**5. Sharing**

**Serial #**

11

CRIS-5A

**Name of variety**

144 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

**Center of release**

6 Rehmani ARI, Tandojam 1985

12 CRIS-134 CCRI, Sakrand 2001

18 Sadori NIA, Tandojam 2006

communication with breeders of the cotton varieties.

**Year of release**

<sup>3</sup> Qalandri ARI, Tandojam <sup>1974</sup> (M-4 x *G. anomalum*) x

<sup>7</sup> Shaheen CRS, Ghotki <sup>1988</sup> GH 7/72 x (DPL-16 x AC-

<sup>8</sup> Reshmi-90 ARI, Tandojam <sup>1991</sup> Coker 100A x (DPL-16 x

<sup>10</sup> Chandi-95 NIA, Tandojam <sup>1996</sup> (DPL-16 x AC-134-(F1

<sup>14</sup> Shahbaz-95 ARI, Tandojam <sup>2001</sup> {(M-4 x *G. anomalum*) x

<sup>21</sup> NiaUfaq NIA, Tandojam <sup>2010</sup> DEM-84(R-RAUS 250 GY

**Table 2.** List of approved *G. hirsutum* L. (upland cotton) varieties (non-GM) for Sindh

¥=Ginning out turn percentage; **€**=Thousand pounds per square inch

(Marvi) CCRI, Sakrand <sup>2001</sup> {(M-4 x *G. anomalum*) x

**Pedigree/parentage**

1 M-4 CRS, ARI, Tandojam 1942 Selection from 289-F 33.0 23.8 4.5 85.0 2 M-100 CRS, ARI, Tandojam 1963 (M-4 x Wilds) x M-4 34.5 27.0 4.0 85.0

Karnak

4 Sermast ARI, Tandojam 1975 (M-4 x Acala) x M-4 34.0 28.6 3.9 92.7 5 K-68/9 CRS, PCCC, Ghotki 1977 (124-F x Babdal) x Wilds 33.0 30.1 4.2 96.0

TH14920

AC-134

9 CRIS-9 CCRI, Sakrand 1993 Rajhans x RA-33-47 34.4 26.3 4.4-4.8 98.0

13 CRIS-467 CCRI, Sakrand 2001 LRA-5166 x CRIS-9 37.5 27.5 4.6 98.5

15 Sohni NIA, Tandojam 2002 NIAB-78 (300 gy) 37.5 27.5 4.5 98.0 16 CRIS-121 CCRI, Sakrand 2006 NIAB-78 x B-909 34.8 26.1 4.6-4.9 98.0 17 Hari Dost ARI, Tandojam 2006 Sarmast x Deltapine 38.0 27.4 4.3 97.0

19 Sindh-1 ARI, Tandojam 2010 NIAB-78 x Stoneville 37.0 28.0 4.5 97.0 20 Malmal ARI, Tandojam 2010 CIM-70 x Reshmi 38.0 30.0 4.0 97.0

**Source:** Dr. Akhlaq Hussain, Description of cotton varieties of Pakistan 2004, Cotton Research and development Memoranda till 60's (Ed. Dr. Mahbub Ali), approval documents of cotton varieties released after 2004 and personal

CO 60 source)

134–F130kr)

*G.hirsutum*21 x McNaire

30kr, 300Gy gamma rays)

Karnak} x 9L-34 ICCC

(DPL-16 x AC-134)-F1 Irradiated-30 kr Gamma rays (60 Co) x DPL-70

Karnak} x Acala 1517

F1[(Shaheen x DPL-14) Gamma rays 250 GY]

**GOT %¥**

**Staple length mm**

**Fineness**

34.0 28.6 3.8 92.7

35.0 27.0 4.4 90.0

35.0 27.4 4.3 94.6

35.7 31.5 4.1 98.7

35.0 29.0 4.2 97.0

34.5 26.5 3.9 96.0

34.8 22.5 4.0-4.5 98.0

33.5 27.5 4.2 94.6

37.2 27.8 4.4 97.0

38 28.5 4.3 97.0

**µg/inch**

**Strength**

**tppsi€**

In Pakistan, germplasm (conventional) can be shared for utilizing in local cotton breeding programs without imposing any kind of restriction. However, for utilizing in breeding program outside the country, one must get permission from the developer provided the venture is commercially driven. However, two organizations like NIBGE and CEMB are involved in the introduction of alien genes through utilizing genetic engineering approaches. In this regard, for example, CEMB has restricted the utilization of its material through signing MTAs with the private seed companies. Similarly, these two organization also got their novel genes patented (national and or internationally) which itself restrict the use of the genetic material.

Since 1992, Pakistan is signatory to UN convention on biological diversity (CBD), ITPGRA, and International Technical Conference on Plant genetic Resources, Lipzig, Germany. Thus country grant permission for accessing PGR on jointly agreed provisions subjected to pre informed approval of contracting bodies. Also, the contracting bodies are supposed to share the results of research and developments and the benefits that are achieved by exploring such resources. In order to utilize the germplasm, the access to PGR is a mandatory step. In Pakistan, Biodiversity working group of Ministry of Environment has prepared draft Biodiversity law 2005 and was circulated to all stakeholders for safe sharing of germplasm.

years. The data of various characters of the advanced line is compared with the data given in the descriptor. Salient features of the cotton varieties released till present are documented by the FSC&RD in a book "Cotton Varieties of Pakistan" which provides information about the descriptions of the varieties that is primarily based on stability, uniformity and distinctness, and also on the studies conducted for two successive years under field and laboratory

Cotton Germplasm of Pakistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58620 147

