**Abbreviations**

**Condition Intervention Study**

508 Leishmaniasis - Trends in Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

• Paromomycin sulfate • Sodium stibogluconate + Paromomycin sulfate

• AmBisome + Miltefosine • AmBisome + Paromomycin • Miltefosine + Paromomycin

• AmBisome + Miltefosine

(VL), Meglumine antimoniate (MA), Leishmaniasis (L).

(accessed 10-10-2013))

**4. Concluding remarks**

VL • Sodium stibogluconate

VL • Ambisome

VL • AmBisome + Sodium stibogluconate

• Miltefosine

**Phase**

**Study Objective**

with visceral leishmaniasis

leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa

VL • Miltefosine + AmBisome 2 To sequential design to combine miltefosine and AmBisome

VL • AmBisome + Miltefosine 2 To evaluate the final cure after six months on sequential

VL • Sitamaquine 2 To evaluate the final cure after six months on sequential

Mucosal Leishmaniasis (LM), Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL), Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), Visceral Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is one of the major neglected infectious diseases. Progress has been achieved in terms of treatment, including the development of combination therapy as well as our under‐ standing of the molecular nature of potential vaccine candidates following the completion of the genome sequence. The occurrence of drug resistance in disease-endemic countries is concerning and should be closely monitored. In spite of all these drawbacks, there is presently rapid progress in our understanding of the molecular nature of potential vaccine candidates. There is a need to develop more potent, cost effective drugs and vaccine candidates. Total eradication of leishmaniasis will depend on the combined efforts of governments, the scientific research community, the pharmaceutical industry and people with a view to reduce the

**Table 4.** Clinical trial completed or currently recruiting for treatment of leishmaniasis (at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/

in different doses

3 To assess the efficacy and safety of sodium stibogluconate 30 days alone, paromomycin sulfate 21 days alone and sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin sulfate as a combination course of 17 days in the treatment of patients

3 To evaluate efficacy and safety of various combinations of

with a total dose of 15 mg/kg of AmBisome

2 To assess combinations of sodium stibogluconate plus single dose AmBisomeW, miltefosine plus single dose AmBisomeW and miltefosine alone in treatment of visceral

day 1, followed by miltefosine for 14 days

1, followed by miltefosine for 14 days

the three drugs; AmBisome, paromomycin and miltefosine at reduced total dosage against the standard treatment

administration of both drugs. AmBisome will be given on

administration of both drugs. AmBisome will be given on day


Lcr1: T-cell antigens from an amastigote of L. chagasi containing homologous 67-amino-acid repeats

Ldp23: 23 kDa highly hydrophilic protein rich in lysine residues present on the surface of L. donovani and L. major

LPG: Leishmania major lipophosphoglycan

T(SH)2: trypanothione;

CRK: cdc-2 related kinase

RIC: RNA import complex

A2: amastigote stage-specific protein family in L. donovani

HASPB: hydrophilic acylated surface protein B

PFR-2paraflagellar rod protein

MAPK: Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) kinases

SMT: sterol 24-cmethyltransferase

GPI/GP46: glycosylphosphatidylinositol

PSA: Promastigote surface antigen

MML: multi-subunit recombinant leishmanial vaccine
