**3.2 Pests sssessment on spinaches**

22 Pesticides in the Modern World - Risks and Benefits

**THE LEPIDOPTERA ORDER** 

**THE ORTHOPTERA ORDER** 

Traps

+ + -

Traps


( - ) = Absent (+) = Present P = Pest insects T = Non -Target Insects N = Neutrals

FAMILIES RELATION Areas

FAMILIES RELATION Areas

P P P

Table 3. Order and Insects families' identified on lettuces

Graphic 1. Pests Control on Lettuces

P P P

Pieridae Noctuidae Yponomeutidae

Gryllidae Acrididae Gryllotalpidae Treated Plots Untreated Plots

Treated Plots Untreated Plots

Areas Traps

> - + +

Areas Traps

> - + -

Grounds Traps

> - - -

Grounds Traps

> + - +

Grounds Traps

> - - -

Grounds Traps

> + - -

On the spinach Seven (7) Orders grouping together in total Thirty seven (37) families of insects were identified. They are: 9 families of Beetles, 9 families of Hymenoptera, 10 families of Diptera, 4 families of Hemiptera, 2 families of Lepidoptera, 2 families of Orthoptera, and 1 family of Isoptera.

84 % of these families were present on the Untreated against 57 % on the treated plot with Cypermethrin.


( - ) = Absent (+) = Present P = Pest insects T = Non- Target Insects N = Neutrals



+


Table 4. Order and Insects families' identified on Spinach

T

Bethylidae

Quality of Vegetables and Pests Control in African Urban Cities 25

On the turnips we identified six (6) Orders making a total of 34 insect's families. They are: 7 families of Beetles, 9 families of Hymenopterans, 8 families of Dipterans, 4 families of

91 % of these families were present on the untreated plots whereas 62 % were on the treated

**THE COLEOPTERA ORDER** 

Traps

+ + - - + - -

( - ) = Absent (+) = Present P = Pest insects T = Non -Target Insects N = Neutrals

Treated Plots Untreated Plots

Areas Traps

> + - - - + - +

Grounds Traps

> + - + + - + +

Grounds Traps

> - - + + - + -

Hemiptera, 4 families of Lepidoptera and 2 families of Orthoptera.

plot (spray plot) with Deltamethrin (Tabl 6, 7, 8,).

FAMILIES RELATION Areas

T P T P T T P

Table 6. Order and Insects families' identified on the turnips

Graphic 2. Pests Control on Spinaches

**3.3 Pests assessment on turnips** 

Coccinellidae Buprestidae Carabidae Hydrophilidae Staphylinidae Cicindelidae Chrysomelidae


( - ) = Absent (+) = Present P = Pest insects T = Non- Target Insects N = Neutrals

Table 5. Order and Insects families' identified on Spinach

We obseved 84% of pests in untreated plots against 57% in plots treated with the cypermethrin, with the Hemiptera representing the most important group. The recolonization by the pests was done 10 days after the first application of cypermethrin or Lambdacyhalothrin. Agrochemicals application makes it possible to reduce by 25% the losses of production of the spinaches (Graphic 2, photo 5).

Photo 5. Application of pesticides doesn't respected GAP

**THE DIPTERA ORDER** 

**THE HEMIPTERA ORDER** 

We obseved 84% of pests in untreated plots against 57% in plots treated with the cypermethrin, with the Hemiptera representing the most important group. The recolonization by the pests was done 10 days after the first application of cypermethrin or Lambdacyhalothrin. Agrochemicals application makes it possible to reduce by 25% the

Traps

+ + + -

( - ) = Absent (+) = Present P = Pest insects T = Non- Target Insects N = Neutrals

Traps


FAMILIES RELATION Areas

FAMILIES RELATION Areas

P P P P

Table 5. Order and Insects families' identified on Spinach

losses of production of the spinaches (Graphic 2, photo 5).

Photo 5. Application of pesticides doesn't respected GAP

T P T P N P&N N P N N

Tachinidae Agromyzidae Dolichopodidae Diopsidae Stratiomyidae Muscidae Sarcophagidae Anthomyiidae Calliphoridae Phoridae

> Cicadellidae Piesmidae Cicadidae Tingidae

Treated Plots Untreated Plots

Treated Plots Untreated Plots

Areas Traps

> + + + -

Areas Traps

> - + - - + - + + + +

Grounds Traps

> - - - - - - - - - -

Grounds Traps

> + + - +

Grounds Traps

> + + - - - - - - - -

Grounds Traps

> + - - -

Graphic 2. Pests Control on Spinaches