Recent challenge for evaluation of the newly released cotton varieties is narrow genetic base that is limiting future breeding progress against various stresses. Mainly selection and crossing of well adapted cotton parent genotypes for developing new varieties are the main causes of yield stagnation in the country. It can be partly overcome by involving genetically diverse parent genotypes in the genealogy of a new variety. For example, genes conferring resistance to abiotic stresses especially drought, and biotic stresses especially resistance to the CLCuD can be introgressed from *G. arboretum* L. and or *G. herbaceum* L. into the cultivated *G. hirsu‐ tum* L. cotton species. For undertaking this process on massive scale, tissue culturing tools may help in overcoming the phyletic barriers. Preliminary steps have already been taken for introgressing useful genes into the cultivated cotton varieties at CRS Multan and CCRI Multan. Similarly, QTLs/genes conferring high quality traits have been transferred into the cultivated cotton species using DNA markers at NIBGE Faisalabad. All these experiments would help in widening the genetic base of the cultivated cotton varieties in the field. Another strategy for creation of genetic variability is the deployment of various mutagens (radiations and chemi‐ cals). In this regard, leading genotypes of *G. hirsutum* L. and *G. arboreum* L. have been treated with EMS for developing TILLING populations that would help in understanding the genes involved in conferring various traits of interest. The preliminary genomic information from model species such as Arabidopsis and cacao genome can be instrumental in exploring the

DNA fingerprints by deploying SSRs of all the leading cotton cultivars including germplasm and also the extent of genetic divergence among the genotypes should be made available to the cotton breeders. This information can be used in planning crosses. Secondly, involving of more than two parent genotypes preferably conical crosses should be made which may help

**6.1. Utilization of germplasm for the development of Upland cotton varieties in Pakistan**

The variety 268-F, bred at research sub-station Jhang, was early maturing and was approved for cultivation in 1948 because of the superior physical properties of its fiber (could spin up to 41 counts) over the existing strains/varieties (4-F, L.S.S., 289-F/43 etc.). However, ultimately

The cotton variety L.S.S. was extensively used in hybridization in Pakistan. A cotton variety 362-F, developed by selection from the population of L.S.S. was approved for general cultiva‐ tion in 1958 because of its earliness trait exhibited in the Lyallpur region. However, this variety showed adaptability only in the 'Thal' region (a sandy, rain fed area). The variety was of the

bushy type but was not adopted in other cotton growing districts (Table 3).

in increasing the genetic window among the newly developed cotton varieties [31].

conserved but complex pathways in least possible time.

268-F was banned because of its poor germination rate [32].

conditions [30].

## **6. Characterization, evaluation and utilization**

Germplasm characterization and evaluation are the key elements for determining the charac‐ teristics of the germplasm. The newly introduced material, if not in sufficient quantity, first its seed quantity is multiplied. In the next normal cotton growing season, the material is planted and data of various characters including plant height, flowering time, number of bolls and their weight, fiber characteristics and yield potential are collected. However, screening to cotton leaf curl disease remains the major focus of all the breeders in the country.

There are two categories for germplasm evaluation. The first category comprises systematic collection of descriptors that is chiefly conducted by the guardian of the working collection of the National Collection of *Gossypium* Germplasm, largely by PCCC. These second evaluations usually involve germplasm collection in varying sizes subsets and often are neither systematic nor exhaustive in their approach. Such investigation is being leaned towards goal. University and federal investigators often undertake evaluations for studying the various aspects of cotton plant biochemistry and physiology especially after exposing to various abiotic stresses. Following research institutes are involved in taking notes of various cotton plant characters:


The accessions are hybridized with the adaptive cotton variety. After, fixing all the traits of interest, breeder of the line develops a descriptor. This line is then submitted for registration to FSC&RD and also for testing in the National Coordinated Varietal Trials (NCVTs). Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department conducts these CVRTs for two successive years. The data of various characters of the advanced line is compared with the data given in the descriptor. Salient features of the cotton varieties released till present are documented by the FSC&RD in a book "Cotton Varieties of Pakistan" which provides information about the descriptions of the varieties that is primarily based on stability, uniformity and distinctness, and also on the studies conducted for two successive years under field and laboratory conditions [30].

resources. In order to utilize the germplasm, the access to PGR is a mandatory step. In Pakistan, Biodiversity working group of Ministry of Environment has prepared draft Biodiversity law

Germplasm characterization and evaluation are the key elements for determining the charac‐ teristics of the germplasm. The newly introduced material, if not in sufficient quantity, first its seed quantity is multiplied. In the next normal cotton growing season, the material is planted and data of various characters including plant height, flowering time, number of bolls and their weight, fiber characteristics and yield potential are collected. However, screening to

There are two categories for germplasm evaluation. The first category comprises systematic collection of descriptors that is chiefly conducted by the guardian of the working collection of the National Collection of *Gossypium* Germplasm, largely by PCCC. These second evaluations usually involve germplasm collection in varying sizes subsets and often are neither systematic nor exhaustive in their approach. Such investigation is being leaned towards goal. University and federal investigators often undertake evaluations for studying the various aspects of cotton plant biochemistry and physiology especially after exposing to various abiotic stresses. Following research institutes are involved in taking notes of various cotton plant characters: **1.** Morphological and agronomic trait evaluations: Agronomy section AARI Faisalabad, CRI AARI Faisalabad (including its stations), NIBGE Faisalabad, NIAB Faisalabad, NIA

**4.** Quantification of Bt toxin: CEMB Lahore, NIBGE Faisalabad, ABRI Faisalabad, NIGAB

**7.** Stress evaluation: NIBGE Faisalabad, UAF Faisalabad, CCRI Multan and AARI Faisala‐

**8.** Fiber properties: CCRI Multan, NIBGE Faisalabad, CRS Multan and CRI AARI Faisalabad. The accessions are hybridized with the adaptive cotton variety. After, fixing all the traits of interest, breeder of the line develops a descriptor. This line is then submitted for registration to FSC&RD and also for testing in the National Coordinated Varietal Trials (NCVTs). Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department conducts these CVRTs for two successive

cotton leaf curl disease remains the major focus of all the breeders in the country.

2005 and was circulated to all stakeholders for safe sharing of germplasm.

**6. Characterization, evaluation and utilization**

Tandojam and institutes of PCCC.

**3.** Biochemical (gossypol): NIAB Faisalabad

**5.** Seed Quality: FSC&RD Islamabad

Islamabad.

