**8. References**

304 Ecosystems Biodiversity

*cirrocephalus* Common

**conservation status**

Common/Least Concern

Order: Family/common name Species Remarks/**Global** 

Swallow-tailed Gull *Creagrus furcatus* Coastal accidental Sabine's Gull *Xema sabini* Locally Common Bonaparte's Gull *Chroicocephalus philadelphia* Rare/Accidental Andean Gull *Chroicocephalus serranus* Coastal Accidental

*Chroicocephalus* 

Gray Gull *Leucophaeus modestus* Locally Common

Lava Gull *Leucophaeus fuliginosus* Endemic/**Vulnerable**

Sooty Tern *Onychoprion fuscatus* Not coastal/**Data deficient**

Bridled Tern *Onychoprion anaethetus* Locally Common Yellow-billed Tern *Sternula superciliaris* Not Coastal Peruvian Tern *Sternula lorata* **Endangered**  Large-billed Tern *Phaetusa simplex* Coastal Rare Gull-billed Tern *Gelochelidon nilotica* Locally Common Inca Tern *Larosterna inca* Near-threatened/Rare

Black Tern *Chlidonias niger* Accidental Common Tern *Sterna hirundo* Accidental

Royal Tern *Thalasseus maximus* Common Sandwich Tern *Thalasseus sandvicensis* Common

Pomarine Jaeger *Stercorarius pomarinus* Accidental Parasitic Jaeger *Stercorarius parasiticus* Locally Common

Long-Tailed Jaeger *Stercorarius longicaudus* Rare South Polar Skua *Stercorarius maccormicki* Rare

Classification, Version 31 March 2011 (Freile, 2010).

Arctic Tern *Sterna paradisaea* Locally uncommon South American Tern *Sterna hirundinacea* Locally Common

Black Skimmer *Rynchops niger* Accidental/ Locally

Elegant Tern *Thalasseus elegans* Common /**Near-threatened**

Annex I. List of waterbird species of Ecuador, including species of the Galapagos Islands Scientific and English names follow the South American Classification Committee (SACC)

Laughing Gull *Leucophaeus atricilla* Common Franklin's Gull *Leucophaeus pipixcan* Common

Belcher's Gull *Larus belcheri* Rare Ring-billed Gull *Larus delawarensis* Rare Lesser Black-backed Gull *Larus fuscus* Rare Kelp Gull *Larus dominicanus* Common Glaucous-winged Gull *Larus glaucescens* Rare Brown Noddy *Anous stolidus* Rare

CHARADRIIFORMES: Laridae

Gray-hooded Gull

CHARADRIIFORMES:

Stercorariidae


Carlton, J.T. (1989). Man's role in changing the face of the ocean: biological invasions and

Carlton, J.T. & Geller, J.B.(1993). Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous

Carlton, J.T. (1996). Pattern, process, and predictions in marine invasion ecology. *Biological* 

Carvajal-M., R.; Jiménez, P.; Saavedra, M. & Iturralde-Muñoz, G. (2006). *Zonificación de la* 

Carvajal, R. & Alava, J.J. (2007).Mangrove Wetlands Conservation Project and the Shrimp

Cepeda, F. & Cruz, J. B. (1994). Status and management of seabirds on the Galápagos

CLIRSEN. (1999). *Estudio multitemporal de manglares, camaroneras y salinas al año 1999.* Centro

CLIRSEN. (2007). *Estudio multitemporal de manglares, camaroneras y salinas al año 2006*. Centro

Cruz-Delgado, F. (2001). Distribución de aves marinas al norte y oeste del Archipiélago de

Cruz, F.; Carrion, V.; Campbell, K. J.; Lavoie, C. & Donlan, C. J. (2009). Bio-economics of

Delgado, J. D.; Mejia, A.; Bohorquez, S.; Marechal, C. & J. Orellana. (2000). Ficha Informativa

Recomendación 4.7 Conferencia de las Partes (COP), Guayaquil, Ecuador Darquea-Arteaga, J.; Baquero, A.; Hardesty, J. & Vallejo, F. (2010). Primear evaluación de

*Wildlife Management* Vol. 73, No. 2, (February 2009), pp.

Remotos/Ministerio de Defensa & PATRA, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

3, No. 3, (September 1989), pp. 265–273. ISSN: 0888-8892

Perú, October 05-09, 2009

Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Farming Industry in Ecuador:

Pesqueros Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Islands, Ecuador.

