**Acknowledgements**

Authors are grateful to Dr Ch. Mohan Rao, Director, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), for the encouragement and support for this work. NIH Awards (R37DA025576; R01MH085259) support S.K.S. and M.P.N. [8] Dutta K., Rangarajan P.N., Vrati S. & Basu A. (2010) Japanese encephalitis: pathogen‐

Japanese Encephalitis: A Neglected Viral Disease and Its Impact on Global Health

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58529

13

[9] Gao X., Liu H., Wang H., Fu S., Guo Z. & Liang G. (2013) Southernmost Asia is the source of Japanese encephalitis virus (genotype 1) diversity from which the viruses disperse and evolve throughout Asia*. PLoS Negl Trop Dis*, 7(9):e2459, doi: 10.1371/

[10] Ghosh D, Basu A (2009) Japanese Encephalitis—A Pathological and Clinical Perspec‐

[11] Gould E.A. & Solomon T. (2008) Pathogenic flaviviruses. *Lancet,* 371(9611), 500-509.

[12] Griffiths M.J., Lemon J.V., Rayamajhi A., Poudel P., Shrestha P., Srivastav V., Kneen R., Medina-Lara A., Singh R.R. & Solomon T. (2013) The functional, social and eco‐ nomic impact of acute encephalitis syndrome in Nepal – a longitudinal follow-up

[13] Han Y.W., Singh S.K. & Eo S.K. (2012) TThe roles and perspectives of Toll-like recep‐ tors and CD4 (+) helper T cell subsets in acute viral encephalitis.*Immune Netw*, 12(2),

[14] Haridas V., Rajgokul K.S., Sadanandan S., Agrawal T. & Sharvani V. (2013) Bispi‐ dine-amino acid conjugates act as a novel scaffold for the design of antivirals that block Japanese encephalitis virus replication. *PLoS Negl Trop Dis*, 7(1): e2005. doi:

[15] Hecker K., El Kurdi S., Joshi D. & Stephen C. (2013) Using network analysis to ex‐ plore if professional opinions on Japanese encephalitis risk factors in Nepal reflect a

[16] Hobson-Peters J. (2012) Approaches for the development of rapid serological assays for surveillance and diagnosis of infections caused by zoonotic flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex. *J Biomed Biotechnol*, 2012:379738, doi:

[17] Kundu K., Dutta K., Nazmi A. & Basu A. (2013) Japanese encephalitis virus infection modulates the expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in macrophag‐ es: implications for the hosts' innate immune response. *Cell Immunol,* 285(1-2),

[18] Larena M., Prow N.A., Hall R.A., Petrovsky N. & Lobigs M. (2013) JE-ADVAX vac‐ cine protection against Japanese encephalitis virus mediated by memory B cells in the absence of CD8(+) T cells and pre-exposure neutralizing antibody. *J Virol,* 87 (8),

[19] Li J., Chen H., Wu N., Fan D., Liang G., Gao N. & An J. (2013) Characterization of immune responses induced by inactivated, live attenuated and DNA vaccines

against Japanese encephalitis virus in mice. *Vaccine*, 31(38), 4136-4142.

socio-ecological system perspective. *Ecohealth,* 10(4), 415-422.

esis, prophylactics and therapeutics. *Current Science*, 98 (3), 326-334.

tive. *PLoS Negl Trop Dis,* 3(9): e437. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000437.

study. *PLoS Negl Trop Dis*, 7(9), e2383, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002383.

journal.pntd.0002459.

10.1371/journal.pntd.0002005.

10.1155/2012/379738.

100-110.

4395-4402.

48-57.
