**3. Concluding remarks**

324 Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry

Figure 11 shows a typical FRF (top curve) and coherence (bottom curve) from the measurement. Each measurement point in Table 1 resulted in one FRF. A peak at a certain frequency means large vibration at that frequency, which indicates a mode at that frequency. If the FRF at a particular point shows a valley or low response at a modal frequency, it is indicating that the point is a node (point of no motion) of the corresponding mode shape. Using those rules, the mode shapes at any resonant frequency could be visually determined. A modal analysis program uses mathematical algorithms to compute the natural frequency, damping and mode shapes from the FRFs. It was used to analyze data from this test, but may not be necessary if the tester can figure out the modes by careful

Fig. 22. An FRF (top) and coherence (bottom) obtained without a local stiffener on the

visual examination of the FRFs.

surface of the melon.

This chapter has presented a few examples of research that has been done to take advantage of the advancement in vibration analysis along with applications to characterize the rheological properties of biomaterials. The literature shows that the rheological properties of biomaterials are associated to quality indicators, specifically for foods to their texture and their sensory evaluation, thus many of the applications described in this chapter deal with food materials. In particular, this chapter has shown examples of application of basic vibration theories to measure the rheology of liquids as well as viscoelastic semi fluids and semi solid materials. The static measurement of modulus, finite element computation of the vibration natural frequencies and mode shapes, and an experimental modal analysis of a melon fruit are also described.

The authors believe that research on testing of biomaterials using vibration methods may help achieve:

The Use of Vibration Principles to Characterize the Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials 327

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### **4. References**


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**16** 

*Taiwan* 

**The Effects of Endurance Running** 

**Densitometry vs. Biomaterial Properties** 

*2Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan* 

*5Department of Orthopaedics, National Taiwan University & Hospital, Taipei,* 

Densitometric measurement of bone mineral parameters has been developed in recent decades. Since bone strength is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and/or bone mineral content (BMC), densitometric measurement is widely accepted and used as one golden standard in clinical settings to determine bone health. Based on this concept, some human studies have suggested that endurance training, such as long distance running, provides no benefit and may even be harmful to bone health or bone mineral accretion during development, since long distance runners often have low BMD and/or BMC and may even exhibit conditions associated with bone loss or osteopenia.1, 2 Conversely, serum bone marker assays in healthy distance runners show normal or positive bone metabolism status.3, 4 Therefore, the definite role of endurance running training (ERT) on bone health remains a controversial issue. It would be valuable to further clarify whether ERT benefits

Clinical observations of human subjects require further basic studies to investigate possible mechanisms. Animal studies can provide unique ways not feasible in studies using human subjects of assessing the effects of endurance running on bone. Generally, previous animal studies further verified benefits of ERT to bone health. However, the limitations of animal

The present article reviews the phenomena shown in bone of adolescent or young adult distance runners. Moreover, previous animal studies which adopted growing and young adult rats as subjects are reviewed, and the applicability of the findings to humans is also

bone health through a pathway other than absolutely increasing BMD or BMC.

studies must be clarified before applying their findings to human beings.

**1. Introduction** 

discussed.

Tsang-Hai Huang1, Ming-Yao Chang2, Kung-Tung Chen3,

**Training on Young Adult Bone:** 

*1Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies,* 

*3College of Humanities, Social and Natural Sciences, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu* 

> *4Graduate Institute of Exercise and Sport Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei*

Sandy S. Hsieh4 and Rong-Sen Yang5

*National Cheng Kung University, Tainan,* 


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