Contents

### **Preface XIII**


Chapter 9 **Impact of CoQ10, L-Carnitine and Cocktail Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress Markers in HIV Patients — Mini Review and Clinical Trial 241** M Sauka, G Selga, A Skesters, A Silova, T Westermarck, A Latvus and F Atroshi

Chapter 18 **Pharmacological Interventions of Selenium in Duchene**

**Mediating Lipid Peroxide Formation 349**

Chapter 19 **Green Tea: Just a Drink or Nutraceutical 363**

Srichairatanakool

Tuomas Westermarck, Shirly Ekvall and Kaski Markus

Sakaewan Ounjaijean, Suthat Fucharoen and Somdet

Chapter 20 **Possible Relation Between Trace Element Status and Clinical**

Chapter 21 **Metabolism Changes as Indicated by the Erythrocytes of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease 405**

Erland Johansson, Tuomas Westermarck and Faik Atroshi

Erland Johansson, Tuomas Westermarck, Paul Ek and Faik Atroshi

**Outcomes in Parkinson Syndrome 391**

**Muscular Dystrophy: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in**

Contents **VII**

Chapter 10 **Pharmacological and Clinical Effectiveness of Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga in Patients with Osteoarthritis 255** Guntars Selga, M. Sauka, L. Aboltina, A. Davidova, P. Kaipainen, D. Kheder, T. Westermarck and F. Atroshi


Chapter 9 **Impact of CoQ10, L-Carnitine and Cocktail Antioxidants on**

Chapter 10 **Pharmacological and Clinical Effectiveness of Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga in Patients with**

Kheder, T. Westermarck and F. Atroshi

Chapter 12 **Clinical and Hematological Profiles During Valproate**

Chapter 13 **Anti Oxidative, Anti Peroxidative and Hepatoprotective**

Sangeeta Shukla, Neelu Sinha and Amita Jaswal

T. Westermarck, Arno Latvus and Faik Atroshi

Chapter 15 **Adaptive Behaviour Change and Health in Adults with Down**

Chapter 16 **The Nutritional Status of Children with Suspected Abuse 327** Eileen Harper, Shirley Ekvall, Valli Ekvall and Wei Pan

**Syndrome: A Prospective Clinical Follow-Up Study 313** T. Määttä, T. Tervo-Määttä, A. Taanila, M. Kaski and M. Iivanainen

**Case Study and Mini Review 273**

Chapter 14 **The Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Selenium**

Chapter 17 **Copper Deficiency a New Reason of Androgenetic**

**Clinical Trial 241**

**Osteoarthritis 255**

**Monotherapy 265**

**in Cancer 295**

**Alopecia? 337** Margarita G. Skalnaya

Markus Kaski and Faik Atroshi

F Atroshi

**VI** Contents

**Oxidative Stress Markers in HIV Patients — Mini Review and**

M Sauka, G Selga, A Skesters, A Silova, T Westermarck, A Latvus and

Guntars Selga, M. Sauka, L. Aboltina, A. Davidova, P. Kaipainen, D.

Elżbieta Płonka-Półtorak, Tuomas Westermarck, Pekka Kaipainen,

**Treatment of Epileptic Patients with Intellectual Disability —**

P. Kaipainen, T. Westermarck, F. Atroshi, M. Kaski and M. Iivanainen

**Potential of Phyllanthus amarus Against Anti Tb Drugs 283**

Chapter 11 **Trace Elements, Antioxidant Enzymes and Free Carnitine Levels Among Epileptic Patients Treated with Valproate**


Preface

lepsy syndromes.

**Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease** covers topics of fundamental importance in biomedicine, basic principles of nutrition and pharmacology, health and disease research, as well as in basic biological research. While pharmacology is the science of drug action on biological systems, the nutritional aspect deals with general

Food and nutrition play an intimate and inextricable role in all aspects of drug metabolism, comprising, among others, safety and effectiveness. The importance of food and nutrition in the bioavailability of drugs, and vice versa, has been an area of historical interest. In spite of many synthetic compounds, the most efficient drugs available are directly or indirectly re‐ lated to the plant kingdom. Many plant extracts have been shown to possess pharmacologi‐ cal actions. There is also accumulating evidence that the pharmacological actions, i.e. drug metabolism, distribution and effectiveness, depend on the nutritional status of a person. Natural products are a constant source of potentially active compounds for the treatment of various disorders. Natural products have, however, been largely replaced by synthetic drugs during the last century. However, the adverse side-effects and poor tolerability of many of these drugs have led to the investigation of the efficacy of dietary therapies for sev‐ eral disorders. For example, there is a body of evidence suggesting that metabolism-based therapy could often be considered as the initial treatment plan for patients with specific epi‐

Nutrient-based or natural therapies are gaining popularity for many reasons. People are be‐ coming aware of health-related information and are ready to consider disease prevention and treatments that are less intrusive than conventional allopathic medicine. Natural alter‐ native treatments can provide an opportunity to treat a condition with a first round protocol that is less harmful for natural cell chemistry than the treatment with hard-core synthetic pharmacology. The alternative treatments are based on natural pharmacological activity as well as on cofactor activity that acts as a passive building block. Furthermore, complementa‐ ry treatments have become popular because nutrigenomic science has helped us to learn more about the natural pharmacology of these remedies. This insight has allowed us to de‐ termine the activity of these natural biomedical treatments in relation to that of pharmaceut‐ ical drugs; providing reliable science-based information for safe alternative natural choices that can be applied as a first round treatment with reduced risk for side-effects. Nutrige‐ nomic science has also allowed veterinary and human health care professionals to apply confidently complementary medicine to treat patients with natural and conventional drugs in powerful synergy. Many herbal, vitamin, antioxidant and mineral compounds have phar‐ macological activity similar to that of drugs and are thus able to synergize the effects of a drug leading to lower doses of the drug required for successful treatment. The synergizing

nutrition concepts with a focus on health promotion and therapeutic nutrition.
