**Author details**

Marcus Wolff1\*, Henry Bruhns1 , Johannes Koeth2 , Wolfgang Zeller2 and Lars Naehle2

\*Address all correspondence to: marcus.wolff@haw-hamburg.de

1 Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Production, Heinrich Blasius Institute for Physi‐ cal Technologies, Hamburg, Germany

2 Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Gerbrunn, Germany

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**Chapter 5**

**Microsphere and Fiber Optics based Optical Sensors**

Great advantages of optical sensing including immunity to electromagnetic interference, large bandwidth, reliability, and high sensitivity have interested engineers to apply optical sensors instead of electronic sensors for sensing of various environmental parameters. Optical sensors work based on change of intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength and spectral distribution of the light beams by the phenomenon that is being measured. Optical sensors can be used in many areas such as biomedical, civil and aerospace engineering, oil and gas industry, trans‐ portation as well as in energy sector. This chapter provides enough information related to optical sensors that is utilized in biomedical engineering especially. First, WGM-based optical biosensors are introduced and studied. Then microsphere resonator is considered as an example and a specific type of WGM-based biosensors. Helmholtz equation is solved for this micro optical-resonator in order to obtain optical modes and Eigen values. Then, capability of microsphere resonator as biosensor is investigated and analyzed based on simulation and comparison to experimental results. Furthermore, fiber optic sensors and their application in

biomedical field, specifically in minimally invasive surgeries, are described.

**2. Optical biosensors based on WGM (Whispering Gallery Mode)**

There are different types of biosensors with diverse physical basics such as electrochemical biosensors [1] , mass-based biosensors [2] , optical biosensors [3] , etc., among these different types of biosensors, optical biosensors provide more efficiency because of their exclusive features due to light-based detection. One kind of optical biosensor is whispering gallery mode (WGM)-based biosensor which provides label-free detection [4]. WGM phenomenon occurs in optical microcavities (optical micro resonators) [5]. Optical microcavities confine light in a

> © 2014 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A. Rostami, H. Ahmadi, H. Heidarzadeh and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

A. Taghipour

**1. Introduction**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57465
