**Author details**

The proper use of a global positioning system (GPS) device and a detailed text description of the locality are encouraged to minimize this uncertainty [39]. The calculation of spatial uncertainty, for example for Martins et al [40], allows data to be matched to appropriate

Saraiva et al 2012 [41] in Brazil, utilizing GIS methodology associated with serological tests, studied a VL focus. They described the occurrence of serologically positive dogs was spread out throughout all geographical area. The places of concentration of serologically positive dogs

Overlaying the map of the human and canines cases with factors traditionally related to VL as vegetation, hydrography, and areas of poverty, it was not possible identify a spatial correlation between them, which demonstrates that in urban areas there are still unknown parameters.

Souza et al 2012 [42] in Brazil, carried out a space-time analysis of AVL cases in humans. They conclude by the time series analysis, a positive tendency over the period analyzed, completing that the disease was clustered in the Southwest side of area of study, suggesting it could require

Finally, González et al 2013 [43] in Colombia, have surveyed the spatial distribution of two vector species of *L. infantum*, after predicting its future dispersal into climate change situations to establish the potential dissemination of the disease. They used ecological niche models through the Maxent software and 13 Worldclim bioclimatic coverages. Through predictions for the pessimistic CSIRO A2 scenario, was calculated the higher increase in temperature in function of non-emission reduction, and by the optimistic Hadley B2 Scenario, was predicted

Concerning the climate change projections, they observed an overall reduction in the spatial distribution of the two vector species, progressing a shift in the vertical distribution for one

The authors predicted an outcome for VL vectors in Colombia and suggested that Changes in spatial distribution patterns could be affecting local abundances due to climatic pressures on

In conclusion, the employment of a geospatial approach to interpret eco-epidemiological phenomena related to vector borne diseases have been used for some groups in significant studies. The possibilities of use of that very effective tool, considering the advances on computational knowledge and the possibilities of accessing information at a global level, make this technology indispensable to make a broad analysis objecting the optimizing of planning

resolution remote sensing data, for modeling or other spatial analyses".

special attention with regard to control and prevention measures.

species and restricting the other to certain regions at the sea level.

vector populations thus reducing the incidence of human cases.

appeared both in risk areas and outside them.

140 Leishmaniasis - Trends in Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

the minimum increase in temperature.

**4. Conclusion**

control campaigns.

João Carlos Araujo Carreira1\*, Mônica de Avelar Figueiredo Mafra Magalhães2 and Alba Valéria Machado da Silva3

\*Address all correspondence to: carreira@ioc.fiocruz.br; jcacarreira@gmail.com

1 Núcleo IOC- Jacarepaguá/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2 Laboratório de Geoprocessamento, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3 Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Ja‐ neiro, Brazil
