**2.3.1 Deltamethrin: trade name DECIS (K -OTHRINE)**

**Molecular formula: C22H19Br2NO3** (WHO., 1990a, 1990b)

**Structural formula:** 

**(***S***)- α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1***R,***3***R***)-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate (***IUPAC***)** 

Quality of Vegetables and Pests Control in African Urban Cities 19

Orthen 75 SP is a water-soluble powder of formulation 75% acephate. It is a systemic pesticide. Methadomiphos (**C2H8O2NPS** ) is a metabolite of acephate and it is also systemic

O,S,**-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate ( IUPAC )**  These two organophosphorous pesticides are both effective against a broad range of insect pests (sucking, biting, and mining insects) on such vegetable and crops as cabbages, cotton, tobacco, sugar beet, head lettuce. It is used as a pre-harvest spray at 0.5-1.5 kg/ha. With this

The first application on lettuce is done at at stage 27 days with the amount of 2 g/l ( 40 g of

At the stage 39 days the amount of treatment of lettuce is 2 g/l in addition to 5 g/l of maneb

**Manganese ethylene-1,2-bisdithiocarbamate ( IUPAC )**  Calliman 80 WP is a wettable powder of formulation 80% of maneb (dithiocarbamate), an effective protective fungicide against the main foliar diseases (Anthracnose, Mildew, Alternaria, Rhizoctonia, cercospora, Sclerotinia and Septoria). It should be applied before and after seeding on all three vegetables at amount of 5 g/l. Moreover the salad lettuce


amount, protection against the insects vermin is obtained from 7 to 21 days.

**(DEMBELE A.; 2000)**.

**Structural formula:** 

for 400 m2.

**Structural formula:** 

**Molecular formula: C2H8O2NPS** 

Orthen 75 SP in 15 l of water ) for 400m2.

**2.3.4 Maneb: trade name Calliman 80 WP Molecular formula: C4H6N2S4Mn (WHO-1993)** 

received a treatment at the stage of 45 days.

**2.4 Plants phytopathology and pests monitoring**  After each treatment, every two days we proceed:

we look out for visible signs of attacks and diseased plants.

Decis 25 EC is an emulsifiable concentrate of formulation (25g/l). It is approved for a wide variety of insects including acarina, thysanoptera and arthropods pests of the horticultural plants **(DEMBELE A.; 2000)**. We made a first application on the salad lettuce at the stage 27 days at a concentration of 0.042 g/l (25 L of Decis in 15 l of water) for 400 m2. The stage 39 days corresponds to the second treatment by Deltamethrin with the same concentration of 0,042 g/l and by Maneb with the concentration of 5 g/l representing 93,75 grams of CALLIMAN 80 WP for the sprayer of 15 liters for 400 m2. The stage 45 days: corresponds to the third treatment by Maneb with the same concentration of 5 g/l.

For turnip, at the stage 18 days we have done the first treatment by Deltamethrin with the concentration of 0,025 g/l (15 milliliters of DECIS 25 EC in 15 liters of water) for 400 m2. The Stage 30 days corresponds to the second treatment by Deltamethrin with the same concentration of 0,025 g/l and by Maneb with the concentration of 5 g/l representing 93,75 grams of CALLIMAN 80 WP for the sprayer of 15 liters. The Stage 38 days of turnips received the same treatment as the stage 30 days.

#### **2.3.2 Cypermethrin: trade name Cypercal 50 EC**

**Molecular formula: C22H19C12NO3** (WHO., 1979)

**Structural formula:** 

*RS***)-I-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1***RS***)-***cis-trans***-3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2 dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (***IUPAC***).** 

Cypermethrin 50 EC is an emulsifiable concentrate of formulation (50 g/l). It is approved for a broad spectrum of harmful insects (Caterpillars, Thrips, Heliothis and white flies). We carried out the first application on spinaches at the stage 18 days; the amount of application is of 0.133 g/l (40 ml of CYPERCAL 50 EC. in 15l of water) for 400 m2. At the stage 30 days the spinaches received an amount of treatment of 0,133 g/l in addition to 5 g/l of maneb (93.75g of CALLIMAN 80 WP in 15 l of water) for 400 m2.

#### **2.3.3 Acephate: trade name Orthen 75 SP**

**Molecular formula: C4H10NO3PS (WHO., 1976)** 

Structural formula:

 *O,S***-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate (IUPAC)** 

Orthen 75 SP is a water-soluble powder of formulation 75% acephate. It is a systemic pesticide. Methadomiphos (**C2H8O2NPS** ) is a metabolite of acephate and it is also systemic **(DEMBELE A.; 2000)**.

