**Acknowledgements**

**7. Conclusion**

80 Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination

technology.

It is a common belief that soil remediation is a sustainable industry but many remediation projects use vast amounts of energy and often physically damage the remediation site by removing its topsoil. Ecological Engineering can potentially make remediation projects more sustainable. The large embodied energy in many organic pollutants may be used as a driver of a self-designing in-situ remediation process by indigenous microorganisms in the soil.

The intrinsic capacity of soil microbial communities to initiate and accelerate degradation of soil pollutants rely on the fundamental thermodynamic driving force towards complete degradation of target organic pollutants to low molecular-weight inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide and water. The degradation process releases quantities of useful "free" energy that can be used by soil microorganisms in their metabolism. Figure 1 illustrates this together with important abiotic and biotic degradation pathways and intermediate storages. Table 1 gives some numbers to illustrate the theoretical "energy gain" by degrading organisms as they catabolise representative soil pollutants. Turnover times for organic pollutants are typically short in the atmosphere, e.g. hours-days [61] but considerably longer in soil, e.g. months-decades [7, 44] mainly because of lack of photochemistry in the subsurface of the soil. The slow biodegradation kinetics in soil can however be considerably improved by the use of locally available waste materials, such as whey and fermented whey that stimulate microbial activity, figure 2 and table 2. There are a number of other waste materials that have been successfully tested by us [12-14, 18] or others [26-28] or remain to be tested (figure 3). Reme‐ diation strategies based on amendments from locally available by-products can be tailored to suit site-specific conditions and be adapted to a wide range of climates and contexts as

Concepts of Ecological engineering, i.e. measures to stimulate the self-organizing capacity of ecosystems by the use of organic amendments, conservation of non-renewable energy resources and ecosystem conservation by in-situ treatment with locally available waste resources have the potential of making soil remediation projects in low priority sites in developing countries and in remote regions more sustainable than conventional methods that rely on costly and less environmentally benign technology. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the different remediation technologies from a systems perspective. Results of the screening LCA study of the whey treatment method versus a conventional dig-transportcompotation scenario at a remote diesel oil polluted site in Northern Sweden (See map, Gäddede, figure 7) are shown in figure 10. Clearly, the in-situ whey treatment has an overall lower environmental impact compared to the transport-composting method. The most contributing activity for the composting scenario in all of the environmental impact categories studied was the transport of the excavated soil to the composting site. Thus the transport distance is of large importance. For sites where the transport distance is much shorter, the composting scenario would come out much better. This outcome is in accordance with what has been earlier reported by Suèr et al [57] and Toffoletto et al [58] that transportation and transport distance is a key element when choosing between in-situ and ex-situ remediation

illustrated in the case studies presented in this chapter.

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the European Union Regional Develop‐ ment Fund. We are indebted to Morgan Fröling and Joseph Akambih Tajam for conducting the LCA screening analysis of the whey method and to Anja Wedermeyer and Sylvia Vesper‐ mann for calculating energy need for temperature-enhanced bioremediation in cold regions.
