**6. Acknowledgments**

This research was supported by research discovery grants to M. Silva-Opps and S. Opps from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, a contract from Parks Canada and a grant from the Faculty of Science of the University of Prince Edward Island. We are grateful to Karen Johnson and the staff of the Prince Edward Island National Park for their help during the red-fox radio-tracking sessions. We also thank the Prince Edward Island Department of Agriculture and Forestry for providing digital information on Prince Edward Island forests. We are indebted to the iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority, the personnel of the Priority Species Monitoring Project, the Operation Wallacea and Xander Conbrin for providing radio-telemetry data of the African wild dog. Finally, we are thankful to Eva Jenkins and the staff of the Mkhuze Game Reserve for their work and logistic support during African wild-dog radio-tracking sessions.

#### **7. References**


It is clear that emerging technologies such as GPS-telemetry open new avenues in wildlife telemetry and ecological research because they can provide more detailed information regarding fine-grain movement patterns. Ultimately, however, technologies are just tools in the hands of researchers. The choice of a given telemetry technology should be based on the kind of questions that one is trying to answer or investigate. In this chapter, the key focal points of our case studies were very specific, have clear conservation/management applications and dealt with medium-bodied size carnivore species. Additionally, in both case studies, the study areas were small which facilitated field work and our ability to track all collared animals daily without much effort. Therefore, in both case studies examined here, radio-telemetry technology was more than adequate to identify the habitat types that were avoided or preferred by the carnivore species under investigation. Clearly, the advent of GPS technology will allow ecologists and wildlife managers to develop more sophisticated and rigorous methods to assess home range and habitat-selection patterns. However, what is really needed at this point is to develop new methods or approaches to extract a maximal amount of information from data obtained from less-sophisticated

This research was supported by research discovery grants to M. Silva-Opps and S. Opps from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, a contract from Parks Canada and a grant from the Faculty of Science of the University of Prince Edward Island. We are grateful to Karen Johnson and the staff of the Prince Edward Island National Park for their help during the red-fox radio-tracking sessions. We also thank the Prince Edward Island Department of Agriculture and Forestry for providing digital information on Prince Edward Island forests. We are indebted to the iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority, the personnel of the Priority Species Monitoring Project, the Operation Wallacea and Xander Conbrin for providing radio-telemetry data of the African wild dog. Finally, we are thankful to Eva Jenkins and the staff of the Mkhuze Game Reserve for their work and logistic support

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**15** 

*Greece* 

Mertzanis G•• et al.\*

**Telemetry as a Tool to Study** 

**Spatial Behaviour and Patterns of Brown** 

**Egnatia Highway – N. Pindos - Greece** 

*NGO "Callisto" - Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Thessaloniki,* 

**Bears as Affected by the Newly Constructed** 

Throughout the world, traffic volumes have increased markedly in the past two decades (United Nations 1992) and the increasing area occupied by recently constructed roads is affecting wildlife populations in the EU from 1990 to 1998 circa 33.000 ha of landscape (10ha daily) have been used and occupied for transportation infrastructure development purposes. The average surface of undisturbed (by transportation infrastructure) continuous landscape ranges from 20 km2 in Belgium to 600 km2 in Finland with an EU average of 130 km2 (ΕΕΑ, 2001). For many mammal populations, the main demonstrated impact of roads to date has been in terms of increased disturbance or mortality. Avoidance of otherwise suitable habitats in close proximity to roads has been shown to occur for brown bears *(Ursus arctos)* and wolves (*Canis lupus*) in the U.S.A. (McLellan and Shackleton 1988, Mace et al. 1996, Mech et al. 1988). For some mammal species, roads have been shown to act also as a considerable barrier to dispersal (Mader 1984). Roads can therefore have a significant effect in fragmenting wildlife populations and eventually lead them to local extinction (Fahrig and Merriam 1994). Increased awareness of environmental problems caused by infrastructure construction has moved engineers, ecologists and policy makers to develop planning concepts to deal with the impacts on nature and landscape. If avoidance of a certain project

is not feasible, mitigation measures can be undertaken as a second planning concept.

Mazaris Ant.1, Sgardelis St.1, Aravidis El.4, Giannakopoulos Al.3**,** Godes C.2, Riegler S.2,

*1 Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2 NGO "Callisto" - Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Thessaloniki, Greece,* 

*4 Development Agency of Thessaloniki Prefecture, Thessaloniki, Greece.* 

In this general context of invasive roading and large scale transportation infrastructure development Greece has not "escaped". The "Egnatia" highway project of modern times was planned to connect the western part of the country with the eastern and serve as a trade route between the EU, through Italy and Greece, and the Orient. With funds allocated by the EU (Cohesion Funds) and the Hellenic Government, the modern Egnatia, only partly follows the route of its predecessor "Via Egnatia" from the Roman times (as of Rome's first

*3 University of Aegean, Environmental Studies Dept, Lab. of Biodiversity & Management, Xenia Hills, Mytilini, Greece,* 

**1. Introduction** 

 \*

Riegler A.2 and Tragos Ath.2

