**Author details**

Mohamed Abdulla1 and Sangeeta Shukla2


### **References**


species have been found to be useful as part of the defense mechanism. Other studies have shown that high doses of anti-oxidant supplements may not provide protection against ROS as it was originally thought. We need a lot more proof about the role of ROS in health and disease. The debate on the role of antioxidants as protective agents against cancer is likely to

continue. Only little is known about the role of trace elements in cancer.

1 Department of Primary care, Swedish Medical Board, Olofström, Sweden

[1] R.Wiseman. Several Chirgical Treatise, Flesher and Macock 1976.

[2] J.Shah The cure of cancer and surgery blocks the way: Turney, London 1907.

[5] P.Stocks . British Empire Cancer Campaign.35th Ann report 1973; 2:1-127

[8] NAS. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, National Academy Press, Washington 1982.

[15] L.A.poirier, P.M. Newberne and M.W.Pariza. Plenum Press, New York, 1986.

[3] F.Hoffman. Cancer and smoking habits, In: Cancer, F.Adaitr-Lippincott, London

[6] J.Higginson and C.S.Muir. In: JF.Holland and E.Frei 8eds.); Lee and Febiger, Pa. USA

and Sangeeta Shukla2

188 Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease

2 Department of Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India

**Author details**

Mohamed Abdulla1

**References**

1931

1976.

[4] I.M. Orr . Lancet ii 1939, 575-580

[11] Editorial. The Lancet 1997; 1263.

[14] L.A.Poirier. J Clin Nutr 1986; 45:185.

[7] R.Doll and R.Peto. JNCI 1981; 66 1191-1308.

[9] E. Wynder and G.Gori. JNCI 1967; 58 825-832.

[10] R.Wynder and T.Shugematsu. Cancer 1967; 20 1520-1561.

[13] WHO. The world health report, WHO, Geneva, 1997.

[12] S.B.Eaton, M.Konner and M.Shostak. Am J Med 1988; 739-749.


**Chapter 7**

**Nutrition, Sleep and Sleep Disorders – Relations of Some**

Many people suffer from excessive sleepiness during the afternoon hours. In all human individuals the alertness level decreases after the noon peak. This afternoon dip or "postpran‐ dial dip" is physiological. The alertness level rises again later in the afternoon and early evening, reaching another peak at about 7 to 8 p.m. Obesity is a recognized public health problem. It is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity is also the strongest risk factor of obstructive sleep apnea. Nutritional factors are important also in many other sleep disorders. Many patients with restless legs syndrome have low blood ferritin levels. [1] Sleepy patients with hypersomnias should avoid rapidly absorbing carbohydrates at daytime to minimize afternoon sleepiness. Adenosine is accumulating in the brain, notably in the basal forebrain, during wake, increasing the sleep pressure. [2] Caffeine, the most commonly used stimulant, is an adenosine receptor antagonist. During deep slow wave sleep glucose is stored in the glial cells. [3, 4] The brain-gut relationship is important also in the sleep-

Sleep disorders are a large and under-recognised problem in many parts of the world. The international classification of sleep disorders (ICSD), the most frequent and often the most severe are obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome (RLS), periodic limb movement disorder, insomnia, parasomnias, circadian rhythm disorders including jet lag and shift work, and sudden infant death syndrome. However, the major research focuses on OSA, insomnia and RLS since they are among the most highly prevalent sleep disorders and there are established links between them and other health conditions, which is the area where the majority of costs are incurred. The health system costs of sleep disorders comprise the cost of the sleep disorders themselves and the share of health costs from other conditions attributed

> © 2014 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

wake regulation, although well-done studies on that topic are still scarce.

**Food Constituents and Sleep**

Faik Atroshi

**1. Introduction**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58345

Markku Partinen, Tuomas Westermarck and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