146 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

bad.

**2.** Cytogenetic: CCRI Multan, CRS Multan and NIAB Faisalabad.

**6.** Disease resistance: PCCC, NIBGE Faisalabad, AARI Faisalabad

Recent challenge for evaluation of the newly released cotton varieties is narrow genetic base that is limiting future breeding progress against various stresses. Mainly selection and crossing of well adapted cotton parent genotypes for developing new varieties are the main causes of yield stagnation in the country. It can be partly overcome by involving genetically diverse parent genotypes in the genealogy of a new variety. For example, genes conferring resistance to abiotic stresses especially drought, and biotic stresses especially resistance to the CLCuD can be introgressed from *G. arboretum* L. and or *G. herbaceum* L. into the cultivated *G. hirsu‐ tum* L. cotton species. For undertaking this process on massive scale, tissue culturing tools may help in overcoming the phyletic barriers. Preliminary steps have already been taken for introgressing useful genes into the cultivated cotton varieties at CRS Multan and CCRI Multan. Similarly, QTLs/genes conferring high quality traits have been transferred into the cultivated cotton species using DNA markers at NIBGE Faisalabad. All these experiments would help in widening the genetic base of the cultivated cotton varieties in the field. Another strategy for creation of genetic variability is the deployment of various mutagens (radiations and chemi‐ cals). In this regard, leading genotypes of *G. hirsutum* L. and *G. arboreum* L. have been treated with EMS for developing TILLING populations that would help in understanding the genes involved in conferring various traits of interest. The preliminary genomic information from model species such as Arabidopsis and cacao genome can be instrumental in exploring the conserved but complex pathways in least possible time.

DNA fingerprints by deploying SSRs of all the leading cotton cultivars including germplasm and also the extent of genetic divergence among the genotypes should be made available to the cotton breeders. This information can be used in planning crosses. Secondly, involving of more than two parent genotypes preferably conical crosses should be made which may help in increasing the genetic window among the newly developed cotton varieties [31].

#### **6.1. Utilization of germplasm for the development of Upland cotton varieties in Pakistan**

The variety 268-F, bred at research sub-station Jhang, was early maturing and was approved for cultivation in 1948 because of the superior physical properties of its fiber (could spin up to 41 counts) over the existing strains/varieties (4-F, L.S.S., 289-F/43 etc.). However, ultimately 268-F was banned because of its poor germination rate [32].

The cotton variety L.S.S. was extensively used in hybridization in Pakistan. A cotton variety 362-F, developed by selection from the population of L.S.S. was approved for general cultiva‐ tion in 1958 because of its earliness trait exhibited in the Lyallpur region. However, this variety showed adaptability only in the 'Thal' region (a sandy, rain fed area). The variety was of the bushy type but was not adopted in other cotton growing districts (Table 3).


**Name of variety**

15 MS-40

16 MS-39

17 149-F

18 B-557

19 MNH-93

21 MS-84

22 SLH-41

24 MNH-129

25 CIM-70

26 S-12

27 FH-87

28 RH-1

<sup>23</sup> Rehmani CRS, AARI,

**Center of release**

CRS, AARI, Multan

CRS, AARI, Multan

CRS, AARI, Multan

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

CRS, AARI, Multan

20 NIAB-78 NIAB, Faisalabad 1983

CRS, AARI, Multan

CRS, PCCC, Sahiwal

Tandojam

CRS,AARI, Multan

CCRI, PCCC, Multan

CRS, AARI, Multan

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

Khan

29 NIAB-86 NIAB, Faisalabad 1990

CRS, AARI, R.Y.

**Year of release**

1970

1980

1985

1986

1986

1988

Mex 12)

(60 Co)

TH-14920

**Pedigree/parentage**

(124-F x 181-F), a single variant plant (natural hybrid) selected

(124-F x Babdal) x (MS-39 x

DPL-16 x AC-134)-F1 Irradiated-30 kr Gamma rays

<sup>1984</sup> (289-F x Mysor American) x (124-F x Babdal) x Mex 68)

Mex 12)} x DPL-16

x Coker 100 WA)

*G. hirsutum* 21 x McNaire

{(124-F x Babdal) x (MS-39 x

Coker 8314 x (124-F x Babdal)

{(124-F x Babdal) x (MS-39 x Mex 12)} x 7203-14-4-Arizona

(DPL-16 x AC-134-F1 30kr) x

Stoneville-213

from AC-252 field

**GOT %¥**

1970 Natural hybrid in L-11 field 33.5 31.8 3.6 87.5

1971 124-F x Babdal 34.5 28.0 4.0 97.0

1975 268-F x (45-F x L.S.S) 35.9 28.1 4.5 93.0

1983 (124-F x 181-F) x DPL-16 34.0 33.3 3.9 91.3

1988 AC-134 x Paymaster 36.8 27.8 4.2 96.0

1990 LH-62 x W-1104 31.8 29.8 3.9 103.7

**Staple length mm**

**Fineness**

34.0 31.3 4.0 89.4

37.5 28.6 4.5 94.2

37.0 27.0 4.6 92.0

36.7 27.8 4.4 95.8

35.0 27.0 4.4 90.0

38.5 28.7 4.4 95.0

31.1 28.6 4.2 92.5

41.3 28.0 4.6 93.0

34.5 29.0 4.3 95.0

**µg/inch**

Cotton Germplasm of Pakistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58620

**Strength**

**tppsi€**

149


**Name of variety**

148 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

**Center of release**

1 3-F CRI, Faisalabad 1913

3 289-F CRI, Faisalabad 1921

5 L.S.S. CRI, Faisalabad 1934

CRS, AARI, Faisalabad

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

CRI, AARI, Multan.