191–200, ISSN: 1937-2817

Lessons Learned. *World Aquaculture* Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 14-17

(BirdLife Conservation Series), Cambridge, U.K.

3207

Responsibility". SETAC PERU. The Biologist (Lima) Vol. 7, No. 1-2, pp. 13, Lima,

implications for conservation of near-shore environments. *Conservation Biology* Vol.

marine organisms. *Science* Vol. 261, No. 5117, (July 1993), pp. 78–82, ISSN 0036-8075

*Conservation* Vol. 78, No. 1-2, (October-November 1996), pp. 97–106, ISSN: 0006-

*Reserva de Producción de Fauna Manglares El Salado,* Fundación Natura Capitulo Guayaquil, Ministerio del Ambiente y M. I. Municipalidad de Guayaquil,

Islands, Ecuador, In: *Seabirds on islands: threats, case studies and action plans* D.N., Nettleship, J. Burger & M., Gochfeld, (Eds.), pp. 268-278 BirdLife International

de Levantamiento Integrado de Recursos Naturales por Sensores

de Levantamiento Integrado de Recursos Naturales por Sensores Remotos/Ministerio de Defensa, Ministerio del Ambiente, Programa de Recursos

Galápagos. Área de Ecología y Monitoreo de Vertebrados, Estación Científica Charles Darwin, Unpublished Report, Septiembre 2001, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos

large-scale eradication of feral goats from Santiago Island, Galápagos. *The Journal of* 

de los Humedales Ramsar: Isla Santay. Convención Ramsar sobre los Humedales.

captura incidental de aves marinas en la costa de Ecuador, *Primer Simposio de Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, Segundo Simposio Ecuatoriano de Biodiversidad Marina y Costera*, pp. 1, Grupo de Trabajo sobre


Responsibility". SETAC PERU. The Biologist (Lima) Vol. 7, No. 1-2, pp. 13, Lima, Perú, October 05-09, 2009


306 Ecosystems Biodiversity

Anderson, D. J.; Huyvaert, K. P.; Wood, D. R.; Gillikin, C. L.; Frost, B. J. & Mouritsen, H.

*Research* Vol. 5, No. (December 2008) pp. 185–192 doi: 10.3354/esr00089 Awkerman, J.A.; Huyvaert, K.P.; Mangel, J.; Alfaro Shigueto, J. & Anderson, D.J. (2006).

pp. 313–323, ISSN: 0308-597X

http://www.birdlife.org

del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

0921-8009

*Conservation* Vol. 133, No. 4, (December 2006), pp. 483–489, ISSN: 0006-3207 Bax, N.; Williamson, A.; Aguero, M.; Gonzalez, E. & Geeves, W. (2003). Marine invasive

Best, B. J. & Kessler, M. (1995). *Biodiversity and conservation in Tumbesian Ecuador and Peru*, BirdLife International, ISBN 0-946888-26-4, Cambridge, United Kingdom. BirdLife International. (2008a). *State of the world's birds: indicators for our changing world*,

BirdLife International. (2008b) Seabirds are key indicators of the impact of climate change on

BirdLife International. (2009). Seabird bycatch mitigation measures, *Western and Central* 

BirdLife International. (2010). *Marine Important Bird Areas: priority sites for the conservation of biodiversity*, BirdLife International, ISBN 978-0-946888-74-0, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International (2011). IUCN Red List for birds, 14.04.2011, Available from

Boersma, P.D. & Parrish, J.K.(1999). Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited

Briones, E.; Gómez, J.; Hidalgo, A.; Tirira, D. & Flacher, A. (2001). *Inventario de Humedales del* 

Calle, M. (2003). Diagnostico y Propuesta de Manejo Ambiental del Remanente de Manglar

Calle, D. P. & Alava, J.J. (2009)*.* Coastal chemical pollution at continental Ecuador: The case

BirdLife International, ISBN 978-0-946888-63-4, Cambridge, UK.

SC5-2009/EB-WP-03., Port Vila, Vanuatu, August 10-21, 2009.

