**4. Acknowledgment**

The authors would like to thank the Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (DEISA) for allowing of computational resources under the Extreme Computing Initiative (BIOGLASS Project). CINECA computing centre is also kindly acknowledged.

Colleagues V. Bolis (Dip. DiSCAFF, University of Eastern Piedmont) and G. Martra (Dip. Chimica IFM, University of Torino) are acknowledged for fruitful discussion and for providing the HA samples, synthesized and kindly supplied by ISTEC-CNR (Faenza, Italy).

R. Dovesi, B. Civalleri and the CRYSTAL team (Dip. Chimica IFM, University of Torino) are thanked for discussion and continuous support with the use of the code.

Part of the results on carbonated HA has been obtained by G. Ulian during his Master Degree Thesis, entitled "DFT study of carbonated defect in hydroxyapatite", 2010, University of Torino.

#### **5. References**


To achieve this goal it is fundamental to understand the structure and properties of natural bone at a molecular level and to investigate the chemical-physical interaction between

This can only be achieved through the development and use of multiscale computational methods that combine quantum, classical and continuum approaches enabling to study

Regarding the study of the human bone, we believe that the key issues to be addressed by computational science researchers in the coming years will be the study of the structure and assembly of the collagen protein, the interaction at the molecular level of collagen with the mineral apatite, and finally the structure and mechanical properties of collagen-apatite

As for the study of bioactive glasses, an important line of research that is developing in different research groups located in different nations involves the characterization of the chemical and physical properties and reactivity of the 45S5 Bioglass® surface. However, it will be wise not to neglect the study of the effect of composition on the structure and bioactivity of different systems and the study of the thermodynamics and crystallization kinetics of crystalline phases that are well-known to affect the bioactivity of the glass. Finally, the design of new bioactive glasses will also rely on a deep understanding of their fracture mechanism and the prediction of important properties such as brittleness and

The authors would like to thank the Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (DEISA) for allowing of computational resources under the Extreme Computing Initiative (BIOGLASS Project). CINECA computing centre is also

Colleagues V. Bolis (Dip. DiSCAFF, University of Eastern Piedmont) and G. Martra (Dip. Chimica IFM, University of Torino) are acknowledged for fruitful discussion and for providing the HA samples, synthesized and kindly supplied by ISTEC-CNR (Faenza, Italy). R. Dovesi, B. Civalleri and the CRYSTAL team (Dip. Chimica IFM, University of Torino) are

Part of the results on carbonated HA has been obtained by G. Ulian during his Master Degree Thesis, entitled "DFT study of carbonated defect in hydroxyapatite", 2010,

Aina, V., Bonino, F., Morterra, C., Miola, M., Bianchi, C. L., Malavasi, G., Marchetti, M. &

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thanked for discussion and continuous support with the use of the code.

chemical-physical-biological phenomena on large-scales both in space and time.

collagen and mineral phase comprising the bone composite.

toughness, which determine the final use of glass.

composite.

**4. Acknowledgment** 

kindly acknowledged.

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**15** 

*1,2USA 3Turkey* 

**The Use of Vibration Principles to Characterize** 

**the Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials** 

*Whistler Carbohydrate Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN* 

*3Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara* 

Mechanical properties are a primary quality factor in many materials ranging from liquids to solids including foods, cosmetics, certain pharmaceuticals, paints, inks, polymer solutions, to name a few. The mechanical properties of these products are important because they could be related to either a quality attribute or a functional requirement. Thus, there is always a need for the development of testing methods capable to meet various material

There is a wide range of mechanical tests in the market with a wide price range. However, there is an increasing interest in finding new methods for mechanical characterization of materials specifically capable to be adapted to in-line instruments. Acoustic/vibration methods have gained considerable attention and several instruments designed and built in government labs (e.g. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Argon National

To measure mechanical properties of material a number of conventional techniques are available, which in some cases may alter or change the sample during testing (destructive testing). In other tests the strains/deformations applied are so small that the test can be considered non-destructive. Both types of test are based on the application of a controlled strain and the measurement of the resulting stress, or viceversa. Different types of

Depending on the type of material, different conventional techniques utilized to measure its mechanical properties can be grouped as viscosity measurement tests (liquid properties), viscoelasticity measurement tests (semiliquid/semisolid properties), and elastic

Acoustics based techniques can be used for all types of material and the following sections discuss in detail how these techniques have been adapted and used to measure materials whose properties range from liquids to solids. Some of the applications discussed in this chapter are based on the basic impedance tube technique. Applications of this technique for

characterization requirements from both the industry and basic research.

deformations, e.g. compression, shear, torsion are used to test these materials.

Laboratory) have been made commercially available.

measurement tests (solid properties).

**1. Introduction** 

Osvaldo H. Campanella1, Hartono Sumali2,

*2Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM* 

*1Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department and* 

Behic Mert3 and Bhavesh Patel1

