**4. Results**

Use of F1 hypoaneuploid hybrids resulting from the crosses of *G. hirsutum* aneuploids (2n-1 or 2n-1/2) and *G. barbadense* L. species (2n) in molecular-genetic analyses has facilitated the localization of different molecular markers on specific cotton chromosomes [22-25]. However, some loci were not assigned using the aneuploids due to the lack of a full set of cotton aneuploids [e.g. 21, 25-27]. In the last decade chromosome-deficient stocks of *G. hirsutum* have been used for the development of chromosome substitution lines for *G. barbadense, G. tomen‐*

In Uzbekistan the investigations to induce chromosome aberrations and to develop new translocation and chromosome deficient stocks were conducted during more than 30 years [30-43]. As the result 94 primary and 22 tertiary monosomics, 20 monotelodisomics, 4 mono‐ isodisomics, 235 reciprocal translocations as heterozygotes, 33 homozygous translocation stocks, 4 haploids and 31 desynaptic plants were discovered (Table 1). Here we report cytogenetic and morphological characteristics of the new cotton translocation and monosomic lines. We also report the results of identification of some of the lines by means translocation

**Number of plants**

**Tertiary monosomic**

72 14 10 9 1 1 11

140 6 65 13 10 3 2 20

Totals 235 33 94 22 20 4 4 31

Inbred cotton lines L-458, L-461, L-500 and L-501 (*Gossypium hirsutum L.)* from the Genetic Collection of the National University of Uzbekistan were used for producing cytogenetic stock series. Three types of radiations were applied – combined treatment of colchicine and gamma

**Monotelodisomic**

**Monoiso-**

9 1 1

**disomic Haploid Desy-**

**naptic**

*tosum* and *G. mustelinum* chromosomes or chromosomes segment(s) [28-29].

**Primary monosomic**

test.

**Origin**

248 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

Combine treatment

Neutron irradiation

Irradiation of pollen

Progeny of monosomic **Translocation as heterozygote**

**Translocation as homozygote**

23 13

Desynapsis 17 Translocation 2

**2. Materials and methods**

**Table 1.** The origin of the different aberrations in cotton *G.hirsutum* L.

#### **4.1. Reciprocal translocations**

Reciprocal translocations were formed as segmental interchanges among two or more nonhomologous chromosomes. The exposure of seeds to three types of irradiation has resulted in the induction of translocations in 235 cotton plants [31, 32, 34, 37]. After different treatment of irradiation translocation plants were obtained in the M1, M2 and M3 generations (Tables 2). They included exchanges between two different pairs chromosomes, translocations among three pair chromosomes and complex exchanges. Three types of the irradiation treatment were characterized by differences of the frequency and spectrum of the translocations. The treatment of seeds with combined colchicines and gamma-rays resulted 25 disomic plants with two or more translocations in the M1 generation, with two, or even four multivalent configurations per PMCs in different plants. The unaffected plants from M2 generation, a further 22 disomic plant with a number multivalents were detected. Progeny from different branches and bolls of one and the same parents was kept separate. Some of the parents were chimeras and as it was expected and subsequently confirmed, that different bolls from one and the same parent would give different result. From the meiosis, M3 progenies were only recovered in which there was just one multivalent per PMC. Therefore, 23 translocations obtained in the M3 generation were listed in the Table 1. In comparison to the single irradiation the combined irradiation treatment was most effective for producing the highest number of single as well as complex translocations in a number of meiocytes.

with complex translocations per PMC in the M1 generation (Figure 1). Other translocations involved to two nonhomologous chromosomes (Figure 2) and four – of three chromosomes. Moreover, the concurrent appearance of the two chromosomal aberrations causing and inducing chromosomal deficiencies and rearrangements, was also detected. The highest number of the chromosome changes occurred from the thermal neutron and unique chromo‐ somal aberrations such as complex of the interchanges on PMS, multiple translocations

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 251

**Figure 1.** Meiotic configurations in translocation heterozygotes in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained after irradiation of the seeds by thermal neutrons in M1. (A) Meiotic metaphase I cell showing 26 bivalents in control plant. (B) Meiotic meta‐ phase I cell showing 19 bivalents and 2 quadrivalents and 1 hexavalent in plant 364/10. (C) Meiotic metaphase I cell showing 21 bivalents and 1 quadrivalent and 1 hexavalent in plant 364/10. The arrows point to the quadrivalents and hexavalent. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12

Moreover, such rare mutations induced have not been observed earlier in experiments with other treatments. Such rare mutations were cluster fruiting habit for translocation (Tr18-Figure 10 C, F), reduced stigma (Mo62-Figure 18 C), cytoplasmic mutation virescent simultaneous with translocation (Tr28), unique desinaptic plant, pollen semisterility in homozygous stock (Tr21). It is also notable that one of the translocation plant 1475/304 had also a clear phenotypic character with cytoplasmatic mutation of yellow-green color of the leaf. This finding indicates the simultaneous appearance of chlorophyll deficiency and the chromosome translocation in

involving up to three nonhomological chromosomes.