Vol. 5, No. 8, e12491 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012491

(2003). At-sea distribution of waved albatrosses and the Galapagos Marine Reserve. *Biological Conservation* Vol. 110, No.3, (April 2003), pp. 367-373, ISSN 0006-3207 Anderson, D.J.; Huyvaert, K. P.; Awkerman, J. A.; Proaño, C. B.; Milstead, W. B.; Jiménez-

Uzcátegui, G.; Cruz, S. & Grace, J. K. (2008). Population status of the critically endangered Waved Albatross *Phoebastria irrorata*, 1999-2007.*Endangered Species* 

Incidental and intentional catch threatens Galápagos waved albatross. *Biological* 

alien species: a threat to global biodiversity. *Marine Policy* Vol. 27, No. 4, (July 2003),

the worlds oceans. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website, Available from http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casestudy/279

*Pacific Fisheries Commission BirdLife International Global Seabird Programme*, WCPFC-

solution. *Ecological Economics* Vol. 31, No. 2, (November 1999), pp. 287–304, ISSN:

*Ecuador. Segunda Parte: Humedales Interiores de la Provincia del Guayas*. Tomo II, Convención de Ramsar, Ministerio del Ambiente and EcoCiencia, Quito, Ecuador. Brothers, N.; Duckworth, A.R.; Safina, C. & Gilman, E.L. (2010). Seabird bycatch in pelagic

longline fisheries is grossly underestimated when using only haul data. PLoS ONE

de Bajo Alto-La Puntilla, Provincia El Oro. Tesis de Maestria, Universidad Agraria

of the Gulf of Guayaquil, *9th Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC LA) and the II Peruvian Congress of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry (SETAC PERU)*– International Meeting "Ecotoxicology and Social


<sup>191–200,</sup> ISSN: 1937-2817

Haase, B.J.M. (2011a). *Las Aves Marinas de Ecuador Continental y Acuáticas de las Piscinas* 

Haase, B. (2011b). Fluctuations in shorebirds populations along the Ecuadorean southwest

*Meeting*, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, August 11-15, 2011 Hansen, J.; Sato, Mki.; Ruedy, R.; Lo, K.; Lea, D. W. & Medina-Elizade, M. (2006). Global

Harmon, W. M.; Clark, W. A.; Hawbecker, A. C. & Stafford, M. (1987). *Trichomonas gallinae* 

Harvell, C. D.; Kim, K.; Burkholder, J. M.; Colwell, R. R.; Epstein, P. R.; Grimes, D. J.;

INEC. (2007). VI Censo de Población y de Vivienda, In: *Instituto Nacional de Estadística y* 

INEFAN & Fundación Natura. (1996). *Plan de manejo – Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute*.

IPCC. (2007). Summary for Policymakers, In: *Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis*,

Jackson, M., H. (2001). *Galápagos, A Natural History*, University of Calgary Press, Alberta,

Jahncke, J.; Goya, E. & Guillen, A. (2001). Seabird by-catch in smallscale longline .sheries in northern Peru. *Waterbirds* Vol. 24, No. 1 (April 2001) pp. 137–141, ISNN 1524-4695 Jaramillo, A.; Porozo, N.; Molina, R.; Naranjo, J. & A. Pacalla. (2002). Plan de Manejo del

Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. & Wiedenfeld, D. A. (2002). Aves marinas, In: *Reserva Marina de* 

Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. (2006). Censo parcial de Flamencos *Phoenicopterus ruber* 2006.

Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G.; Hernán Vargas, F.; Larrea, C.; Milstead, B. & Llerena, W. (2006).

Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA

coast (1990-2010), pp. 73. A*bstracts of the Fourth Western Hemisphere Shorebird Group* 

temperature change. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* Vol. 103, No. 39,

in columbiform birds from the Galápagos Islands. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases* Vol. 23,

Hofmann, E. E.; Lipp, E.K.; Osterhaus, A.D.M.E.; Overstreet, R.M.; Porter, J.W.; Smith, G.W. & Vasta, G.R. (1999). Emerging marine diseases-climate links and anthropogenic factors. *Science* Vol. 285, No. 5433, (September 1999), pp. 1505-1510,

Fase I, Diagnóstico. Tomo I. Instituto Ecuatoriano Forestal y de Áreas Naturales &

S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor & H.L. Miller, (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*.* Cambridge University

Humedal Isla Santay. Comité Ecológico del Litoral con la colaboración del Ministerio del Ambiente/DED Servicio Técnico de Cooperación Alemana.