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

CRS,AARI, Faisalabad

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

Khanpur

6 289-F/43

7 124-F

8 216 -F

9 199-F

10 238-F

11 Lasani-11

12 AC-134

13 362-F

<sup>14</sup> BS-1(13/26) CRS, AARI,

**Year of release**

<sup>2</sup> 4-F CRI, Faisalabad <sup>1914</sup> Selection from stray plants of

1934

1946

**Pedigree/parentage**

Selection from varieties introduced from USA by East

India Company

American Cotton

F field

the 4-F field

4-F field

from Sakrand)

4-F-Selection, Natural hybridan off type plant found in the 4

4 289 -F/K25 BCGA, Khanewal 1930 289-F bulk selection 33.5 23.8 4.5 95.0

Selection from 4-F-a single plant variant (natural hybrid) in

Selection from 4-F-natural hybrid, an off-type plant in the

Selection from 4-F-98 (material

**GOT %¥**

1945 Selection from 289-F/43 33.0 24.6 4.8 96.0

1946 Selection from 4-F 33.0 23.8 4.5 90.0

1948 Selection from 289-F/43 31.5 23.8 4.5 88.0

1959 Selection from 181-F 34.5 28.6 4.0 90.0

1959 148-F x 199-F 34.5 26.5 4.5 93.5

1959 Selection from 289-F 33.0 23.8 4.5 93.0

1962 Selection from M-4 33.8 26.0 4.2 94.2

**Staple length mm**

**Fineness**

33.0 20.6 4.9 85.0

32.0 20.6 5.0 85.0

32.0 25.0 4.5 95.0

32.2 23 5.0 85.0

31.0 23.8 4.5 95.0

35.0 24.6 4.5 90.0

**µg/inch**

**Strength**

**tppsi€**


43

**Name of variety**

44 FH-634

45 CIM-1100

46 CIM-448

47 FVH-53

48 CIM-446

49 CIM-443

50 MNH -554

51 MNH -552

52 FH-901

53 FH-900

NIAB-

**Center of release**

Karishma NIAB, Faisalabad <sup>1996</sup>

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

CCRI, PCCC, Multan.

CCRI, PCCC, Multan

CRS, AARI, Vehari

CCRI, PCCC, Multan

CCRI, PCCC, Multan

CRS, AARI, Multan

CRS, AARI, Multan

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

54 CIM-482 CCRI, Multan 2000

**Year of release**

1996

1996

1998

1998

1998

2000

2000

2000

**Pedigree/parentage**

{(DPL-16 x AC-134-F1 30kr) x Stoneville 213)} x W 83-29 Mex

(W-1104 x {(124-F x Babdal) x

7203-14-4-Arizona) x CP 15/2

{(124-F x Babdal) x (MS-39 x Mex 12)} x 7203-14-4-Arizona (sister line CIM-1100)

KIVI 1021 x {(124-F x Babdal) x

CP-15/2 x {(124-F x Babdal) x (MS-39 x Mex 12)} x 7203-14-4-Arizona

(DPL-16 x AC -134 – F1 30kr) x A-89/FM x LRA-5166

{Coker 8314 x (124 -F x Babdal) x Coker 100 WA) x W 1106} x {(W 1104 x {(124-F x Babdal) x

(FH-672 x AET-5) x (B- 557 x

{(DPL -16 x AC -134 – F1 30kr) x ALS 15(CIM -39 x ALS -15} x CP-

(MS-39 x Mex }

LRA- 5166)

15/2

{(124-F x Babdal) x (L-11 x Lankart-57) x 4-C} x (C-603 x Mex 3) x LRA -5166

(MS-39 x Mex 12)} x

(MS-39 x Mex 12)} x 7203-14-4-Arizona

**GOT %¥**

1996 CEDEX x B-557 36.3 28.5 4.1 95.1

2000 (124-F x Babdal) x LRA -5166 40.0 27.5 4.9.0 95.0

**Staple length mm**

**Fineness**

37.4 28.6 5.0 93.3

38.0 29 4.0 94

38.0 28.5 4.5 93.8

38.4 28.6 5.2 98.5

36.1 27 4.7 97.4

36.5 27.6 4.9 96.1

41.3 28.0 4.2 94.0

38.0 27.5 5.2 92.0

38.0 28.5 4.3 95.1

39.2 29.0 4.5 98.0

**µg/inch**

Cotton Germplasm of Pakistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58620

**Strength**

**tppsi€**

151


**Name of variety**

150 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

**Center of release**

Bahawalpur

31 CIM-109 CCRI, Multan 1990

NIAB, Faisalabad

Tandojam

CRS, AARI, Multan

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

CCRI, PCCC Multan

CRS, PCCC, Bahawalpur

CRS, PCCC, Sahiwal

CRS, AARI, Multan

CRS, AARI, R.Y.

Khan

CRS, AARI, Multan

<sup>38</sup> Gomal -93 CRS, PCCC, D.I. Khan

<sup>30</sup> Gohar-87 CRS, PCCC,

<sup>32</sup> Reshmi -90 CRS, ARI,

33 NIAB -26N

34 MNH -147

35 FH -682

36 CIM-240

37 BH-36

39 SLS-1

40 S-14

41 RH-112

42 MNH-329

**Year of release**

1991

1992

1992

1992

1992

1995

1995

1996

1996

x F1)}

(AC-134 x C.T.)

