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22 Underwater Vehicles

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**10** 

Franz Uiblein

*South Africa* 

*Biodiversity, Grahamstown,* 

**Deep-Sea Fish Behavioral Responses to** 

**Vehicles, Habitats and Species** 

**Underwater Vehicles: Differences Among** 

*Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway and South African Institute of Aquatic* 

Fishes have a wide range of perceptual capabilities allowing them to behaviorally respond to various environmental stimuli such as visual, acoustic, mechanical, chemical, and electromagnetic signals. In our "noisy" world of today many artificially evoked signals pass through aquatic habitats, where fishes perceive them and respond to in often unpredictable manner. Proper distinction between natural and artificially evoked (="disturbed") behavior is of utmost importance in ecological studies that try to identify the prevailing factors and

As we know today, the need to consider human-induced behavioral disturbance as an important factor in ecological studies (Beale 2007) applies even to inhabitants of remote aquatic habitats such as the deep sea. *In situ* studies using various types of underwater vehicles (UV's) have significantly changed the conception that the inhabitants of the deep, dark and mostly cold ocean are less behaviorally active and hence less susceptible to anthropogenic disturbance. While direct observation of deep-sea animals goes back to the time of William Beebe in the 1930s, *in situ* studies of deep ocean organisms and their

After initial use for exploration and discovery of yet unknown habitats and organisms, UV's were adopted to systematically investigate the ecology of deep-sea organisms, especially the larger and easier observable fauna in the open water and close to the bottoms. In analogy to census studies conducted by divers in shallow waters, vertical or horizontal transects with underwater vehicles were used to obtain density or distributional data of fishes (e.g., Yoklavich et al. 2007, Uiblein et al. 2010). Distinct fish species or closely related taxonomic groups were found to occur at relatively high densities during such transects allowing

Early *in situ* exploration encountered first evidence of pelagic and bottom-associated (demersal) fishes living at depths well below 200 m being behaviorally active similar to shallow-water species (Beebe 1930, Heezen & Hollister 1971). These preliminary behavioral observations were followed by detailed studies of locomotion behavior and habitat utilization based mainly on video equipment employed during bottom transects with manned submersibles (e.g., Lorance et al. 2002, Uiblein et al. 2002, 2003) and later with

mechanisms influencing fish abundance, distribution and diversity.

habitats have become increasingly more common during the last 50 years.

quantitative behavioral investigations.

**1. Introduction** 

