**7. Treatment**

Currently there is no therapy for JE [Saxena *et al*., 2009]. Presently, chemotherapy during JE is mainly supportive and not targeted towards JEV specifically. Interferon therapy has not proved to be a great success [Tiwari *et al*., 2012]. Naturally occurring compounds such as arctigenin, a phenylpropanoid and rosmarinic acid, which is a phenolic compound found in many *Labiatae* provide protection to mice against JEV GP78 by noticeably decreasing JEV induced neuronal apoptosis, activation of microglial cells, active caspase activity and induction of proinflammatory mediators in the brains of the infected animals.

**Vaccine Source Characteristics**

seen

Japanese Encephalitis: A Neglected Viral Disease and Its Impact on Global Health

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58529

11

effects are seen

derived Nakayama strain Costly, less effective and side effects are

cell line vaccine SA14-14-2 strain, China Costly but effective and very less side

There are several side effects of JE vaccination. Side effects which are mainly seen after vaccination are redness, swelling and tenderness. Rarely systematic adverse reactions are also seen after vaccination like headache, myalgia, abdominal pain and skin rash. Some recipients of the vaccine had very rare major neurological side effects [Sohn *et al*., 2000]. To avoid some of the adverse reactions, vero cell grown inactivated vaccines are being examined and some of them are currently in clinical trials. Live attenuated vaccines seem to offer good hope; some of the advantages are that these provide long lasting immunity and are very sensitive. Currently, the only potential vaccine is the Chinese SA 14-14-2 strain [Verma *et al.,* 2012]. Protein-protein interaction is essential for various cellular functions and impeding such interactions using synthetic composites is a very noteworthy idea for formulation of new

JE is a neurological disease caused by a mosquito-borne JEV. Unlike smallpox and polio, JEV cannot be completely eradicated because of its enzootic nature of transmission. Ever since its discovery, JEV has continued to expand its activity into new regions, while many JE vaccines have been made commercially available in different parts of the world. Concern about its spread has been emphasized by the recent emergence and spread of JEV in northern Australia, making it a major concern for global public health. Currently, prevention of infection with most arboviruses relies primarily on efforts to control vector populations by spraying repel‐

One of the most important research areas is the development of an ideal JE vaccine: one that is nontoxic, less expensive and more effective and that provides life-long protection with a single dose. The development of such a vaccine will be greatly aided by a expanding our knowledge of JEV replication and pathogenesis at the molecular level, which has now become technically possible with the use of infectious JEV SA14-14-2 cDNA technology. This technol‐ ogy also has huge potential for developing JEV SA14-14-2 as a vaccine vector to deliver foreign gene(s), as has already been accomplished with infectious YFV 17D cDNA technology.

lents, wearing protective clothing and reducing breeding places.

vaccine Beijing strain Very less side effects are seen

(i) Formalin-inactivated mouse brain

(ii) Inactivated hamster kidney cell

(iii) Live attenuated hamster kidney

**Table 3.** Comparison of vaccine for Japanese encephalitis

pharmaceuticals [Haridas *et al.*, 2013].

**9. Conclusion**

An *in vivo* study has shown that minocycline reduces neuronal apoptosis, activation of microglial cells, active caspase activity, proinflammatory mediators and viral titer on later stages after infection. Another compound, N-methylisatin-β-thiosemicarbazone derivative is known to inhibit JEV replication completely *in vitro*. Glucosidase inhibitors of the endoplasmic reticulum such as N-nonyl-deoxynojirimycin, which block the trimming step of N-linked glycosylation, have been shown to eliminate the production of many endoplasmic reticulumbudding viruses, including dengue type-II and JEV. Another recent study carried out in mice using RNA interference showed that a single intracranial organization of lentiviruses deliv‐ ering short hairpin RNA or lipid-complexed small interfering RNA (siRNA) either before or after the viral challenge was sufficient to provide protection against lethal encephalitis. From the study it was clear that by precise drug design of the conserved site, a single siRNA treatment could suppress viral infection across species, thus enhancing the treatment of acute viral infections with overlapping clinical symptoms [Ghosh *et al*., 2009].
