**Author details**

emerging approach to circumvent the BBB is the use of liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles or solid lipid nanoparticles, in which the therapeutic drugs can be adsorbed or entrapped [234]. A drug can passively spread through the BBB in a more efficient manner after it is transformed into a more lipophilic prodrug. The same principle can be applied to brain targeting by delivering drugs on nanocarriers with enhanced lipophilicity. Fenart et al demonstrated that when polysaccharide nanoparticles were coated with a lipid bilayer, a 3 to 4-fold improvement in brain uptake without disruption of the BBB integrity was observed [235]. It has been reported that poly (butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles were able to deliver hexapeptide dalargin, doxorubicin and other agents into the brain which is significant because of the great difficulty for drugs to cross the BBB [236]. Recently dendrimers have been evaluated for CNS delivery of antiretrovira (ARVs) too. Polyamidoamine dendrimers loaded with lamivudine, a nucleo‐ side/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) commonly utilized in HIV treatment, were evaluated for their *in vitro* antiviral activity inMT2 cells infected with HIV-1. When loaded on dendrimeric nanocarriers, a 21-fold increase in cellular lamivudine uptake and 2.6-fold reduction in the viral p24 levels were observed when compared to the group treated with free drug solution [237]. In summary, nanoparticles are a very useful and universal method to deliver drugs to the brain. Industrial applications of the nanosphere technology would have several benefits: 1) Nanoparticles deliver drugs to the brain that normally do not cross the blood-brain barrier. 2) They reduce peripheral side effects of (approved) drugs that cross the BBB by increasing the relative dose of drugs reaching the brain; 3) Nanoparticles can also be used as a screening tool. Delivering drug candidates to the brain by nanosphere technology

for initial screening of CNS activity obviates direct CNS injections [238].

In many healthcare facilities around the world, bacterial pathogens that express multiple resistance mechanisms are becoming the norm, complicating treatment and increasing both human morbidity and financial costs. Until now, no antibiotic therapy has been reported to eliminate most intracellular bacteria such us *Brucella* or *Mycobaterium* too. Furthermore, a prolonged exposure to combined antibiotics is required to reduce the disease relapses down to 5-15%. In this sense, drug delivery scientists are searching for the ideal nanovehicle for the ideal nanodrug delivery system; one that would dramatically reduce drug dosage, improve in the drug absorption so that the patient can take a smaller dose, and yet have the same benefit, deliver the drug to the right place in the living system, increase the local concentration of the drug at the favorite site and limit or eliminate side effects. Compared with other colloidal carriers, polymeric particles, mainly nanoparticles, have appeared more recently as attractive carriers for the delivery of drugs to infected cells. Synthetic biodegradable and biocompatible polymers have been shown to be effective for encapsulating a great variety of antibiotics. In addition, these polymeric particles powerfully enhance phagocytosis and are suitable for intracellular delivery of antibacterial agents. With the continuous attempts in this field, there is no doubt that nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems will continue to improve treatment to bacterial infections, particularly in life-threatening diseases such as tuberculosis infections.

**10. Conclusion**

174 Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery

Mojtaba Salouti1\* and Azam Ahangari2


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**Chapter 6**

**Nanoparticles for Dermal and Transdermal Drug**

The term "nanoscale" refers to particle size range from ~ 1 to 100 nm [1], but for the purpose of drug delivery, nanoparticles in the range of 50 – 500 nm are acceptable depending on the route of administration. The method by which a drug is delivered can have a significant effect on its efficacy. Some drugs have an optimum concentration range within which maximum benefit is derived and concentrations above or below this range can be toxic or produce no therapeutic benefit. The slow progress in the efficacy of the treatment of several diseases has suggested a growing need for a multidisciplinary approach to the delivery of therapeutics to target tissues [2]. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) or patches are controlled-release devices that contain the drug either for localized treatment of tissues underlying the skin or for systemic therapy after topical application to the skin surface [3]. TDDS are available for a number of drugs, although the formulation matrices of these delivery systems differ. They

**•** they have an impermeable occlusive backing film that prevents intensive water loss from

**•** the formulation matrix of the patch maintains the drug concentration gradient within the device after application so that drug delivery to the interface between the patch and the skin

**•** TDDS are kept in place on the skin surface by an adhesive layer ensuring drug contact with

© 2014 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

differ from conventional topical formulations in the following ways:

Okoro Uchechi, John D. N. Ogbonna and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**Delivery**

Anthony A. Attama

**1. Introduction**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58672

the skin beneath the patch;

the skin and continued drug delivery [4].

is sustained; and

