**Application of Some Herbal Extracts and Calcium as an Antidote to Counteract the Toxic Effects of Cypermethrin and Carbofuran in Indian Major Carp, Labeo Rohita**

Subhendu Adhikari\*, Amita Chattopadhyay1 and Biplab Sarkar2 *1Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, 2KIIT University, India* 

#### **1. Introduction**

280 Pesticides in the Modern World - Risks and Benefits

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*Thailand*, ISBN 9-745538412-4

Environmental

Environmental

pp. 716-723, ISSN 0007-4861

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0730-7268

Pesticides that are transported to the aquatic environment are primarily of agricultural origin. Sometimes, pesticides are applied to the fish ponds to control fish diseases. In the process, the residues that reach the hydrosphere are concentrated in certain parts of the aquatic ecosystem or remain in solution for extended periods or adsorbed to the particulate matter and thereby deposited in the sediments. Thus, pesticides could be accumulated in the body of the aquatic animals. Most of the pesticides act on the respiratory process and cholinergic nervous system and hamper the cell metabolism in addition to other disturbances. Thus, a formulation of antidotes to counteract pesticides is an important aspect of pollution research and work in this direction is in the initial stages. Zamfir (1979) worked on the possibilities of removal of pesticide polluted water in treatment stations and described some methodologies, i.e., flocculation and filtration that can partially removed DOT, 2,4,5-T, Endrin, Parathion and Lindane. Chlorine oxidation can remove parathion; diuron etc., ozone and potassium permanganate appear to extract effects similar to those of chlorination. Activated charcoal has positive effects in the removal of absorption of most pesticides and U-V rays also can remove a certain amount of pesticides.

Some indirect approaches have also been employed by some scientists and their methods were environmental or nutritional manipulation. Sado et. al. (1992) reported that increased temperature and optimum levels of dissolved oxygen (by aerator) can decrease the pesticidal action. The application of lime to increase the pH for counteraction of the toxic effects of pesticides is also documented. Ghazaly (1994) and Mukherjee (1996) evaluated efficacy of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) for the intoxication of different pollutants including pesticides. Application of different herbal extracts for this purpose could play a very important role to mitigate the toxic effect of pesticides.

<sup>\*</sup> Soil and Water Chemistry Section, Aquaculture Production and Environment Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Orissa, India

Application of Some Herbal Extracts and Calcium as an Antidote to Counteract

calcium against lethal concentration of carbofuran up to 96 hours (Table 3).

\*Values followed by the same superscript were not significantly different at the 0.05 level.

1

100

100

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

100a

50b

100a

100a

100a

100a

50b

100a

100a

50b

25b

25c

67b

67b

50b

25b

0

67b

67b

25c

0

0

67b

67b

0

0

0

67b

67b

0

0

100

100

25

0

0

0

0

0

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

2

4

6

12

24

48

72

96

Observation at

Survivability

Survivability

Survivability percentage in cypermethrin and

different doses of antidote calcium(mg/l)\*

percentage in

Cypermethrin

(37 ml a.i./ha/m)

percentage of

control

different time

intervals (hrs.)

laboratory conditions

kalka extracts, the fish died within 12 hours.

Table 1. Effect of water calcium on the toxicity of cypermethrin to *Labeo rohita* under

The effects of neem, datura and kalka extracts as probable antidotes against the cypermethrin toxicity using fish survivability as indicator have shown in Table 2. Datura extract (10%w/v) at the levels of 2.5 and 5.0 ml/l exhibited 37 and 50% fish survivability after 96 hours of exposure with lethal concentration of cypermethrin. The fish survivability between these two levels of datura extract showed a significant (P<0.05) difference. Hundred percent of fish mortality recorded both at neem and kalka extract after 96 hours of exposure with lethal level of cypermethrin. It may be mentioned here that at neem and

the Toxic Effects of Cypermethrin and Carbofuran in Indian Major Carp, Labeo Rohita 283

There was no significant difference in fish survivability between 100 and 200 mg/l levels of water calcium (Table 1). Fifty percent of fish survivability after 96 hours of exposure with lethal concentration of carbofuran was recorded both at 100 and 200 mg/l levels of water calcium while 100 percent of fish mortality was obtained with 50,300 and 400 mg/l levels of