**Table 2.** The origin of the reciprocal translocations in cotton *G. hirsutum* L.

Irradiation of seeds by thermal neutrons induced 31 translocations in the M1, 31 plants with interchanges in the M2 and 10 - in M3 generation (Table 2). Only four plants were recorded with complex translocations per PMC in the M1 generation (Figure 1). Other translocations involved to two nonhomologous chromosomes (Figure 2) and four – of three chromosomes. Moreover, the concurrent appearance of the two chromosomal aberrations causing and inducing chromosomal deficiencies and rearrangements, was also detected. The highest number of the chromosome changes occurred from the thermal neutron and unique chromo‐ somal aberrations such as complex of the interchanges on PMS, multiple translocations involving up to three nonhomological chromosomes.

of irradiation translocation plants were obtained in the M1, M2 and M3 generations (Tables 2). They included exchanges between two different pairs chromosomes, translocations among three pair chromosomes and complex exchanges. Three types of the irradiation treatment were characterized by differences of the frequency and spectrum of the translocations. The treatment of seeds with combined colchicines and gamma-rays resulted 25 disomic plants with two or more translocations in the M1 generation, with two, or even four multivalent configurations per PMCs in different plants. The unaffected plants from M2 generation, a further 22 disomic plant with a number multivalents were detected. Progeny from different branches and bolls of one and the same parents was kept separate. Some of the parents were chimeras and as it was expected and subsequently confirmed, that different bolls from one and the same parent would give different result. From the meiosis, M3 progenies were only recovered in which there was just one multivalent per PMC. Therefore, 23 translocations obtained in the M3 generation were listed in the Table 1. In comparison to the single irradiation the combined irradiation treatment was most effective for producing the highest number of single as well as

> **Number of translocation heterozygotes**

**M1 M2 M3**

100 6 3 4 0

35 6 5 - Tr29

10 3 9 13 0

15 9 13 7 Tr12 20 16 20 12 Tr13, Tr14 25 25 10 3 Tr23, Tr24, Tr32

Subtotal 25 22 23 13

Subtotal 31 31 10 14

Subtotal 53 52 35 6

Irradiation of seeds by thermal neutrons induced 31 translocations in the M1, 31 plants with interchanges in the M2 and 10 - in M3 generation (Table 2). Only four plants were recorded

thermal neutrons 1,3 <sup>1</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>0</sup>

50 19 19 19 Tr1-Tr11, Tr25, Tr26

15 8 11 - Tr17-Tr19, Tr22, Tr27, Tr30 25 9 7 - Tr20, Tr21 27 7 8 10 Tr15, Tr16, Tr28, Tr31, Tr33

**Translocation lines**

complex translocations in a number of meiocytes.

**Dose of irradiation (Gy)**

**Table 2.** The origin of the reciprocal translocations in cotton *G. hirsutum* L.

**Treatment**

250 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

Combined treatment of seeds by colchicine and gamma-rays

Irradiation of seeds by

Irradiation of pollen by gamma-rays

**Figure 1.** Meiotic configurations in translocation heterozygotes in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained after irradiation of the seeds by thermal neutrons in M1. (A) Meiotic metaphase I cell showing 26 bivalents in control plant. (B) Meiotic meta‐ phase I cell showing 19 bivalents and 2 quadrivalents and 1 hexavalent in plant 364/10. (C) Meiotic metaphase I cell showing 21 bivalents and 1 quadrivalent and 1 hexavalent in plant 364/10. The arrows point to the quadrivalents and hexavalent. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12

Moreover, such rare mutations induced have not been observed earlier in experiments with other treatments. Such rare mutations were cluster fruiting habit for translocation (Tr18-Figure 10 C, F), reduced stigma (Mo62-Figure 18 C), cytoplasmic mutation virescent simultaneous with translocation (Tr28), unique desinaptic plant, pollen semisterility in homozygous stock (Tr21). It is also notable that one of the translocation plant 1475/304 had also a clear phenotypic character with cytoplasmatic mutation of yellow-green color of the leaf. This finding indicates the simultaneous appearance of chlorophyll deficiency and the chromosome translocation in a single plant. These specific mutations were not frequent, but they were specific for the thermal neutron irradiation and very important for cotton genetics as new genetic markers.

