**7. Conclusion**

This chapter presents a newly developed telemetry system, analyzing software, and studies using these applications. The telemetry system has become commonly used tool to monitor many kinds of functions in the fields of physiology and pathophysiology as well as pharmacology and toxicology. Moreover, the power stectral analysis of HRV is useful to evaluate autonomic nervous functoin in nromal and disesed laboratory animals. Although further studies will be necesarry to clarify the mechanisms of pathgenesis of many diseases and the effects of many factors on bio-physiological functions of laboratry animals, these methods may become powerful tools to solve these problrems.

#### **8. Acknowledgment**

The author is grateful to Softron and Primetech corporation the dedicated supports and assistance for our studies.

#### **9. References**


improved survival in LPS-induced endotoxemia. Survival rates of the control and nicotine groups were 67% and 100%, respectively. Heart rate showed increases a few hours after LPS administration in the both control and nicotine groups. Although the elevated heart rate persisted for almost 2 days after LPS injection in the control group, heart rate returned to the baseline value and the diurnal variation was not affected in the nicotine group. The control group showed significant decrease in the HF and LF powers after LPS administration. Lower values of the HF power were continued more than one day. But in the nicotine group, autonomic nervous activity was not affected by LPS injection and index of these values were kept at the base line. Nicotine significantly attenuated LPS-induced changes in heart rate and autonomic nervous activity. These changes were accompanied by significant inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression and protein synthesis. However the LPSinduced physiological responses persisted much longer than cytokine production. The plausible explanation is that autonomic nervous activity was lowered by LPS injection for a longer time. These results suggest that the efficacy of nicotine treatment in protecting autonomic nervous system seems likely to have a very important role especially after the

This chapter presents a newly developed telemetry system, analyzing software, and studies using these applications. The telemetry system has become commonly used tool to monitor many kinds of functions in the fields of physiology and pathophysiology as well as pharmacology and toxicology. Moreover, the power stectral analysis of HRV is useful to evaluate autonomic nervous functoin in nromal and disesed laboratory animals. Although further studies will be necesarry to clarify the mechanisms of pathgenesis of many diseases and the effects of many factors on bio-physiological functions of laboratry animals, these

The author is grateful to Softron and Primetech corporation the dedicated supports and

Akita, M., Ishii, K., Kuwahara, M., & Tsubone, H. (2002). Power Spectral Analysis of Heart

Akita, M., Kuwahara, M., Itoh, F., Nakano, Y., Osakabe, N., Kurosawa, T., & Tsubone, H.

Akita, M., Kuwahara, M., Nishibata, R., Mikami, H., & Tsubone, H. (2004). The Daily Pattern

hyposensitive (BHR) Guinea Pigs. Exp. Anim. 53(2): 121-127.

Rate Variability for Assessments of Diurnal Variation of Autonomic Nervous

(2008). Effects of Cacao Liquor Polyphenols on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Nervous Functions in Hypercholesterolaemic Rabbits. Basic Clin. Pharmacol.

of Heart Rate, Body Temperature, Locomotor Activity, and Autonomic Nervous Activity in Congenitally Bronchial-hypersensitive (BHS) and Bronchial-

acute phase of systemic inflammatory responses (Kojima, et al., 2011).

methods may become powerful tools to solve these problrems.

Activity in Guinea Pigs. Exp. Anim. 51(1): 1-7, 2002.

**7. Conclusion** 

**8. Acknowledgment** 

assistance for our studies.

Toxicol. 103(6): 581-587.

**9. References** 


**8** 

*USA* 

**Advances in Management of** 

Takoi K. Hamrita and Matthew Paulishen

*University of Georgia* 

**Poultry Production Using Biotelemetry** 

In this chapter, the authors review recent developments in the use of biotelemetry in poultry production. The chapter begins with an overview of advancements in biotelemetry and outlines the types of equipment that are commercially available as well as those adapted and developed by researchers primarily for use in farm animals. The authors then highlight the significant milestones achieved by the scientific community in using biotelemetry towards a more holistic poultry production guided by birds' physiological responses to environmental stressors. In particular, the authors discuss efforts at the University of Georgia towards building the next generation closed-loop poultry environmental controller

Biotelemetry is defined as the remote detection and measurement of physiological, bioelectrical, and behavioral variables to monitor function, activity, or condition of conscious unrestrained humans or animals. This encompasses a broad range of techniques of varying invasiveness including video monitoring, non-contact thermometry, radio tracking and the use of internally or externally mounted remote sampling systems (Morton et al., 2003). Biotelemetry is not a new concept and it was first introduced by Einthoven in 1903 when he measured the electrocardiogram using immersion electrodes remotely connected to a galvanometer via telephone lines (Cromwell et al., 1973, as cited in Hamrita et al., 1998). In later years, NASA played a big role in the advancement of biotelemetry by using it to transmit astronaut biomedical data such as heart rate and body temperature to earth. In (N. F. Güler & Übeyli, 2002), the authors provide a detailed history of early uses

Biotelemetry consists of sensing the variable of interest from the animal using miniature sensors or transducers. These can be placed on the animal, ingested by the animal, or implanted inside the animal by means of injection or surgery. The output of the sensor or transducer is modulated to a form which can be transmitted wirelessly over a distance from the animal to a receiver using an embedded transmitter. The received signal is demodulated and the measured variable extracted through proper signal conditioning and calibration by the data acquisition system. Biotelemetry data has been transmitted through every medium including air, vacuum, water, and biologic tissue using a variety of modulating carriers such as electromagnetic waves (especially at radiofrequency- hence the name radiotelemetry), light, and ultrasound (N. F. Güler & Übeyli, 2002). By far the most common carriers of biotelemetry data are radio waves. Due to the proliferation of biotelemetry in recent years, the Federal

which responds directly and in real-time to physiological needs of the birds.

**1. Introduction** 

and developments of biotelemetry.

