**Author details**

Joana Silva1 , Alexandra R. Fernandes1,2 and Pedro V. Baptista1,3\*

\*Address all correspondence to: pmvb@fct.unl.pt

1 Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

2 Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal

3 CIGMH, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univer‐ sidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Portugal

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**Chapter 5**

**Nanoparticle based Drug Delivery Systems for**

The chemotherapy of infections caused by bacteria that inhabit intracellularly presents a number of uncommon challenges. Many bacteria have found the way to produce a "silent" infection inside the cells and to avoid from their bactericidal mechanisms. However many methods for diagnosing and treating these and other bacterial infections presently exist, there is an essential need for new and improved approaches for bacterial destruction. Although the therapeutic efficacy of drugs has been well recognized, inefficient delivery could result in insufficient therapeutic index. It is now clear that a nanotechnology-driven approach using nanoparticles to selectively target and destroy pathogenic bacteria can be successfully implemented. Nanotechnology is one approach to overcome challenges of conventional drug delivery systems based on the development and fabrication of nanostructures. Some chal‐ lenges associated with the technology are as it relates to drug effectiveness, toxicity, stability, pharmacokinetics and drug regulatory control. Localized diseases such as infection and inflammation not only have perforated vasculature but also overexpress some epitopes or receptors that can be used as targets. Thus, nanomedicines can also be actively targeted to these locations. Various types of nanoparticulate systems have been tried as potential drug delivery systems, containing biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, nanocap‐ sules, nanogels, fullerenes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanoliposomes, dendrimers, metal nanoparticles and quantum dots. Nanoparticles have been found useful in the development of systemic, oral, pulmonary, transdermal and other administration routes to study drug targeting, the enhancement of drug bioavailability and protection of drug bioactivity and stability. In recent years, encapsulation of antimicrobial drugs in nanoparticle systems has emerged as an innovative and promising alternative that enhances therapeutic effectiveness

> © 2014 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Treatment of Infectious Diseases**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Mojtaba Salouti and Azam Ahangari

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58423

**1. Introduction**

