response in the tilapia, *Oreochromis mossambicus* on exposure to tannery effluent. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety*, Vol.68, No.3, pp. 372-378, ISSN 0147-6513. Quabius, E.S.; Krupp, G. & Secombes, C.J. (2005). Polychlorinated biphenyl 126 affects

expression of genes involved in stress-immune interaction in primary cultures of rainbow trout anterior kidney cells. *Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,* Vol.24,

proliferation in the common carp (*Cyprinus carpio* L.). *Toxicology*, Vol.211, No.1-2,

immune system of fish: a review. *Aquatic Toxicology,* Vol.77, No.2, pp. 229-238, ISSN

methylcholanthrene on macrophage respiratory burst and biotransformation activities in the common carp (*Cyprinus carpio* L). *Fish & Shellfish Immunology,*

proliferation and increases intracellular calcium levels in common carp (*Cyprinus* 

acute exposure to 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) in channel catfish.

*punctatus*, following acute exposure to tributyltin. *Archives of Environmental* 


Immunotoxicological Effects of Environmental

pp. 340-346, ISSN 1050-4648.

Vol.27, No.2, pp. 105-111, ISSN 1050-4648.

Vol.24, No.2, pp. 129–145, ISSN 0048-7554.

Vol.28, No.6, pp. 653–658, ISSN 0022-1112.

no.2, pp. 375–381, ISSN 1532-0456.

No.2, pp. 218-226, ISSN 1532-0456.

pp. 251–253, ISSN 0022-1112.

ISSN 0141-1136.

1048.

58, ISSN 1532-0456.

Contaminants in Teleost Fish Reared for Aquaculture 265

Tellez-Bañuelos, M.C.; Santerre, A.; Casas-Solis, J.; Bravo-Cuellar, A. & Zaitseva, G. (2009).

Tellez-Bañuelos, M.C.; Santerre, A.; Casas-Solis, J. & Zaitseva, G. (2010). Endosulfan

van der Weiden, M.E.J.; Bleumick, R.; Seinen, W. & van den Berg, M. (1994). Concurrence of

Velma, V., Vutukuru, S.S. & Tchounwou, P.P. (2009). Ecotoxicology of Hexavalent

Walczak, B.Z.; Blunt, B.R. & Hodson, P.V. (1987). Phagocytic function of monocytes and

Weeks, B.A. & Warinner, J.E. (1984). Effects of toxic chemicals on macrophage phagocytosis

Weeks, B.A.; Warinner, J.E.; Mason, P.L. & McGinnis, D.S. (1986). Influence of toxic

Wepener ,V.; Van Vuren, J.H.J. & Du Preez, H.H. (1992). The effect of hexavalent chromium

Wilson, M.R.; Marcuz, A.; van Ginkel, F.; Miller, N.W.; Clem, L.W. & Middleton, D. (1990).

Winkelhake, J.L.; Vodicnik, M.J. & Taylor, J.L. (1983). Induction in rainbow trout of an acute

Wu, S.M.; Shih, M.J. & Ho, Y.C. (2007). Toxicological stress response and cadmium

Zelikoff, J.T.; Bowser, D.; Squibb, K.S. & Frenkel, K. (1995). Immunotoxicity of low level

*Shellfish Immunology,* Vol.28, No.2, pp. 401-405, ISSN 1050-4648.

*Toxicology*, Vol.29, No.3-4, pp. 147–162, ISSN 0166-445X.

copper and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.30, No.1,

Oxidative stress in macrophages from spleen of Nile tilapia (*Oreochromis niloticus*) exposed to sublethal concentration of endosulfan. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology,* 

increases seric interleukin-2 like (IL-2L) factor and immunoglobulin M (IgM) of Nile tilapia (*Oreochromis niloticus*) challenged with *Aeromonas hydrophila*. *Fish &* 

P450 1A induction and toxic effects in the mirror carp (*Cyprinus carpio*), after administration of a low dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. *Aquatic* 

