**7. Conclusions**

In the modern world with the farmland activities, the aquatic communities are affected by different pesticides used in these agro-ecosystems. Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides are the most common elements used, and in some cases with several millions of liter what are used in the systems nearby to aquatic environments. This occurs due to the input of toxic compounds to water bodies by several ways, such as drift, and runoff provoking a risk to the fauna, and thus, creates the need of a constantly updates. The biological communities in rivers with floodplain and their tributaries are abundant, and with very high diversity. An interesting group is the decapods crustaceans by their abundance. These included prawns, crabs, pseudo-crabs and crayfish of South America. Populations of decapods could be reduced by lethal effects on the individual, and chronic alterations modify their fitness. The pesticide exposures cause damage in several tissues as hepatopancreas, gills, muscles and gonads, affecting the aquatic fauna. Among physiological functions, growth and reproduction could decrease by alterations in growth, gonad tissues, genetical material, and eggs development. Changes in metabolism, cell composition of the hepatopancreas, neurohormones have effect on behavior, growth rate, reproduction efficiency and survival due to the exposition of pesticide. Even more, these variations could affect the trophic web, and alter the transfers of material and energy into the aquatic systems. The proposed focus gives a snapshot from the macroscopic view of the ecosystem - community together to the molecular view. The different levels of organization with their temporal and spatial scale are necessary to achieve a better idea of the problem facing modern society with pesticides.

## **8. References**


Thus, the direction of flow of energy and matter through the food web can be affected, changing both direction and intensity, affecting the ability of each species and population to

The movement of populations occurs and can be induced by abiotic, biotic and human factors. In the last case, this movement can be induced after rainfall, when biocides accompany rainwater. The xenobiotics in sediment, suspended in colloids or dissolved in rainwater are trapped. These biocides can cause changes in abiotic conditions (pH, conductivity, nutrients) and water and sediment qualities. The different factors make it difficult to identify a cause and/or cause-effect relationship, but these factors increase stress and impair various species' activities under various conditions. According to the timing of a rainfall event, the population may or may not be in its most vulnerable condition, based on

In the modern world with the farmland activities, the aquatic communities are affected by different pesticides used in these agro-ecosystems. Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides are the most common elements used, and in some cases with several millions of liter what are used in the systems nearby to aquatic environments. This occurs due to the input of toxic compounds to water bodies by several ways, such as drift, and runoff provoking a risk to the fauna, and thus, creates the need of a constantly updates. The biological communities in rivers with floodplain and their tributaries are abundant, and with very high diversity. An interesting group is the decapods crustaceans by their abundance. These included prawns, crabs, pseudo-crabs and crayfish of South America. Populations of decapods could be reduced by lethal effects on the individual, and chronic alterations modify their fitness. The pesticide exposures cause damage in several tissues as hepatopancreas, gills, muscles and gonads, affecting the aquatic fauna. Among physiological functions, growth and reproduction could decrease by alterations in growth, gonad tissues, genetical material, and eggs development. Changes in metabolism, cell composition of the hepatopancreas, neurohormones have effect on behavior, growth rate, reproduction efficiency and survival due to the exposition of pesticide. Even more, these variations could affect the trophic web, and alter the transfers of material and energy into the aquatic systems. The proposed focus gives a snapshot from the macroscopic view of the ecosystem - community together to the molecular view. The different levels of organization with their temporal and spatial scale are necessary to achieve a better idea of the problem facing modern society with pesticides.

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**12** 

T. Renault

*France* 

*Ronce-les-Bains,* 

*Ifremer/Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie,* 

**Effects of Pesticides on Marine Bivalves: What** 

**Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?** 

Estuaries are among the most productive environments in the world, by serving as feeding grounds, as nurseries for juvenile economically important fish and invertebrate larvae, and by providing shelter for many types of benthic organisms. However, they also rank among

Among pollutants, pesticides have become more common in estuarine areas. They are mainly introduced into rivers via run-off and then may enter marine areas, particularly estuarine and coastal zones. These pollutants may have major ecological consequences and

Among important organisms inhabiting estuarine zones, bivalves are sessile and filterfeeder species, able to accumulate contaminants in their tissues. Moreover, bivalve farming is an ancestral activity all around the world. It has been expanded and intensified in the last century and represents a major economic activity in various countries. In the majority of cases, bivalve species are reared in estuaryine zones, continually impacted by pollutants including pesticides. Natural and man-made toxicants enter marine ecosystems by various routes, including direct discharge, land run-off, atmospheric deposition, *in situ* production,

Pollutant run-off into the ocean represents a potential threat to marine organisms, especially bivalves living in coastal environments. In this context, bivalve molluscs such as mussels and oysters have been postulated as ideal indicator organisms because of their wide geographical distribution, and sensitivity to environmental pollutants. They filter large volumes of seawater and may therefore accumulate and concentrate contaminants within their tissues (Ramu et al., 2007; Bernal-Hernandez et al., 2010). As an example, the level and extent of organic contaminants along the Korean coast has been estimated through a mussel watch program (Choi et al., 2010). Moreover, development of techniques allowing effect analysis of pollutant on bivalve biology may lead to the development of diagnosis tools

A pesticide is defined as a chemical substance used for killing pests, as insects, weeds or rodents. Pesticids are often classified by the type of organism: fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, nematocides and rodenticides. They are used especially in agriculture and around areas where humans live. Some are harmful to humans, either from direct contact or

could endanger organismal growth, reproduction or survival (Banerjee et al., 1996).

abiotic and biotic movements and food-chain transfer.

adapted to analyze pollutant transfer towards estuarine areas.

**1. Introduction** 

the most contaminated areas.