*Galápagos, Línea Base de laBiodiversidad*, E. Danulat & G.J. Edgar, (Eds.), pp. 343-372, Fundación Charles Darwin/Servicio Parque Nacional Galápagos, Santa Cruz,

Unpublished Report, Fundación Charles Darwin & Servicio Parque Nacional

Galapagos Penguin and Flightless Cormorant survey 2006. Report for the Charles

*Artificiales de Ecuasal*, Gráficos Hernández, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

(September 2006), pp. 14288-14293, ISSN 0027-8424

No. 3, (July 1), pp. 492-494, ISSN 0090-3558

*Censos (INEC)*, Quito, Ecuador. Available from

Galápagos, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

Fundación Natura, Guayaquil, Ecuador

ISSN 0036-8075

Canada

Guayaquil, Ecuador

Galapagos, Ecuador

http://www.inec.gov.ec/default.asp

Biodiversidad Marina y Costera del Ecuador, Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador. Manta, Ecuador, Diciembre 9-12, 2010


http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.html


http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/ggepl/English/ggepl\_publications.htm


Dodson, C. H. & A. H. Gentry. (1991). Biological extinction in western Ecuador*. Annals of the* 

Edgar, G.J.; Snell, H. L. & Lougheed, L. W. (2003). Impacts of the Jessica oil spill: an

Food Agriculture Organization (2007). FAOSTAT. In: *FAO Statistics Division*, 18.05.2007,

Freile, J. (2010). Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Ecuador.

Fundación Natura & WWF. (2000). Anexos 9. In: *Informe Galápagos 1999–2000,* Fundación

GGEPL. (2004). Proceedings of the Galapagos West Nile Virus Workshop. In: *Galapagos* 

Gibbs, J. P.; Shriver, W. G. & Vargas, H. (2003). An assessment of a Galapagos Rail

Granizo, T.; Pacheco, C.; Ribadeneira, M. B.; Guerrero, M. & Suárez, L. (Eds.). (2002). *Libro* 

Gurevitch, J. & Padilla, D. K. (2004). Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions?

Haase, B. (1991a). The Santa Elena Peninsula: an important stopover for migratory birds,

Haase, B. (1991b). Presence and distribution of gulls in Ecuador. *Abstracts of the 4th* 

Haase, B. (1991c). New marine bird and coastal bird species observed in Ecuador. *Abstracts* 

Haase, B. (1996). Kelp Gull *Larus dominicanus*: a new breeding species for Ecuador. *Cotinga*

Haase, B. (2010). La migración de aves marinas observada desde la Chocolatera en Salinas,

*Genetics, Epidemiology and Pathology Laboratory*. Galapagos National Park Headquarters, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, April 29, 2004.

population over thirteen years (1986–2000). *Journal of Field Ornithology* Vol. 74, No.

*Rojo de las aves del Ecuador*. SIMBIOE, Conservación Internacional, EcoCiencia,

*Trends in Ecology and Evolution* Vol. 19, No. 9, (September 2004), pp. 470-474, ISSN

*Abstracts of the 4th Neotropical Ornithology Congress*, pp. 24, Ecuadorian Corporation

*Neotropical Ornithology Congress*, pp. 154, Ecuadorian Corporation of Ornithology

*of the 4th Neotropical Ornithology Congress*, pp. 22, Ecuadorian Corporation of

*Primer Simposio de Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Latinoamérica y el Caribe*, *Segundo Simposio Ecuatoriano de Biodiversidad Marina y Costera*, pp.39, Grupo de Trabajo sobre Biodiversidad Marina y Costera del Ecuador, Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador,

*Missouri Botanical Gardens* Vol. 78, No.2, pp.273-295, ISSN: 00266493

Manta, Ecuador, Diciembre 9-12, 2010

Available from http://faostat.fao.org/site/567

2, (Spring 2003), pp. 136–140, ISNN 0273-8570

(CECIA), Quito, Ecuador, November 3-9, 1991

Vol. 5, pp. 73-74, ISSN 1353-985X

Manta, Ecuador, Diciembre 9-12, 2010

Ministerio del Ambiente & UICN, Quito, Ecuador.

