Preface

The proposed book contains a lot of recent research devoted to computational and numeri‐ cal simulations. It presents both new theories and their applications, showing bridge be‐ tween theoretical investigations and possibility to apply them by engineers of different branches of science.

Chapter 1 by Awrejcewicz et al. describes possibility of application of the Lyapunov expo‐ nents and wavelets in studies of plates and shells. It focuses on characterization of their reg‐ ular and chaotic dynamics, using different methods including Finite Element Method, Bubnov-Galerkin Method, Poincarè maps, power spectra or phase portraits.

In chapter 2, Kartushinsky et al. present effect of the pipe diameter at a constant Reynolds number in the particulate turbulent flow by focusing on the external effect of the flow con‐ figuration instead of internal effect with variation of the parameters of the flow.

In chapter 3, Kartushinsky et al. extend their investigation of Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSTM) by numerical simulations of the channel particulate flow with rough walls and initial level of turbulence. RSTM model was applied and investigated for different cases, for both horizontal and vertical flows, with channel cross-sections of rectangular and square, also for channels with smooth and rough walls and with obstacle in form of the vertical grid of different mesh size.

Validation of the most frequently used plasma cutting torch models is presented by Manci‐ nelli et al. in chapter 4. They describe plasma torch model with physical details, model as‐ sumption, governing equations, and the boundary conditions are verified by confrontation with temperature and velocity values.

In chapter 5, wall pressure fluctuations m oscillations over the hemisphere-cylinder and un‐ steady flow characteristics of over blunt bodies at high speed are analyzed. As an example Mehta used the bulbous payload shroud of a typical satellite launch vehicle and the conical spoke attached forward to the facing blunt body. Determined was also the influence of dif‐ ferent technical parameters on the overall characteristics of the flow.

Ryabicheva and Usatyuk in chapter 6 approach the problem of quality improvement of au‐ tomotive parts applying theoretical analysis in form of computer modeling to the stressstrain state, temperature field and density distribution during radial-direct extrusion of porous powder billets.

In chapter 7, Kopecki presents results of experiments concerning post-critical behavior of thin-walled load-bearing structures. It is focused on number of variants of thin-walled cylin‐ drical shell structures utilized commonly in aircraft design. Changes in post-buckling defor‐ mation of fuselage skin segments in aircraft structures were observed.

Martins-Filho et al. (chapter 8) discuss possibility of using co-simulation approaches, such as Processor–In-The-Loop and Hardware-In-The-Loop, for development of applications for embedded systems and for designing of controllers to be performed by dedicate processors. The chapter is focused on example of a module function for the attitude control to be per‐ formed by an embedded digital processor, but finds also application on design of artificial satellite embedded systems.

currents flowing in the grounding system of a high voltage. It has been validated through

Chapter 19 by Uda et al. is devoted to predictions of development of sand spits and cuspate forelands with rhythmic shapes and their deformation by means of the numerical modeling. Investigated is the influence of the construction of costal structures effect on the shape of

Sporcic and Landekic present in chapter 20 the results of the investigation of efficiency of forest management in Croatia. They constructed nonparametric model for business perform‐

I would like to thank all book contributors for their patience and improvement of their chap‐ ters. In addition, it is my great pleasure to thank Ms. Iva Lipović for her professional sup‐

Department of Automation, Biomechanics and Mechatronics,

Department of Vehicles, Warsaw University of Technology

Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland

**Jan Awrejcewicz**

Preface XI

Warsaw, Poland

numerical simulations and experimental results from literature.

ance evaluation and compared its results with real-life data.

port during the book preparation.

sand spits.

In chapter 9 Hyde et al. deal with approach of modeling creep crack growth using finite element modeling. Obtained theoretical results are compared with corresponding experi‐ mental data. Multiple specimen geometries are tested for validation, in terms of crack growth and final crack length.

Lu in chapter 10 describes summary of recent efforts in research on improvement of sub‐ grid-scale parameterization, that aim at the increase of large-edgy simulation reliability in studies of turbulent flow and of atmospheric boundary layer.

Munteanu and Autran investigate in chapter 11 the possibility of application of 3-D numeri‐ cal simulation for determination of sensitivity to heavy-ion irradiation of junctionless dou‐ ble-gate in metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Obtained results are confirmed by already published experimental and simulation data.

In chapter 12, relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell Code is applied by Shoucri and Afeyan for stimu‐ lated Raman scattering. They report results concerning Raman forward scatter in plasmas and their ability to excite kinetic electrostatic electron nonlinear waves .

Wu et al. in chapter 13 describe application of synchronous computations of recurrent multi‐ layer perceptrons for tracking mean field dynamics. By means of numerical studies, it is proved that proposed approach can be successfully applied for translation of mean field equations of solving the graph bisection problem.

Abramov et al. describe in chapter 14 methods for blind estimation if speckle variance in SAR images. They present results of simulations of noise characteristics, then compare them with real-life data. They consider applicability of the blind estimation of noise characteristics method and compare it with other mapping methods.

In chapter 15, Munoz-Luna et al. discuss development of the frequency domain, concentrat‐ ing mostly on algorithm which obtains the first two formants of a vowel segment. Those two formants correspond to mouth opening and tongue position and are crucial for non-native speakers oral training as they provide necessary information for proficient pronunciation.

Surianu presents in chapter 16 experimental and numerical simulations of the validation of the mathematical models of the effects of electromagnetic interferences into overheated power lines with double circuit. This research can become useful tool for the professionals in electric power system and for increasing safety of high voltage maintenance workers.

Chapter 17 by Autran and Munteanu is devoted to the development of a numerical simula‐ tion code that can be applied for computation of the soft-error of floating-gate flash memo‐ ries. Computational modeling and Monte Carlo simulations are validated by comparison with experimental data.