Babdal) x DPL-16)}

**Pedigree/parentage**

A89/FM

**GOT %¥**

1990 (124-F x Babdal) x B-557 36.0 28.0 4.5 98.6

1992 M-4 x T x Bonham-76C 38.7 27.8 4.3 100.5

1993 387-F x AC-134 34.5 26.5 4.5 93.0

(DPL-16 x AC-134 – F1 30kr) x

(DPL-16 x AC-134-F1 irradiated

[{(124-F x Babdal) x (L -11 x Lankart 57)} x {(124-F x Babdal)} x Mex Pollen) x MS-64)] x {B-557 x (124-F x Babdal) x DPL-16)}

Coker 100A x (DPL-16 x AC-134 – F1 30kr)

30kr) x DPL-NSL

(B-557 x Ala (68)1) x

Coker 8314 x (124-F x Babdal) x Coker 100 WA) x W 1104

SLH-19 x SLH-19 x ( DPL-16 xAC-134 – F1 30kr)

{(124-F x Babdal) x (AC-252 x DPL-16) x DPL-16) x Lankart 4789 A} x {(124-F x Babdal) x (AC-252 x DPL-16) x Coker. (F1

(124 -F x Babdal) x Delfoss) x

{(124-F x Babdal) x (MS-39 x Mex 12)} x {B-557 x (124-F x

Lankart-57

**Staple length mm**

**Fineness**

35.0 27.3 4.4 91

35.7 31.5 4.1 98.7

37.5 28.0 4.4 95

41.3 28.5 4.2 95.5

37.0 28.5 4.3 95.7

36.5 27.8 4.7 94.0

35.0 27.4 4.5 95.3

43.0 29.5 4.2 93.0

34.3 27.6 4.6 95.0

41.0 28.5 4.2 96.0

**µg/inch**

**Strength**

**tppsi€**


**Name of variety**

72 NIBGE-115

74 FH-942

78 NN-3

82 GS-14

**Center of release**

71 CRSM-38 CRS, Multan 2009

NIBGE, Faisalabad

CRI, AARI, Faisalabad

75 NIAB-852 NIAB, Faisalabad 2012

76 CIM-573 CCRI, Multan 2012

77 SLH-317 CRS, Sahiwal 2012

NIBGE, Faisalabad

81 CIM-608 CCRI, Multan 2013

Gohar Seed Corporation, Multan

communication with breeders of the cotton varieties.

¥=Ginning out turn percentage; **€**=Thousand pounds per square inch

**Table 3.** List of approved *G. hirsutum* L.(upland cotton) varieties (non-GM) for Punjab

**Year of release**

**Pedigree/parentage**

BJA592

FH-900(S) x

rays

2000-01)

LRA-5166)}

*G3-hirutum*

SJ-2 (USA)

2012

70 NIAB-777 NIAB,Faisalabad 2009 NIAB-78 x Reba-288 38.8 28.9 4.4 93.0

73 BH-167 CRS, Bahawalpur 2012 VH-53 x BH-142 (Hybridization) 41.2 29.1 4.8 92.7

CIM-121(hybridization)

NIAB-78 x REBA-288 Pollen irradiated (10Gy) with gamma

H-2118 x H-2119 (cross in

{LRA-5166 x (SLH-205 x

79 NIAB-Kiran NIAB, Faisalabad 2013 NIAB-98 x NIAB-11I 38.96 30.41 4.61 93.8 80 NIAB-112 NIAB, Faisalabad 2013 NIAB-111 x NIAB-999 38.3 28.6 4 90.0

<sup>2013</sup> CIM-448 x exotic variety Acala

**Source:** Dr. Akhlaq Hussain, Description of cotton varieties of Pakistan 2004, Cotton Research and development Memoranda till 60's (Ed. Dr. Mahbub Ali), approval documents of cotton varieties released after 2004 and personal

2(*G. hirsutum*/*G.anomalum*)x

583-85/99 x FH900 583-85/99 = LRA5166 x **GOT %¥**

2012 S-12 x LRA-5166 38.15 29.51 4.93 93.1

2013 S-12 x LRA-5166 38.14 30.17 4.63 93.6

**Staple length mm**

**Fineness**

39.5 29.0 4.5 95.0

38.01 29.63 4.28 95.1

37.8 31.6 4.5 91.2

39.34 31.61 4.64 90.2

38.0 29.8 4.4 96.7

40.3. 29.88 4.78 95.4

40.82 28.04 5.88 96.0

**µg/inch**

Cotton Germplasm of Pakistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58620

**Strength**

**tppsi€**

153


¥=Ginning out turn percentage; **€**=Thousand pounds per square inch

**Serial #**

**Name of variety**

152 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

57 NIAB-999

58 FH-1000

67 NIBGE-2

**Center of release**

55 BH-118 CRS, Bahawalpur 2000

56 CIM-473 CCRI, Multan 2002

NIAB, Faisalabad

CRS, AARI, Faisalabad

62 NIAB-111 NIAB, Faisalabad 2004

65 CIM-534 CCRI, Multan 2006

66 MNH-786 CRS, Multan 2006

NIBGE, Faisalabad

68 NIAB-846 NIAB, Faisalabad 2008

**Year of release**

**Pedigree/parentage**

AET- 5)


LRA- 5166

2003

2003

(T x 339 x ST-7A) x (ST-7A x

[{(Coker 8314 x (124 -F x Babdal)} x {Coker 100 WA) x (CIM- 46 x (AC -134 x (DPL- 16 x AC- 134-F1 30kr)}] x LRA

(DPL -16 x AC -134-F1 30kr) x

[{(124 -F x Babdal) x (MS- 39 x Mex 12)} x 7203-14-4-Arizona] x [{(124 -F x Babdal) x (MS- 39 x Mex 12)} x 7203-14-4-Arizona]

59 CIM-499 CCRI, Multan 2003 CIM-433 x 755-6/93 40.0 29.6 4.4 97.3 60 CIM-506 CCRI, Multan 2004 CIM-360 x CP-15/2 38.6 28.7 4.5 98.9 61 CIM-707 CCRI, Multan 2004 CIM-243 x 738-6/93 39.0 32.2 4.2 97.5

> F1seed 300 Gy gamma radiation 0R (NIAB-313/12 x

CIM-100) F1 300 Gy

63 BH-160 CRS, Bahawalpur 2004 Cedix FDW 946 x 673/93 39.0 29.5 4.2 95.1 64 CIM-496 CCRI, Multan 2005 CIM-425 x 755-6/93 (1993) 41.1 29.7 4.6 93.5

> Hybridization of local line 5-4/94 with locally developed

(S-14 x CIM-448) x (MNH-564 x

NIAB-78 x REBA-288 Pollen irradiated (10Gy) with gamma

69 CIM-554 CCRI, Multan 2009 2579-4/97 x W-1103 41.5 28.5 4.7 96.8

2006 S-12 x LRA- 5166 36.2 28.6 5.0 100.0

variety CIM-1100

MNH-516)

rays

**GOT %¥**

**Staple length mm**

**Fineness**

38.5 28.0 4.6 98.0

39.7 29.5 4.3 95.0

36.5 28.7 4.6 98.0

38.8 29.5 4.6 96.9

37.5 30.5 4.4 218.8

40.32 27.9 4.5 97.2

38.7 27.2 5.1 95.0

38.5 29.8 4.7 96.0

**µg/inch**

**Strength**

**tppsi€**

**Source:** Dr. Akhlaq Hussain, Description of cotton varieties of Pakistan 2004, Cotton Research and development Memoranda till 60's (Ed. Dr. Mahbub Ali), approval documents of cotton varieties released after 2004 and personal communication with breeders of the cotton varieties.