Version 31 August 2010. 27.04.2011, Available from http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.html

Natura – World Wildlife Fund, 119-120, Quito, Ecuador.

http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/ggepl/English/ggepl\_publications.htm

of Ornithology (CECIA), Quito, Ecuador, November 3-9, 1991

Ornithology (CECIA), Quito, Ecuador, November 3-9, 1991

275, ISSN 0025-326X

02.05.2007, Available from

0169-5347

Biodiversidad Marina y Costera del Ecuador, Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador.

introduction. *Marine Pollution Bulletin* Vol. 47, No. 7-8, (July-August 2003), pp. 273–


Montaño, M. & Resabala, C. (2005). Pesticidas en sedimentos, aguas, y organismos de la

Myers, N. ( 1992). *The primary source: tropical forests and our future*. Norton, ISBN 978-

Murillo, J.C., Reyes, H., Zarate, P., Banks, S., & Danulat, E. (2004). Evaluación de la captura

NOAA. (2011). Climate prediction center, In: *National Weather Service*, 27.02. 2011, Available

Nixon, S. & Thomas, A. (2001). On the size of the Peru Upwelling Ecosystem. Research Note.

Padilla, L.R.; Huyvaert, K.P.; Merkel, J.; Miller R.E. & Parker, P.G. (2003). Hematology,

Padilla, L.R.; Santiago-Alarcon, D.; Merkel, J.; Miller R.E. & Parker, P.G. (2004). Survey for

Peck, S.B.; Heraty, J.; Landry, B. & Sinclair, B.J. (1998). Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic

Rosenberg, D. K. (1990). The impact of introduced herbivores on the Galápagos Rail

Santander, T.; Freile, J. F. & Loor-Vela, S. (2009). Ecuador. In: *Important Bird Areas Americas -* 

Santander, T.; & Muñoz, I. (2005). Ecuador-Informe anual 2004. In: *El Censo Neotropical de* 

Santander, T.; Hidalgo, J. R. & Haase B. (2006a). Aves Acuáticas en Ecuador. Reporte final

Santander T.; Muñoz, I. & Lara, A. (2006b). Ecuador: informe anual. Censo Neotropical de

Vol. 34, No. 3, (September 2003), pp. 278-283, ISSN 1042-7260

No. 1, (March 2004), pp. 60-64, ISSN 1042-7260

*Garden.* Vol. 32, pp. 169-178, ISSN 0161-1542.

Global Series No. 17, Buenos Aires, Argentina

University Press, ISBN 0-8014-8720-X, Ithaca, NY, USA

(BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16), Quito, Ecuador

(Corporación Ornitológica del Ecuador), Quito, Ecuador

93-98, ISSN 1019-6161

from

hange.shtml.

0393017953, New York, USA

pp. 2521-2528, ISSN 0967-0637

Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador

Cuenca del Rio Taura. *Revista Cientifica Ciencias Naturales y Ambientales* Vol. 1, pp.

incidental durante el Plan Piloto de Pesca de Altura con Palangre en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos, Fundación Charles Darwin y Dirección Parque Nacional

http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis\_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI\_c

*Deep-Sea Research I: Oceanographic Research Papers* Vol. 48, No. 11, (November 2001),

plasma chemistry, serology, and *Chlamydophila* status of the waved albatross (*Phoebastria irrorata*) on the Galapagos Islands. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine*

*Haemoproteus* spp., *Trichomonas gallinae*, *Chlamydophila psittaci*, and *Salmonella* spp. in Galapagos Islands columbiformes. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine* Vol. 35,

archipelago: The Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. *American Entomologist* Vol. 44, No. 4, (January 1998), pp. 218– 237, ISSN 1046-2821 Ridgely, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J. (2001). *The birds of Ecuador: Status, Taxonomy, and Distribution,* Volume I*,* Cornell

(*Laterallus spilonotus*). *Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical* 

*Priority sites for biodiversity conservation*, C. Devenish, D. F. Díaz Fernández, R. P. Clay, I. Davidson & I. Yépez Zabala (Eds.)*,* pp. 187 –196, BirdLife International

*Aves Acuáticas 2004,* B. López-Lanus, & D. E. Blanco, (Eds.). Wetlands International,

preparado para Waterbird Conservation for the Americas. Aves&Conservación

Aves Acuáticas 2005. In: *El Censo Neotropical de Aves Acuáticas 2005: Una herramienta* 

Darwin Foundation, The Galapagos National Park and the Seaworld & Busch Gardens Conservation Fund, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador


Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. & Vargas, F. H. (2007). Censo del pingüino de Galápagos y comoran

Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G.; Milstead, B.; Márquez, C.; Zabala, J.; Buitrón, P.; Llerena, A.; Salazar,

Parque Nacional Galápagos & INGALA, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. & Devineau, O. (2009). Censo del pingüino de Galápagos y comoran

