**7. References**


**18** 

Foued Ben Ayed

*Tunisia* 

**Elaboration and Characterization** 

 **for Biomedical Applications** 

**of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterial** 

*Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, National School of Engineering, Box 1173, 3038 Sfax* 

Calcium phosphates constitute an important family of biomaterials resembling the part of calcified tissues. This study is based on calcium phosphate such as hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, Hap), fluorapatite (Ca10(PO4)6F2, Fap) and tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, TCP) phases because their chemical composition is similar to that of bone mineral (Hench, 1991; Legeros, 1993; Uwe et al.,1993; Elliott, 1994; Landi et al., 2000; Varma et al., 2001; Destainville et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2004; Ben Ayed et al., 2000, 2001a, b; 2006a, b; 2007; 2008a, b; Bouslama et al., 2009; Chaari et al., 2009). The most frequent is β-TCP because it is resorbable and osteoinductive (Gaasbeek et al., 2005; Steffen et al., 2001). β-TCP is resorbed in vivo by osteoclasts and replaced by new bone (Schilling et al., 2004). The tricalcium phosphate has been used clinically to repair bone defects for many years. However, mechanical properties of calcium phosphates are generally inadequate for many load-carrying applications. The tricalcium phosphate has a low density decreasing the mechanical properties. But, the efficiency of bi-phasic calcium phosphate (BCP) has been fully importantly efficiency its clinical efficacy to combat the chronic osteomyelitis in the long term. To our knowledge, if it is possible to vary the composition of bioceramic materials (composed of Hap and -TCP) with its inherent porosity, it could be a solution owing to the faster resorption of this BCP together with the sustained release of the

In the literature Hap, -TCP or the combination of both (Hap/TCP) was the most commonly used synthetic augments in high tibial osteotomy (Haell et al., 2005; Koshino et al., 2003; Gaasbeek et al., 2005; Van Hemert et al., 2004; Gutierres et al., 2007). The use of bone cement as a temporary spacer for bone defects has been described, but secondary biological reconstruction was performed after cement removal (DeSilva et al., 2007). However, permanent acrylic bone cement has been used as an interface in the postero-medial part of high tibial osteotomy to maintain the opening angle and good results have been achieved (Hernigou et al., 2001). However, due to the different biomechanical features between bone and bone cement and missing bony remodelling and incorporation, the use of bone cement as a permanent spacer was not recommended, if one aims to achieve biological regeneration. Recently, Jensen and colleagues described that rapid resorption of -TCP might impair the regenerative ability of local bone, especially in the initial stage of bone healing (Jensen et al.,

**1. Introduction** 

antibiotic.

