**7. References**

Mangabhai, R. J. (1990), Calcium Aluminate Cements, Conf proceedings, Chapman and Hall Hench, L (1998) Biomaterials: a forecast for the future, *Biomaterials* Vol 19 1419-1423


The Ca-aluminate materials are not degradable and do not induce clotting or

The first product in a series - a dental luting cement- was recently launched on the

Results presented in this chapter are mainly based on two decades of research within Doxa

Mangabhai, R. J. (1990), Calcium Aluminate Cements, Conf proceedings, Chapman and Hall

Nilsson, M. (2003) *Ph D Thesis*, Injectable calcium sulphates and calcium phosphates as bone

Scrivener, K.L.and Capmas A.; (1998) Calcium aluminate cements, In: Lea's *Chemistry of* 

Kraft, L. (2002) *Ph D Thesis,* Calcium aluminate based cements as dental restorative materials. Faculty of Science and technology, Uppsala University, Sweden Loof, J; Engqvist, H.; Lindqvist, K.; Ahnfelt, N-O.; Hermansson L; (2003), Mechanical

Muan, A.; Osbourne, E. A.; (1965) Phase equilibria among oxides. Adison-Wesley; New

H. Engqvist, J. Loof, S. Uppstrom, M. W. Phaneuf, J. C. Jonsson, L. Hermansson, N-O.

Lööf, J. (2008) *Ph D Thesis*, Calcium-aluminate as biomaterial: Synthesis, design and evaluation. Faculty of Science and Technology, Uppsala, University, Sweden Lööf, J.; Engqvist H.; Gómez-Ortega, G.; Spengler, H.; Ahnfelt, N-O.; Hermansson, L.; (2005)

Loof, J.; Engqvist, H.; Hermansson, L.; Ahnfelt, N-O. (2004) Mechanical testing of chemically bonded bioactive ceramic materials, *Key Engineering Materials* Vols. 254-256, 51-54 Hermansson, L.; Kraft, L.; Lindqvist, K.; Ahnfelt, N-O.; Engqvist, H.; (2008) Flexural

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*Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine*, 14, No. 12 1033-1037 Engqvist, H.; Edlund S.; Gomez-Ortega, G.; Loof, J.; and Hermansson, L.; (2006) In vitro

properties of a permanent dental restorative material based on calcium aluminate,

mechanical properties of a calcium silicate based bone void filler, *Key Eng. Mater.* 

Ahnfelt, (2004), Transmittance of a bioceramic calcium aluminate based dental restorative material, *Journal of Biomedical materials Research Part B: Applied* 

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Strength Measurement of Ceramic Dental Restorative Materials, *Key Engineering* 

Biocompatibility and Chemical Stability of Calcium-Aluminate-Hydrate Based

AB and the Eng. Sci. Dept., The Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala Univesity, Sweden.

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*Cement and Concrete,* Ed. Hewett P.C., Arnold: Paris, p 709-771

Lewis, G.; (2006) *J. Biomed. Matls. Res. PartB: Applied Biomaterials* 76B: 456-468

haemolysis.

**6. Acknowledgment** 

**7. References** 

European and the US markets.

substitutes, Lund University

361-363 ( 369-376)

*Biomaterials* vol. 69 no. 1, 94-98

*Materials*, Vols. 361-363, 873-876

*Engineering Materials* Vols. 284-286, 741-744

10993:2003 EN 29917:1994/ISO 9917: 1991

York

York

Dental Restorative Material, Paper IX in *Ph D Thesis* by L. Kraft, Uppsala University 2002


**4** 

*Italy* 

**Ulvan: A Versatile Platform of Biomaterials** 

*Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental* 

Biomass represents an abundant renewable resource for the production of bioenergy and biomaterials and its exploitation could lead to overcome the dependence from petroleum resources. Indeed fossil energy and chemical sources are not unlimited and there is a critical need to turn the current way of life back to a sustainable manner. The conversion of biomasses into high value chemicals, energy and materials is nowadays gaining more and more attention and represents the final goal of the "Industrial Biorefinering". Indeed Biorefinery aims at the optimum exploitation of biomass resources for the production of materials that eventually might replace the conventional products from fossil/non renewable resources, thus decisively contributing to the development of a sustainable system. The great challenge in which Biorefinering is involved is the possibility of creating high value products from low value biomasses. In this view, the feasibility of using starting materials obtainable from organic waste sources (agricultural, municipal and industrial waste) or having harmful effects on the environment (algae) as feedstock can represent the

To this aim algae could represent a potentially advantageous biomass to be explored since they are very abundant and cheap and very often involved in uncontrolled proliferation processes detrimental for marine and aquatic environments (Barghini et al., 2010, Chiellini et al., 2008, 2009, Fletcher, 1996). Today most of the naturally produced and harvested algal biomass is an unused resource and often is left to decompose on the shore creating waste problems (Morand et al., 2006). The current use of this huge underexploited biomass is mainly limited to food consumption and as bio-fertilizer, but its potentiality as renewable and sustainable feedstock for energy and material production is gaining more and more attention (Demirbas A. & Demirbas M.F., 2011). Indeed microalgae have been considered to be an excellent source for biodiesel production since are characterized by high growth rates and high population densities, ideal for intensive agriculture and may contain huge lipid amounts, needed for fuel production (Christi, 2007). Besides biodiesel, algae can be cultivated and can be used as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol (John et al., 2011). In particular macroalgae (seaweed) can produce huge amount of carbohydrates per year

strategy of election for the production of sustainable materials.

**1. Introduction** 

*Applications (BIOlab) UdR-INSTM – Department of Chemistry* 

**from Renewable Resources** 

Federica Chiellini and Andrea Morelli

*and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa* 