Jiménez, P., Torres, S. & Alava, J.J. (2010). Inventario, Abundancia y Distribución Espacial de

Krebs, C. J. (1999). *Ecological methodology*, (2nd edition), Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc.,

Lessmann, R.P. (2004). Current protections on the Galapagos Islands are inadequate: the

Lougheed, L.W., Edgar, G.J., & Snell, H.L. (Eds.). (2002). *Biological Impacts of the Jessica Oil* 

McDonald, G. (2003) *Biogeography: Space, Time and Life*, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York,

Ministerio del Ambiente & ESPOL-ICQ. (2004). Inventario de Plaguicidas COPs en el

Miranda, C., Valle, C. & Baquero, A. (2010). Isla Santa Clara: Zona critica de importancia

Mittermeier, R.A.; Robles-Gil, P. & Mittermeier, C. G. (1997). *Megadiversity. Earth's* 

Mangu-Ward, K. (1997). Suffering in Silence, *The Wall Street Journal*. (April 20), W23

Gardens Conservation Fund, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

Menlo Park, California.

USA.

2010

Guayaquil, Ecuador

9686397505, Washington, USA

*Oceanográfica del Pacifico* (*under review*)

15, No. 1, (Winter 2004), pp. 117-151, ISSN 1050-0391

Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador

Darwin Foundation, The Galapagos National Park and the Seaworld & Busch

no volador 2007. Charles Darwin Foundation and Galapagos National Park, Puerto

S. & Fessl, B. (2007). Vertebrados de Galápagos: estado de amenaza y acciones de conservación, In: *Informe Galápagos 2006–2007*, Fundación Charles Darwin, Servicio

no volador 2009. Charles Darwin Foundation and Galapagos National Park, Puerto

Mamíferos Marinos y Aves en las Islas Galápagos Durante el Crucero Oceanográfico (BAE Orión) en abril 2009. Implicaciones para Conservación. *Acta* 

International Maritime Organization should declare the islands a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area. *Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Polic*y Vol.

*Spill on the Galápagos Environment*. Final Report, Version No.1.10, Charles Darwin

Ecuador. Informe Técnico Final. Proyecto GEF/2732-02-4456, Global Environmental Facility (GEF), Ministerio del ambiente del Ecuador, Programa Nacional Integrado para la Gestión Racional de las Sustancias Químicas,

para las aves marinas, *Primer Simposio de Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, Segundo Simposio Ecuatoriano de Biodiversidad Marina y Costera*, pp.39-40, Grupo de Trabajo sobre Biodiversidad Marina y Costera del Ecuador, Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, Manta, Ecuador, Diciembre 9-12,

*biologically wealthiest nations*. Conservation International and Cemex S.A., ISBN 978-


Travis, E. K.; Vargas, F. H.; Merkel, J.; Gottdenker, N.; Miller, R. E. & Parker, P. G. (2006b).

Valle, C. (1997). Isla Santa Clara: estudio del ambiente terrestre y establecimiento de un

Valle, C. (1998). Monitoreo de las Poblaciones de Aves Marinas en Isla Santa Clara, Golfo de

Vargas, H. & H. L. Snell. (1997). The arrival of Marek's disease to Galápagos. *Noticias de* 

Vargas, H.; Lougheed, C. & Snell, H. (2005). Population size and trends of the Galapagos

Vargas, F.H.; Harrison, S.; Rea, S. & Macdonald, D.W. (2006). Biological effects of El Niño on

Vargas, F.H.; Lacy, R. C.; Johnson, P. J.; Steinfurth, A.; Crawford, R. J.M.; Boersma, P. D. &

Vitousek, P. M.; Loope, L. L. & Stone, C. P. (1987). Stone Introduced species in Hawaii.

Watkins, G. & Cruz, F. (2007). *Galapagos at Risk: A Socioeconomic Analysis of the Situation in* 

WHSRN (2009a). Lagunas de ECUASAL: Description. In: *Western Hemisphere Shorebird* 

WHSRN (2009b). Lagunas de ECUASAL: Ecology and Conservation. In: *Western Hemisphere* 

Whiteman N. K.; Goodman, S. J.; Sinclair, B. J.; Walsh, T.; Cunningham, A.A.; Kramer, L. D.