#### **Molecular formula: C2H8O2NPS**

**Structural formula:** 

18 Pesticides in the Modern World - Risks and Benefits

Decis 25 EC is an emulsifiable concentrate of formulation (25g/l). It is approved for a wide variety of insects including acarina, thysanoptera and arthropods pests of the horticultural plants **(DEMBELE A.; 2000)**. We made a first application on the salad lettuce at the stage 27 days at a concentration of 0.042 g/l (25 L of Decis in 15 l of water) for 400 m2. The stage 39 days corresponds to the second treatment by Deltamethrin with the same concentration of 0,042 g/l and by Maneb with the concentration of 5 g/l representing 93,75 grams of CALLIMAN 80 WP for the sprayer of 15 liters for 400 m2. The stage 45 days: corresponds to

For turnip, at the stage 18 days we have done the first treatment by Deltamethrin with the concentration of 0,025 g/l (15 milliliters of DECIS 25 EC in 15 liters of water) for 400 m2. The Stage 30 days corresponds to the second treatment by Deltamethrin with the same concentration of 0,025 g/l and by Maneb with the concentration of 5 g/l representing 93,75 grams of CALLIMAN 80 WP for the sprayer of 15 liters. The Stage 38 days of turnips

*RS***)-I-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1***RS***)-***cis-trans***-3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2 dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (***IUPAC***).**  Cypermethrin 50 EC is an emulsifiable concentrate of formulation (50 g/l). It is approved for a broad spectrum of harmful insects (Caterpillars, Thrips, Heliothis and white flies). We carried out the first application on spinaches at the stage 18 days; the amount of application is of 0.133 g/l (40 ml of CYPERCAL 50 EC. in 15l of water) for 400 m2. At the stage 30 days the spinaches received an amount of treatment of 0,133 g/l in addition to 5 g/l

 *O,S***-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate (IUPAC)** 

the third treatment by Maneb with the same concentration of 5 g/l.

of maneb (93.75g of CALLIMAN 80 WP in 15 l of water) for 400 m2.

**2.3.3 Acephate: trade name Orthen 75 SP Molecular formula: C4H10NO3PS (WHO., 1976)** 

received the same treatment as the stage 30 days.

**2.3.2 Cypermethrin: trade name Cypercal 50 EC Molecular formula: C22H19C12NO3** (WHO., 1979)

**Structural formula:** 

Structural formula:

#### O,S,**-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate ( IUPAC )**

These two organophosphorous pesticides are both effective against a broad range of insect pests (sucking, biting, and mining insects) on such vegetable and crops as cabbages, cotton, tobacco, sugar beet, head lettuce. It is used as a pre-harvest spray at 0.5-1.5 kg/ha. With this amount, protection against the insects vermin is obtained from 7 to 21 days.

The first application on lettuce is done at at stage 27 days with the amount of 2 g/l ( 40 g of Orthen 75 SP in 15 l of water ) for 400m2.

At the stage 39 days the amount of treatment of lettuce is 2 g/l in addition to 5 g/l of maneb for 400 m2.

#### **2.3.4 Maneb: trade name Calliman 80 WP**

**Molecular formula: C4H6N2S4Mn (WHO-1993)** 

**Structural formula:** 

**Manganese ethylene-1,2-bisdithiocarbamate ( IUPAC )** 

Calliman 80 WP is a wettable powder of formulation 80% of maneb (dithiocarbamate), an effective protective fungicide against the main foliar diseases (Anthracnose, Mildew, Alternaria, Rhizoctonia, cercospora, Sclerotinia and Septoria). It should be applied before and after seeding on all three vegetables at amount of 5 g/l. Moreover the salad lettuce received a treatment at the stage of 45 days.

#### **2.4 Plants phytopathology and pests monitoring**

After each treatment, every two days we proceed:


Quality of Vegetables and Pests Control in African Urban Cities 21

**THE HYMENOPTERA ORDER** 

**THE DIPTERA ORDER** 

**THE HEMIPTERA ORDER** 

Traps

+ + + + - - -

( - ) = Absent (+) = Present P = Pest insects T = Non -Target Insects N = Neutrals

Traps

+ + + + + + - - - -

Traps


FAMILIES RELATION Areas

FAMILIES RELATION Areas

FAMILIES RELATION Areas

P P P P P P P P

Table 2. Order and Insects families' identified on lettuces

P N N P&N T N P N P N

N T T T T P P T T

Pompilidae Ichneumonidae Halictidae Vespidae Formicidae Cynipidae Cephidae Crabronidae Encyrtidae

Agromyzidae Drosophilidae Sarcophagidae Muscidae Dolichopodidae Chironomidae Diopsidae Stratiomyidae Tephritidae Phoridae

Cicadellidae Cicadidae Miridae Piesmidae Coreidae Membracidae Lygaeidae

Treated Plots Untreated Plots

Treated Plots Untreated Plots

Treated Plots Untreated Plots

Areas Traps

> + + + + - + +

Areas Traps

> + + - + + + + + + +

Areas Traps

> - - - - - - + + +

Grounds Traps

> - - - - + - - - -

Grounds Traps

> - - - - - - - - - -

Grounds Traps

> + - + - + - -

Grounds Traps

> + - - - - - - - -

Grounds Traps

> + + - - - - - - - -

Grounds Traps

> + - - - - - -


The final identification of the fungus was made after observation of the samples under a microscope (enlarged to a size 400 times) and according to known keys of identification (BOTTON.B et al, 1990; KIFFER. E et al, 1997).

## **2.5 Irrigated water monitoring**

We sowed under the fume hood raw water of boring in the Petri glass, on culture medium sterilized. The analysis consisted of identifying thermotolerant Coliform and fecal Streptococci and counting of the colonies of red or pink coloring of 2 to 3 millimeters (mm) in diameter. The criterion of assessment is fixed to 2x103.
