**6. References**


advanced state of medical biotelemetry equipment and its applications (Akyildiz et al., 2002; N. F. Güler & Übeyli, 2002; Budinger, 2003; Lewis & Goldfarb, 2003; Strydis, 2005; Byrne & Lim, 2007; Luong et al., 2008; Ruiz-Garcia et al., 2009; Lin et al., 2010; Yilmaz et al., 2010).

This chapter provided, through a large number of examples, a comprehensive overview of the use of biotelemetry in poultry production. The chapter outlined the types of equipment that are commercially available as well as those adapted and developed by researchers for use in poultry production research. Many poultry biotelemetry studies were aimed at validating new commercially available telemetry systems and measurement techniques and have clearly demonstrated their effectiveness for accurate continuous monitoring of poultry physiology. The majority of these studies were concerned with the monitoring of deep body temperature. Biotelemetry has been successfully used in a wide range of research pertaining to poultry production. Many studies were concerned with monitoring and evaluating physiological and behavioral responses of poultry under various stressful environmental stimuli and management conditions to (1) gain a better understanding of poultry thermoregulatory responses; (2) improve management practices; and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of various environmental conditions. Continuous biotelemetry monitoring of poultry provides dynamic responses that define relationships with environmental variables. These relationships have been described using mathematical models constructed to predict future outcomes for a range of inputs. A pioneer study used biotelemetry to design an environmental controller which maintains poultry deep body temperature, under stressful ambient temperature conditions, below a given threshold by controlling air velocity rates. This study is the first step in designing the future poultry environmental controller which

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**1. Introduction** 

in experiments while improving animal welfare.

**2. Use of telemetry in rodents for cardiovascular research** 

The techniques for measuring arterial blood pressure in experimental animals have improved considerably over the past decades, and several methods are now available. Arterial blood pressure is often measured to assess the reactivity of the cardiovascular

**9** 

*1Brazil* 

*2United States* 

**Applications of Telemetry in** 

**Small Laboratory Animals for** 

Valdir A. Braga1 and Melissa A. Burmeister2

*2Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute* 

*1Federal University of Paraíba* 

**Studying Cardiovascular Diseases** 

Telemetry is a state-of-the-art method of monitoring physiological functions in awake and freely moving laboratory animals, while minimizing stress artefacts. Currently, telemetry systems are employed for measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow, electrocardiogram, respiratory rate, sympathetic nerve activity, body temperature and many other biological signals in a wide range of animal species including rats, mice, dogs, rabbits, gerbils, hamsters, monkeys, guinea pigs and pigs (Kramer et al., 2001; Butz & Davisson, 2001; Galvin et al., 2006; Moons et al., 2007; Hess et al., 2007; Shaw et al., 2007; Greene et al., 2008). Although telemetry technology has existed for at least 50 years, it has only been in the last decade or so that affordable, reliable, and user friendly commercial products have been available for monitoring physiological signals in the laboratory setting. In particular, the use of telemetry for measuring blood pressure in mice and rats has aided researchers in discovering fundamental mechanisms involved in the physiology and pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart failure and pre-eclampsia (Kramer & Kinter, 2003; Zimmerman et al., 2004; Hoffman et al., 2008, Burmeister et al., 2011). Moreover, drug discovery for treating hypertension has significantly benefited from telemetry since it allows for drug effects to be investigated chronically and longitudinally. In the first part of this chapter, we will discuss the significant contributions of telemetry towards advancing the field of cardiovascular physiology/pathophysiology, emphasizing chronic studies using several experimental models of hypertension. In the second part, we will discuss the benefits of using telemetry in regards to animal welfare and some strategies to refine the telemetry technique in order to reduce the cost and the number of animals used