Wiedenfeld, D. A. (2006). Aves, The Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. *Checklist* Vol. 2, No. 2, (July

Wiedenfled, D.A. & Jiménez-Uzcategui, G. (2008). Critical problems for bird conservation in

*Ibis* Vol. 147, No. 4, (October 2005), pp. 844–847, ISSN 1474-919X

the Galapagos Islands. *Cotinga* Vol. 29, pp. 22-27, ISSN 1353-985X

*Galápagos* Vol. 58, No. 58, (May 1997), pp. 4-5, ISSN 0550-1067

Vol. 137, No. 1, (June 2007), pp. 138-148, ISSN 0006-3207

*Evolution* Vol. 2, No. 7, (July 1987), pp. 224-227, ISSN 0169-5347

No.3, (July 1), pp. 625-632, ISSN 0090-3558

el PATRA/MMA, Guayaquil, Ecuador

1474-919X

Ecuador

107–114, ISSN 0006-3207

profile/lagunas-de-ecuasal

profile/lagunas-de-ecuasal

2006), pp. 1–27. ISSN 1809-127X

M. Hurtado et al., (Eds.). Guayaquil, Ecuador

Hematology, serum chemistry, and serology of Galapagos penguins (*Spheniscus mendiculus*) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases* Vol. 42,

sistema de monitoreo de las colonias de aves marinas. Informe de Consultoría para

Guayaquil, In: Informe de Consultoría preparado para EDC- Ecuador Ltda, Vol. I.,

penguin *Spheniscus mendiculus*. *Ibis* Vol. 147, No. 2, (April 2005), pp. 367–374, ISSN

the Galapagos penguin. *Biological Conservation* Vol. 127, No. 1, (January 2006), pp.

Macdonald, D. W. (2007). Modelling the effect of El Niño on the persistence of small populations: The Galápagos penguin as a case study. *Biological Conservation*

Biological effects and opportunities for ecological research. *Trends in Ecology and* 

*the Archipelago*, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Province of Galapagos,

*Reserve Network,* 20.04.2011 Available from http://www.whsrn.org/site-

*Shorebird Reserve Network*, 20.04.2011, Available from http://www.whsrn.org/site-

& Parker, P.G. (2005). Establishment of the avian disease vector *Culex quinquefasciatus* Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

*para la conservación,* B. López-Lanús & D.E. Blanco (Eds.), Wetlands International, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Available from http://lac.wetlands.org/


Santander, T., A. Lara & I. Muñoz. (2007). Ecuador: informe anual. Censo Neotropical de

Santander, T.G. & Lara, A. (2008). Ecuador: informe anual. Censo Neotropical de Aves

SICA-MAG. (2003). Informe de fertilizantes y agroquímicos. In: *Proyecto Servicio de* 

Sierra, R. (Ed.). (1999). *Propuesta preliminar de un sistema de clasificación de vegetación para el* 

Snell, H.L.; Tye, A.; Causton, C.E. & Bensted-Smith, R. (2002). Current status of and threats

Solórzano, L. (1989). Status of Coastal Water Quality in Ecuador, In*: A Sustainable Shrimp* 

Stattersfield, A. J.; Crosby, M. J.; Long, A. J. & Wege, D. C. (1998). *Endemic Birds Areas of the World*, BirdLife International, ISBN 0-0946888-33-7, Cambridge, U.K. Suárez, H. & Calle, M. (2005). Monitoreo del estado poblacional y reproductive de aves marinas en el refugio de vida Silvestre Isla Santa Clara (RVS-ISCAL), Julio 2005 Taylor, P. B. (1996). Family Rallidae (rails, gallinules and coots), In: *Handbook of the birds of* 

Thiel, T.; Whiteman, N.K.; Tirape, A.; Baquero, M.I.; Cedeño, V.; Walsh, T.; Jimenez-

Timmermann, A.; Oberhuber, J.; Bacher, A.; Esch, M.; Latif, M. & Roeckner, E. (1999).

Buenos Aires, Argentina. Available from http://lac.wetlands.org/

Buenos Aires, Argentina. Available from http://lac.wetlands.org/

Buenos Aires, Argentina. Available from http://lac.wetlands.org/

http://www.sica.gov.ec/agro/insumos/inf\_08\_03

and EcoCiencia, Quito, Ecuador.

Island, Narragansett, RI.

Wildlife Fund, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos.