Chromium in Freshwater Fish: A Critical Review. *Reviews on Environmental Health*,

haematological changes in rainbow trout injected intraperitoneally with benzo(a) pyrene (BaP) and benzo(a)anthracene (BaA). *Journal of Fish Biology*, Vol.31, No.sA,

of two estuarine fishes. *Marine Environmental Research*, Vol.14, No.1-4, pp. 327–335,

chemicals on the chemotactic response of fish macrophages. *Journal of Fish Biology*,

at different pH values on the hematology of *Tilapia sparrmanii* (Cichlidae). *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology*, Vol.101,

The immunoglobulin M heavy chain constant region gene of the channel catfish, *Ictalurus punctatus:* an unusual mRNA splice pattern produces the membrane form of the molecule. *Nucleic Acids Research*, Vol.18, No.17, pp. 5227–5233, ISSN 0305-

phase (C-reactive) protein by chemicals of environmental concern. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology*, Vol.74, No.1, pp. 55–

distribution in hybrid tilapia (*Oreochromis* sp.) upon cadmium exposure. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology,* Vol.145,

cadmium exposure in fish: an alternative animal model for immunotoxicological


Siwicki, A.K.; Cossarini-Dunier, M.; Studnicka, M. & Demael, A. (1990). *In vivo* effect of the

Skupinska, K.; Misiewicz, I. & Kasprzycka-Guttman, T. (2004). Polycyclic aromatic

Smith, D.A.; Schurig, G.G.; Smith, S.A. & Holladay, S.D. (1999). The hemolitic plaque-

Spitsbergen, J.M.; Schat, K.A.; Kleeman, J.M. & Peterson, R.E. (1986). Interactions of 2,3,7,8-

Steinhagen, D.; Helmus, T.; Maurer, S.; Michael, R.D.; Leibold, W.; Scharsack, J.P.; Skouras,

Sudhan, T. & Michael, R.D. (1995). Modulation of humoral immune response by tannery

Suresh, N. (2009). Effect of cadmium chloride on liver, spleen and kidney melano

Sures, B. & Knopf, K. (2004). Individual and combined effects of cadmium and 3,3',4,4',5-

(Nematoda). *Parasitology*, Vol.128, No.4, pp. 445-454, ISSN 0031-1847. Sweet, L.I. & Zelikoff, J.T. (2001). Toxicology and immunotoxicology of mercury: a

*Health Part B: Critical Reviews*, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 161–205, ISSN 1093-7404. Tahir, A. & Secombes, C.J. (1995). The effects of diesel oil-based drilling mud extracts on

Taysse, L.; Troutaud, D.; Khan, N.A. & Deschaux, P. (1995). Structure-activity relationship of

Teles, M.; Mackenzie, S.; Boltaña, S.; Callol, A. & Tort, L. (2011). Gene expression and TNF-

*Chemistry*, Vol29, No.3, pp. 489-491, ISSN 1552-8618.

*Methods*, Vol.9, No.2, pp. 57–70, ISSN 1051-7235.

Vol.33, No.10, pp. 793-795, ISSN 0019-5189.

*Toxicology,* Vol.29, No.1, pp. 27–32, ISSN 0090-4341.

No.4, pp. 505-508, ISSN 0254-8704.

0001-6837.

2427.

161, ISSN 0177-5103.

ISSN 0300-483X.

organophosphorus insecticide trichlorphon on immune response of carp (*Cyprinus carpio*). II. Effect of high doses of trichlorphon on nonspecific immune response. *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety*, Vol.19, No.1, pp. 99-105, ISSN 0147-6513. Siwicki, A.K.; Terech-Majewska, E.; Grudniewska, J.; Malaczewska, J.; Kazun, K. & Lepa, A.