**Table 3.** List of approved *G. hirsutum* L.(upland cotton) varieties (non-GM) for Punjab

In the mid-1960s, efforts were made to grow cotton varieties previously recommended for cultivation in various countries especially in the USA. Deltapine, a smooth leaf variety, was introduced in Multan and Sheikhupura. In total, 16-17 insecticides sprays were applied on these newly introduced varieties, and 922 kg/hectare seed cotton yield was harvested, demonstrating a limited scope of the introduced cotton varieties in this region. In the same normal cotton growing season, a number of exotic cotton varieties like Tide Water, Stone‐ ville-213, Stoneville 7-A, Acala P-5, Carolina Queen, Dixie King, Express H3-P1, Defos 44, Deltapine Smooth Leaf and Coker Wild along with AC-134 and L-11 (local controls) were planted at the CRS Multan. The yield of some of these varieties was comparable with the control AC-134. Breeding efforts for overcoming the menace of insect pests infestation were made through selection, but went fruitless because of a limited genetic diversity available in the exotic germplasm. Hybridization of the exotic germplasm with the locally adapted cultivars/ germplasm was remained the only strategy for improving the local cotton varieties by introducing high yielding genes of the exotic material into local cultivated cotton varieties [33]. Big boll trait was transferred from Lankert-57, and compactness and earliness from Babdale. The major limitation of big boll variety was susceptibility to insects. The newly developed strains derived from these crosses out yielded the standard AC-134. The other advantages over the indigenous cultivar AC-134 were drought tolerance and earliness in maturity. The upland cotton varieties developed till 1990s were dominantly of open type. Boll size was relatively smaller than the present day varieties. Emphasis was given to improve boll size especially after the introduction of Bt cotton varieties in Pakistan. Earlier, all successful varieties till the evolution of S-12, bred for large number of bolls rather than boll size for compensating the boll damage done by bollworms infestation. NIAB-78, proved to be the most successful variety, bears large number of bolls with small to medium sizeed boll. Later, the best extension services provided by public sector organizations and especially the private sectors, dominantly pesticide companies, educated farmers for eradicating pest population through chemical means.

*6.1.1. Leading G. hirsutm L. cultivars of Post-CLCuD Era*

called enation underneath of the leaf has been observed (Figure 1).

Leaf curl disease on cotton was first time reported in 1912 from Nigeria, and then it spread in many other cotton growing countries such as Pakistan, India and China. This disease is of viral origin and transmitted by a vector whitefly (*Bemisia tabaci* Gennadius), which may cause 30-70% or even more depression in seed cotton yield. It was first time appeared on few plants in 1967 in Pakistan. Typical symptoms of the disease are small and large veins thickening and upward or downward curling of the leaf. Under high infection, a small leaf like structure—

Cotton Germplasm of Pakistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58620 155

**Figure 1.** Comparison of healthy (a) versus infected cotton leaves showing symptoms of cotton leaf curl virus disease

Efforts were made for combating the disease by finding resistance sources from the available cotton germplasm. In this regard, more than 1000 cotton lines available in the gene pool of CCRI Multan were screened under natural conditions (Muhammad Afzal, CCRI Multan, personnel communication). Three genotypes LRA-5166, CP-15/2 and Cedix were identified. However, LRA-5166 and CP-15/2 were used extensively for deriving resistance into the cultivated susceptible cotton cultivars through various hybridization breeding procedures. In this regard, CIM-1100 was the first resistant cotton varieties released from CCRI Multan in 1997 followed by a series of resistant cotton varieties by CCRI Mutlan and few from other cotton breeding research institutes (Table 3). Deploying of the two sources of resistance in

Resistance to the Multan strain of virus was controlled by two genes [33]. This resistance was overcome in within five years because of the evolution of new strain of virus called Burewala strain. Till today, none of the variety was found completely asymptomatic. However, high tolerance or field resistance was observed in few cotton genotypes, viz. NIBGE-2472, NIBGE-3661, NIBGE-115 [34], FH-142, and NN-3[35]. Cotton germplasm (3000 accessions of *G. hirsutum* L. and introgressed lines) received through the United States Department for Agriculture (USDA) has also been screened. Initial studies have shown that Mac-07 and approximately 95 lines are resistant to the disease. These newly identified sources can be used

extensively in improving the cotton germplasm/varieties resistant to the CLCuD.

breeding program has created a major genetic bottleneck in evolution.

In Pakistan, one of the main objectives is to develop a variety that matures early than that of the varieties released before 1980s. Such early maturing varieties help farmers to sow wheata major staple food crop in Pakistan. However, very early maturing varieties are not suitable because high temperature early in the cotton growing season may affect boll opening which ultimately may cause significant reduction in seed cotton yield [26]. Best suitable time for cotton maturity in Pakistan is between November 15-30—enough time to harvest high yield and good quality lint without compromising the cultivation of wheat crop. For addressing this issue, breeders have been successful in releasing cotton varieties like NIAB-78, S-12, CIM-496, IR-NIBGE-3701 and MNH-886, etc. which allows farmers to plant wheat in time. Further efforts for releasing varieties which mature in mid of Nov. through exploiting the available germ‐ plasm, resulted in the development of an advance line IR-NIBGE-5, flowers five and seven days earlier than IR-NIBGE-3 and IR-NIBGE-3701, respectively. However, such kind of genetic material requires unusually much more water and nutrients. Thus, a comprehensive breeding approach by bridging molecular and conventional tools is needed for releasing highly adaptive cotton varieties.