Edicions, ISBN 978-8487334207, Barcelona, Spain

No. 2, (April 1), pp. 342–353, ISSN 0090-3558

Vol. 42, No. 1, (January 1), pp. 133-141, ISSN 0090-3558

*para la conservación,* B. López-Lanús & D.E. Blanco (Eds.), Wetlands International,

Aves Acuáticas 2006, In: *El Censo Neotropical de Aves Acuáticas 2006: Una herramienta para la conservación*, A.J. Lesterhuis & D.E. Blanco (Eds.), Wetlands International,

Acuáticas 2007, In: *El Censo Neotropical de Aves Acuáticas 2007: Una herramienta para la conservación*, D.A. Unterkofler & D.E. Blanco (Eds.), Wetlands International,

*Información y Censo Agropecuario (SICA) Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca del Ecuador (MAG*), Quito, Ecuador. 15.05.2007. Available from

*Ecuador continental*, Proyecto INEFAN/GEFBIRF, Wildlife Conservation Society

to the terrestrial biodiversity of Galapagos. In: *A biodiversity vision for the Galapagos Islands*. R. Bensted–Smith (Ed.), pp. 30-47, Charles Darwin Foundation and World

*Mariculture Industry for Ecuador*, S. Olsen, and L. Arriaga, E. (Eds.), pp. 163-177, Technical Report Series TR-E-6. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode

*the world*, *Hoatzin to Auks,* Volume 3, J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott & J.Sargatal, (Eds.), Lynx

Uzcategui, G. & Parker, P.G. (2005). Characterization of canarypox-like viruses infecting Endemic birds in the Galapagos Islands. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases* Vol. 41,

Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. *Nature* Vol. 398, No.6729, (April 1999), pp. 694–697, ISSN 0028-0836 Travis, E. K.; Vargas, F. H.; Merkel, J.; Gottdenker, N.; Miller, R. E. & Parker, P. G. (2006a).

Hematology, plasma chemistry, and serology of the flightless cormorant (*Phalacrocorax harrisi*) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases*


**14** 

**Biodiversity Drifts in Agricultural Landscapes** 

We are in the midst of the sixth global mass extinction event (McNeely & Scherr, 2002; Thomas et al., 2004). Around the globe, biological communities that took millions of years to develop—including tropical rain forests, coral reefs, old-growth forests, prairies and coastal wetlands—have been devastated as a result of human actions. Biologists predict that tens of thousands of species and millions of unique populations will go extinct in the coming decades (Brown & Laband, 2006; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005a). If the current predictions are correct, the rates of environmental changes may outpace the capacities of

There are seven major threats to biodiversity: habitat destruction; habitat fragmentation; habitat degradation (including pollution); global climate change; the overexploitation of species for human use; the invasion of exotic species; and the increased spread of disease. Most threatened species and ecosystems face at least two or more of these threats, which can interact synergistically to speed the way to extinction and hinder efforts at protecting biodiversity (Burgman et al., 2007; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005b). All seven threats are the result of an expanding human population's ever increasing use of the world's

Agroecosystems include a large proportion of the world's biodiversity (Pimentel et al., 1992). Over the past two decades, research has demonstrated the value of agricultural biodiversity in all its forms, including crop and livestock genetic diversity, and associated species important for production, for example, pollinators, soil microorganisms, beneficial insects, and predators of pests and wild species that occur in agricultural landscapes (Uphoff et al., 2006). Some species are almost completely dependent on agricultural habitats for survival, e.g. Great Bustard *Otis tarda*, Grey Partridge *Perdix perdix* or the Black-tailed

Since the 1960's both industrial agriculture in developed countries and the original green revolution in developing countries have depended on improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation. This production model involved a small number of crops, generally in monoculture (to increase efficiency in use of inputs and mechanization), increased pesticide and fertilizer use and short crop-rotations (Benton et al., 2003). Wild flora and fauna were considered direct competitors for resources or harvested products,

**1. Introduction** 

organisms to adapt to the changes.

natural resources (Primack, 2008).

Godwit *Limosa limosa* (Kleijn et al., 2006).

Olga Ameixa1,2 and Pavel Kindlmann1,3 *1Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change* 

*2Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice* 

*Research Centre AS CR, České Budějovice* 

*3Charles University, Prague* 

*Czech Republic* 

Wikelski, M.; Foufopoulos, J.; Vargas, H. & Snell, H. (2004). Galápagos Birds and Diseases: Invasive Pathogens as Threats for Island Species. *Ecology and Society* Vol. 9, No.1 (January 2004), Art. 5, ISSN: 1708-3087, Available from

http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art5/