(2010). Influence of deltamethrin on nonspecific cellular and humoral defense mechanisms in rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*). *Environmental Toxicology and* 

hydrocarbons: physicochemical properties, environmental appearance and impact on living organisms. *Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica*, Vol.61, No.3, pp. 233–240, ISSN

forming cell assay in tilapia (*Oreochromis niloticus*) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene: enhanced or depressed plaque formation depends on dosing schedule. *Toxicological* 

tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) with immune responses of rainbow trout. *Veterinary Immunology Immunopathology*, Vol.12, No.1-4, pp. 263-280, ISSN 0165-

A, & Schuberth, H.J. (2004). Effect of hexavalent carcinogenic chromium on carp *Cyprinus carpio* immune cells. *Diseases of Aquatic Organisms*, Vol.62, No.1-2, pp. 155-

effluent in *Oreochromis mossambicus* (Peters). *Indian Journal of Experimental Biology*,

macrophage centres in *Tilapia mossambica*. *Journal of Environmental Biology*, Vol.30,

pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) on the humoral immune response in European eel (*Anguilla anguilla*) experimentally infected with larvae of *Anguillicola crassus*

comparative review in fish and humans. *Journal of Toxicology and Environmental* 

immune responses of rainbow trout. *Archives of Environmental Contamination and* 

phenolic compounds (phenol, pyrocatechol and hydroquinone) on natural lymphocytotoxicity of carp (*Cyprinus carpio*). *Toxicology*, Vol.98, No.1-3, pp. 207-214,

alpha secretion profile in rainbow trout macrophages following exposures to

copper and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. *Fish & Shellfish Immunology*, Vol.30, No.1, pp. 340-346, ISSN 1050-4648.


**14** 

*1Thailand 2Australia* 

**Using Zooplankton,** *Moina Micrura* **Kurz to** 

Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai1, Atcharaporn Somparn1 and Barry Noller2

*2The University of Queensland, Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation (CMLR),* 

*Land Resources and Environment Section, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University,* 

Thailand is an agricultural country where agriculture is a very important part of the economy. Thailand expanded exports of agricultural products and also imports fertilizers and pesticides intensively. Pesticides are used widely in agriculture and trade of agricultural products to increase agricultural yield and to protect plant from diseases, weeds and insect damage (Department of Agricultural, 2010). Since pesticides were first imported into Thailand under the "Green Revolution Policy" as part of the 1st National Economic and Social Development Plan in 1966, the total amount of imported pesticides has dramatically increased year by year. Most pesticides used in the country are imported (Department of Pollution Control, 2005), and the quantities of imported agricultural pesticides have increased 3 times from 1994 to 2005, reaching more than 80 thousand tonnes in 2004. Pesticides are applied in the highest quantity in vegetable and fruit farming, where market pressure for appearance is higher. In 2000, organophosphates contributed the majority of imported pesticides followed by carbonates and organochlorines; most were herbicides, followed by insecticides, disease control agents and

The result from increasing pesticides uses has resulted in significant increased crop contamination and human health hazard (Office of Epidemiological, 2009). The risk of

Rice is the major crop and food source for most Asian countries including Thailand. Rice production from paddy fields faces variety of pests that require a range of pesticides and herbicides to manage the presence of insects and weeds, as well as fungal and bacterial pathogens. Indeed, losses of the total world rice crop due to insects have been estimated to occur at a rate of 28% per annum, which is four times greater than the average for other world cereal crops. More than 90% of the global end-user market in pesticides for rice production is applied in Asia (Abdullah, 1995). In Thailand, pesticides play an important part and widely use on rice production because its benefits in pest control and increased rice production. Therefore, pesticide contamination in draining water from paddy field has been

plant growth regulators (Department of Pollution Control, 2002).

pesticide contamination in fruits and vegetables in Thai market often occurs.

one of non-point source pollution in aquatic ecosystem (Sanchez et al., 2006).

**1. Introduction** 

**Evaluate the Ecotoxicology of Pesticides** 

**Used in Paddy Fields of Thailand** 

*1Department of Plant Science and Agriculture Resource,* 

studies. *Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A: Current Issues*, Vol.45, No.3, pp. 235-248, ISSN 1087-2620.