#### *6.1.1. Leading G. hirsutm L. cultivars of Post-CLCuD Era*

In the mid-1960s, efforts were made to grow cotton varieties previously recommended for cultivation in various countries especially in the USA. Deltapine, a smooth leaf variety, was introduced in Multan and Sheikhupura. In total, 16-17 insecticides sprays were applied on these newly introduced varieties, and 922 kg/hectare seed cotton yield was harvested, demonstrating a limited scope of the introduced cotton varieties in this region. In the same normal cotton growing season, a number of exotic cotton varieties like Tide Water, Stone‐ ville-213, Stoneville 7-A, Acala P-5, Carolina Queen, Dixie King, Express H3-P1, Defos 44, Deltapine Smooth Leaf and Coker Wild along with AC-134 and L-11 (local controls) were planted at the CRS Multan. The yield of some of these varieties was comparable with the control AC-134. Breeding efforts for overcoming the menace of insect pests infestation were made through selection, but went fruitless because of a limited genetic diversity available in the exotic germplasm. Hybridization of the exotic germplasm with the locally adapted cultivars/ germplasm was remained the only strategy for improving the local cotton varieties by introducing high yielding genes of the exotic material into local cultivated cotton varieties [33]. Big boll trait was transferred from Lankert-57, and compactness and earliness from Babdale. The major limitation of big boll variety was susceptibility to insects. The newly developed strains derived from these crosses out yielded the standard AC-134. The other advantages over the indigenous cultivar AC-134 were drought tolerance and earliness in maturity. The upland cotton varieties developed till 1990s were dominantly of open type. Boll size was relatively smaller than the present day varieties. Emphasis was given to improve boll size especially after the introduction of Bt cotton varieties in Pakistan. Earlier, all successful varieties till the evolution of S-12, bred for large number of bolls rather than boll size for compensating the boll damage done by bollworms infestation. NIAB-78, proved to be the most successful variety, bears large number of bolls with small to medium sizeed boll. Later, the best extension services provided by public sector organizations and especially the private sectors, dominantly pesticide companies, educated farmers for eradicating pest population through chemical

In Pakistan, one of the main objectives is to develop a variety that matures early than that of the varieties released before 1980s. Such early maturing varieties help farmers to sow wheata major staple food crop in Pakistan. However, very early maturing varieties are not suitable because high temperature early in the cotton growing season may affect boll opening which ultimately may cause significant reduction in seed cotton yield [26]. Best suitable time for cotton maturity in Pakistan is between November 15-30—enough time to harvest high yield and good quality lint without compromising the cultivation of wheat crop. For addressing this issue, breeders have been successful in releasing cotton varieties like NIAB-78, S-12, CIM-496, IR-NIBGE-3701 and MNH-886, etc. which allows farmers to plant wheat in time. Further efforts for releasing varieties which mature in mid of Nov. through exploiting the available germ‐ plasm, resulted in the development of an advance line IR-NIBGE-5, flowers five and seven days earlier than IR-NIBGE-3 and IR-NIBGE-3701, respectively. However, such kind of genetic material requires unusually much more water and nutrients. Thus, a comprehensive breeding approach by bridging molecular and conventional tools is needed for releasing highly adaptive

means.

154 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

cotton varieties.

Leaf curl disease on cotton was first time reported in 1912 from Nigeria, and then it spread in many other cotton growing countries such as Pakistan, India and China. This disease is of viral origin and transmitted by a vector whitefly (*Bemisia tabaci* Gennadius), which may cause 30-70% or even more depression in seed cotton yield. It was first time appeared on few plants in 1967 in Pakistan. Typical symptoms of the disease are small and large veins thickening and upward or downward curling of the leaf. Under high infection, a small leaf like structure called enation underneath of the leaf has been observed (Figure 1).

**Figure 1.** Comparison of healthy (a) versus infected cotton leaves showing symptoms of cotton leaf curl virus disease

Efforts were made for combating the disease by finding resistance sources from the available cotton germplasm. In this regard, more than 1000 cotton lines available in the gene pool of CCRI Multan were screened under natural conditions (Muhammad Afzal, CCRI Multan, personnel communication). Three genotypes LRA-5166, CP-15/2 and Cedix were identified. However, LRA-5166 and CP-15/2 were used extensively for deriving resistance into the cultivated susceptible cotton cultivars through various hybridization breeding procedures. In this regard, CIM-1100 was the first resistant cotton varieties released from CCRI Multan in 1997 followed by a series of resistant cotton varieties by CCRI Mutlan and few from other cotton breeding research institutes (Table 3). Deploying of the two sources of resistance in breeding program has created a major genetic bottleneck in evolution.

Resistance to the Multan strain of virus was controlled by two genes [33]. This resistance was overcome in within five years because of the evolution of new strain of virus called Burewala strain. Till today, none of the variety was found completely asymptomatic. However, high tolerance or field resistance was observed in few cotton genotypes, viz. NIBGE-2472, NIBGE-3661, NIBGE-115 [34], FH-142, and NN-3[35]. Cotton germplasm (3000 accessions of *G. hirsutum* L. and introgressed lines) received through the United States Department for Agriculture (USDA) has also been screened. Initial studies have shown that Mac-07 and approximately 95 lines are resistant to the disease. These newly identified sources can be used extensively in improving the cotton germplasm/varieties resistant to the CLCuD.

