**5. Acknowledgment**

The present work was performed within the framework of NOE project Expertissues (NMP3-CT 2004-500328) and Expertissues Miniproject NATCOM.

### **6. References**


In order to be employed in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug delivery, Ulvan needs to be converted into an insoluble material under physiological conditions and to have mechanical properties suitable for the end application. The preparation of physically crosslinked Ulvan hydrogels has been reported since long times, but their weak mechanical properties and uncontrolled dissolution in presence of physiological fluids make them unsuitable for biomedical uses, where a scaffolding role is

A novel method for covalent crosslinking of Ulvan through the UV mediated radical polymerization of activated macromers by double bond conjugated moieties, revealed to be promising in the preparation of chemically crosslinked Ulvan hydrogels. The conjugation of methacryloyl group to Ulvan through the reaction with methacrylic anhydride under slightly basic conditions gave the best results in terms of product yield and substitution degree. The hydrogels obtained after their exposure to UV light seemed to be very stable in

The crosslinking of the Ulvan macromer precursors is usually not complete because is hampered both by its aggregative behaviour in solution that limits the availability of the (meth)acryloyl groups and very presumably by the radical quenching activity of the polysaccharide during the UV exposure thus negatively affecting the mechanical properties of the final hydrogels. Nevertheless the antioxidant activity of Ulvan could make this material a good candidate as a matrix for cell encapsulation due to the possible protection against the radicals produced during UV crosslinking (Fedorovich et al., 2009). The use of these materials as a base for cytocompatible scaffolds is also promoted by the softness related to partial crosslinking of these macromers, since it is known that cell spreading within hydrogels is influenced by matrix stiffness and soft matrices interestingly are

Moreover the possibility of preparing Ulvan based hydrogels by a straightforward technique such as UV crosslinking makes the use of Ulvan in biomedical fields even more attractive. Indeed UV photopolymerization allows the spatial and temporal control over the crosslinking and the fabrication of hydrogels in situ with the possibility of forming complex

The present work was performed within the framework of NOE project Expertissues

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architectures that adhere and conform to tissue structure.

(NMP3-CT 2004-500328) and Expertissues Miniproject NATCOM.

required

physiological conditions.

**5. Acknowledgment** 

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**5** 

**Silanization with APTES for Controlling the** 

**Interactions Between Stainless Steel and** 

**Biocomponents: Reality vs Expectation** 

Jessem Landoulsi1, Michel J. Genet2, Karim El Kirat3,

*1Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Université Pierre & Marie Curie -Paris VI,* 

*Université Catholique de Louvain,* 

*5Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire,* 

*Université de Technologie de Compiègne,* 

*4Laboratoire Roberval,* 

*1,3,4,5France 2Belgium* 

*3Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bioingénierie,* 

Caroline Richard4, Sylviane Pulvin5 and Paul G. Rouxhet2

*2Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences – Bio & Soft Matter,* 

The surface of biomaterials is frequently chemically modified with the aim to modify the physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity, electrical charge, solvation) which control the interactions with biomolecules and consequently with cell surfaces, or to retain biochemical entities which are specifically recognized by the cells (Williams, 2010). Regarding inorganic materials, widespread procedures involve self-assembly of alcane thiols on gold, silver, copper or platinum (Wink et al., 1997). However, these substrates have limited interest in biomedical applications. Other procedures consist in grafting organosilanes on silica and other metal oxides (Weetall, 1993). The use of silane coupling agents has been reported in various biomaterials researches, such as surface modification of titanium (Nanci et al., 1998), natural fiber/polymer composites (Xie et al., 2010) or dental ceramics (Matinlinna et al.,

The silanization reaction at interfaces is complex and there is still considerable debate on the retention mechanisms and on the organization of the interface (Gooding & Ciampi, 2011; Haensch et al., 2010, Suzuki & Ishida, 1996). Depending on the nature of reactive moieties bound to Si in the silane (typically Cl or alkoxy group) and their number, and on the reaction conditions (particularly the presence of water), the relative importance of covalent binding to the surface, oligomerization, polymerization along the surface plane, threedimensional polymerization may possibly vary. The efficiency of the surface modification is often demonstrated by its influence on biochemical or biological activity. However the nature of the interface produced is difficult to characterize, which limits the guidelines

**1. Introduction** 

2004; Matinlinna & Vallittu, 2007).

Zhang, H.J., Mao, W.J., Fang, F., Li, H.Y., Sun, H.H., Gehen, Y., Qi, X.H., Chemical characteristics and anticoagulant activities of a sulphated polysaccharide and its fragments from Monostroma latissimum, *Carbohydrate Polymers,* Vol.71, No.3, (February 2008), pp. 428-434, ISSN 0144-8617