Li et al. present in chapter 18 application of Fourier transform for development of mathe‐ matical model for the lightening response of a grounding system buried in multilayered Earth. This novel method can be applied for high accuracy computation of the lightening currents flowing in the grounding system of a high voltage. It has been validated through numerical simulations and experimental results from literature.

Martins-Filho et al. (chapter 8) discuss possibility of using co-simulation approaches, such as Processor–In-The-Loop and Hardware-In-The-Loop, for development of applications for embedded systems and for designing of controllers to be performed by dedicate processors. The chapter is focused on example of a module function for the attitude control to be per‐ formed by an embedded digital processor, but finds also application on design of artificial

In chapter 9 Hyde et al. deal with approach of modeling creep crack growth using finite element modeling. Obtained theoretical results are compared with corresponding experi‐ mental data. Multiple specimen geometries are tested for validation, in terms of crack

Lu in chapter 10 describes summary of recent efforts in research on improvement of sub‐ grid-scale parameterization, that aim at the increase of large-edgy simulation reliability in

Munteanu and Autran investigate in chapter 11 the possibility of application of 3-D numeri‐ cal simulation for determination of sensitivity to heavy-ion irradiation of junctionless dou‐ ble-gate in metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Obtained results are

In chapter 12, relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell Code is applied by Shoucri and Afeyan for stimu‐ lated Raman scattering. They report results concerning Raman forward scatter in plasmas

Wu et al. in chapter 13 describe application of synchronous computations of recurrent multi‐ layer perceptrons for tracking mean field dynamics. By means of numerical studies, it is proved that proposed approach can be successfully applied for translation of mean field

Abramov et al. describe in chapter 14 methods for blind estimation if speckle variance in SAR images. They present results of simulations of noise characteristics, then compare them with real-life data. They consider applicability of the blind estimation of noise characteristics

In chapter 15, Munoz-Luna et al. discuss development of the frequency domain, concentrat‐ ing mostly on algorithm which obtains the first two formants of a vowel segment. Those two formants correspond to mouth opening and tongue position and are crucial for non-native speakers oral training as they provide necessary information for proficient pronunciation. Surianu presents in chapter 16 experimental and numerical simulations of the validation of the mathematical models of the effects of electromagnetic interferences into overheated power lines with double circuit. This research can become useful tool for the professionals in electric power system and for increasing safety of high voltage maintenance workers.

Chapter 17 by Autran and Munteanu is devoted to the development of a numerical simula‐ tion code that can be applied for computation of the soft-error of floating-gate flash memo‐ ries. Computational modeling and Monte Carlo simulations are validated by comparison

Li et al. present in chapter 18 application of Fourier transform for development of mathe‐ matical model for the lightening response of a grounding system buried in multilayered Earth. This novel method can be applied for high accuracy computation of the lightening

studies of turbulent flow and of atmospheric boundary layer.

equations of solving the graph bisection problem.

method and compare it with other mapping methods.

confirmed by already published experimental and simulation data.

and their ability to excite kinetic electrostatic electron nonlinear waves .

satellite embedded systems.

X Preface

growth and final crack length.

with experimental data.

Chapter 19 by Uda et al. is devoted to predictions of development of sand spits and cuspate forelands with rhythmic shapes and their deformation by means of the numerical modeling. Investigated is the influence of the construction of costal structures effect on the shape of sand spits.

Sporcic and Landekic present in chapter 20 the results of the investigation of efficiency of forest management in Croatia. They constructed nonparametric model for business perform‐ ance evaluation and compared its results with real-life data.

I would like to thank all book contributors for their patience and improvement of their chap‐ ters. In addition, it is my great pleasure to thank Ms. Iva Lipović for her professional sup‐ port during the book preparation.

> **Jan Awrejcewicz** Department of Automation, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland Department of Vehicles, Warsaw University of Technology

Warsaw, Poland

**Chapter 1**

**Application of the Lyapunov Exponents and Wavelets to**

We study regular and chaotic vibrations of continuous mechanical systems using the following structural members: plates, flexible shells and cylindrical panels. They are often used in various measurement devices, and numerous ship and planes constructions. Owing to a high devel‐ opment of technology and due to industrial requirements, in many cases the mentioned structural members are subjected to action of high intensity loads being spatially and time dependent. The structural member exhibit either regular or chaotic dynamics, and hence an important question arises: How to predict safe and dangerous regimes of behavior of the

In order to solve the mentioned problems, the investigations are carried out using the ach‐ ievements of the qualitative analysis of differential equations and non-linear dynamics. Namely, we analyze time histories (signals), phase and modal portraits, Poincaré sections, autocorrelation functions, Lyapunov exponents, Fourier and wavelet spectra. Charts of vibration regimes versus the load excitation amplitude and frequency are constructed, which

Usually the data provided by numerical experiments are presented in time domain. In other words, we take time as an independent co-ordinate, and amplitude as a dependent co-ordinate, and the studied signal as analyzed through its amplitude-time representation. However, in order to understand deeply non-linear continuous systems subjected to various types of load actions and in order to fully understand the occurring dynamics, we have to apply the

> © 2014 Awrejcewicz et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Study and Control of Plates and Shells**

Т.V. Yakovleva, N.A. Zagniboroda, М.V. Zhigalov,

J. Awrejcewicz, V.А. Krysko, I.V. Papkova,

A.V. Krysko, V. Dobriyan, E.Yu. Krylovа and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

allow to control the vibration character of plates and shells.

S.A. Mitskevich

**1. Introduction**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57452

studied mechanical objects?