Introgression breeding procedures have been deployed to introgress important traits from *G. arboreum* L. like, resistance to CLCuD, tolerance to drought etc. into the cultivated *G. hirsu‐ tum* L. cotton varieties. In these experiments, chromosome of *G. arboreum* L. was doubled by applying colchicine followed by hybridization with the allotetraploid *G. hirsutum* L. under natural conditions. Exogenous treatment of hormones 50 mg/L gibberellic acid and 100 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid were applied for overcoming the problem of boll shedding. It has been demonstrated that the percentage of pollen viability in F1s was 1.90% in 2(*G*. *arboreum*) x *G. hirsutum* versus 2.38% in *G. hirsutum* x 2(*G*. *arboreum*). Further confirmations were made through cytological studies; found that all F1s were sterile. All the F1 plants exhibited resistance to the CLCuD after exposing through grafting of the infected buds, indicating the chances of success for transferring resistance into the cultivated tetraploids [36]. Currently the progenies/ advance generations are being screened against the disease at CCRI Multan (Project PI Mr. Zahid Mehmood, Pr Scientist) and CRS Multan (Project PI Dr. Saghir Ahmed, Botanist). Similarly, emphasis was also made for improving quality parameters of the local cultivated species var FH-1000 by crossing it with the *G. barbadense* L. The introgressions of the DNA fragments from *G. barbadense* L. were monitored through SSR markers [37]. The resultant hybrids or progenies had two types of leaves, narrow versus broad lobed types. It was reported that bolls of the narrow lobed types did not mature due to bad opening. However, the broad lobed types were found comparatively high yielder but poor in lint quality. Efforts on various fronts are going on for evolving useful germplasm or varieties.

**8. Novel trends and perspectives**

covered a significant area in 2012.

Exotic Bt cotton strains were first cultivated in Sindh in 2000. This introduced material showed high susceptibility to sucking insect pests and CLCuD. Breeding to introgress the *Bt* gene (*Cry1Ac*) by backcross hybridization was initiated in 2000 by various public and private sector organizations of Pakistan but resulting lines could not be tested in the field due to the sus‐ pension of biosafety rules in Pakistan. The National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic engineering (NIBGE) initiated development of Bt cotton and field testing under the "voluntary code of conduct" issued by the Ministry of Environment. A huge quantity of data for the safe release of Bt cotton in the field was generated using rabbit as an experimental animal, and also the impact of Bt cotton residues on weed and soil microbial populations. It was demonstrated that the cultivation of Bt cotton is safe to wild as well as domesticated animals, and its impact, if any, will be low or negligible. This approach for characterizing risk is consistent with the accepted risk assessment procedures and shared similarities with the previous assessments

Cotton Germplasm of Pakistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58620 157

The area under Bt cotton cultivation has been increased dramatically. Around 40,000 kg of seed of the Bt cotton strains IR-FH-901 (later approved as IR-NIBGE-901), IR-NIBGE-2 (later approved as IR-NIBGE-1524 in 2010), IR-CIM-448 (later approved as IR-NIBGE-3701) and IR-CIM-443, was provided to farmers and was grown on over 3,238 ha (hectares) in 2005-2006 [38]. IR-NIBGE-1524 was approved for general cultivation in 2010 and 2011 for Punjab and Sindh (Table 4). This variety was drought tolerant, with an open canopy and bears small bolls. It was planted on a large area (more than 5%) in 2007 and retained ~2% of the area, particularly in the drought prone, each year until 2012 in Punjab. In Sindh, it was planted on ~10% of the area in 2012 (Director General Agriculture Sindh). The NIBGE Bt cotton strains were used exten‐ sively in breeding programs as a source for developing Bt cotton varieties by various research

organizations, and established the foundation of Bt cotton cultivation in Pakistan.

In post-Bt era, preference for cultivating compact to semi-compact varieties has been given for sowing in normal season. Earlier, semi-compact to compact type cotton varieties like CIM-448, CIM-497, NIAB-111 and BH-160 were released for general cultivation but could not capture significant area. There were two major reasons. Firstly, it is difficult to control insect pests especially bollworms in compact shaped plant versus open type plant. Secondly, compact shaped plant does not compensate for low population density compared to the open shaped plant. Before Bt cotton cultivation, major area >10% covered by open type varieties, viz. B-557, NIAB-78, MNH-93, S-12, CIM-240, NIAB-Karishma, CIM-473 and CIM-496 etc. Bt cotton varieties offered inbuilt resistance to *Heliothus*, spotted and marginally to pink bollworm. Thus one of the disadvantages of cultivating compact shaped varieties has been addressed. First Bt cotton variety, IR-NIBGE-3701—semi-compact shaped variety, tested for yield in National Coordinated Bt Trials (NCBT) in 2009, out yielded all candidate lines and standard cotton variety CIM-496. IR-NIBGE-3701 formed the basis for cultivation of compact shaped variety among the farming community. Later on, CIM-886 dominantly a compact shaped variety

over a wide range of situations (Zaman & Co-workers, unpublished).

## **7. Databases**

In early seventies, activities related to the collection as well as conservation of germplasm have been started in Pakistan. In this regard, cotton germplasm have been collected from various countries largely of upland cotton. Recently, more than 3000 accessions have been imported from US under the Pak-US cotton productivity enhancement project. Before this, cotton material (accessions of *G. hirsutum*) was imported from different countries including USA, Uzbekistan, and France, etc. Most of the accessions are available with CCRI Multan, and maintained descriptions of each accession both hard as well as soft copy which can be obtained upon the request. However, no website is available showing the description of the cotton germplasm in Pakistan.

Efforts for conservation of genetic material are also under way at PGRI, Islamabad. Passport data of around 75% of the accessions of different crops has been entered in the form of dBase files. Users can get information in the form of computer print outs on request. However, local scientists on a limited scale can get direct on-line access to the files. Consultation of data books that are maintained by the institute can be done at any time by local scientists. Linkage of documentation section with all PGRI laboratories is made sure by availability of a local network that is not in working condition yet. However, currently there are no options available for networking with other gene banks for the data exchange on crop basis as well as regional basis. The process of data base and information system establishment is on the move. PGRI has plans for its connection to other gene banks in future.