**Figure 2.** Meiotic configurations in translocation heterozygotes in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained after irradiation of the seeds by thermal neutrons in M3. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 24 bivalents and 1 quadrivalent: in plant 1475/71-13 (A and B); (C) 1474/154-6; (D) 361/4-b13. The arrows point to the quadrivalents. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

alternate and adjacent orientations. The translocations were characterized by different frequencies of the multivalents at the MI of meiosis. Translocations with the large translocated chromosome segments are of greatest interest for tagging cotton chromosomes and developing new homozygous translocation lines. Electron microscopy of synaptonemal complexes at the pachytene stage revealed more cells with heterozygous chromosomal rearrangements than light microscopy at meiotic MI by a factor of 1.8 [44]. Those results indicate that the different frequencies of multivalents in heterozygotes for translocations at MI result from partial desynapsis and segregation of translocation multivalents into two "heteromorph " bivalents, which cannot be distinguished from normal bivalents at meiotic MI by light microscopy.

**Figure 3.** Meiotic configurations in translocation heterozygotes in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained after pollen irradiation in M2 and M3. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 24 bivalents and 1 quadrivalent in plant (A) 1069/101 ; (B)

The arrows point to the quadrivalents. Note that the background of figures

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 253

The analyses of tetrads were carried out in 201 translocations. Most of the translocations (76.41%) exhibited a high meiotic index (90-100%) when compared with the control (94.52±0.26). However, 20.51% translocations were characterized by a reduction in meiotic index (to 80.0%) and an increase in the percentage of tetrads with micronuclei when compared with the control (1.29±0.13%). Six translocations were characterized with a low meiotic index (from 52.15±1.99 to 79.37±1.32%) and number of abnormal tetrads containing micronuclei

The distribution of pollen fertility for 189 translocations is summarized in Figure 4. Pollen fertility was estimated by acetocarmine staining. Although the acetocarmine-based pollen fertility considered relatively insensitive method, it is widely used for preliminary screening of pollen quality in plants. The pollen fertility of translocations varied significantly from high fertility (70-100%) for 113 translocations, to semi-sterility (40-69.9%) for 35 translocations, and to low fertility (to 39.9%) for 23 translocations when compared with the control (96.99±0.44%).

(from 16.53±1.48 to 3.66±0.53%).

1568/2110 ; (C) 188/44-3; (D) 187/310-12..

was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

A similar analysis of chromosome aberrations showed that gamma-irradiation of pollen resulted in 53 translocations in the M1 out of 331 studied plants, 52 plants with interchanges in the M2 out of 348 Studied plants and 35 - in the M3 generation out of 211 studied plants (Table 2). All translocations were involving of two nonhomologous chromosomes formed quadrivalent associations (Figure 3). Three translocations were involving of three chromo‐ somes formed hexavalent associations. There were no PMCs with more than one multivalent among translocation plants after pollen irradiation. The greatest number of translocation plants with medium and high frequency (58.14%) was found in experiments with irradiation at 20 and 25 Gy. In comparison to the other irradiation the gamma-irradiation of pollen was the most effective for producing more different deficiencies.

Comparison of the mean frequency of multivalent per cell between translocations obtained in the M1, M2 and M3 generations after irradiation suggests that the highest number (26,42%) of interchanges with a high average number of multivalent at the MI of meiosis occurred in the M1 generation. M2 and M3 progenies had more normal karyotypes than that seen in the M1 plants and translocations with a high frequency of multivalent were uncommen in next generations. Those translocations, integrated into this collection from homozygous transloca‐ tion lines.

Among 235 translocations, 224 involved two chromosomes but only 11 involved three nonhomologous chromosomes. Different types of multivalent configurations were found with

a single plant. These specific mutations were not frequent, but they were specific for the thermal neutron irradiation and very important for cotton genetics as new genetic markers.

**Figure 2.** Meiotic configurations in translocation heterozygotes in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained after irradiation of the seeds by thermal neutrons in M3. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 24 bivalents and 1 quadrivalent: in plant 1475/71-13 (A and B); (C) 1474/154-6; (D) 361/4-b13. The arrows point to the quadrivalents. Note that the background

A similar analysis of chromosome aberrations showed that gamma-irradiation of pollen resulted in 53 translocations in the M1 out of 331 studied plants, 52 plants with interchanges in the M2 out of 348 Studied plants and 35 - in the M3 generation out of 211 studied plants (Table 2). All translocations were involving of two nonhomologous chromosomes formed quadrivalent associations (Figure 3). Three translocations were involving of three chromo‐ somes formed hexavalent associations. There were no PMCs with more than one multivalent among translocation plants after pollen irradiation. The greatest number of translocation plants with medium and high frequency (58.14%) was found in experiments with irradiation at 20 and 25 Gy. In comparison to the other irradiation the gamma-irradiation of pollen was

Comparison of the mean frequency of multivalent per cell between translocations obtained in the M1, M2 and M3 generations after irradiation suggests that the highest number (26,42%) of interchanges with a high average number of multivalent at the MI of meiosis occurred in the M1 generation. M2 and M3 progenies had more normal karyotypes than that seen in the M1 plants and translocations with a high frequency of multivalent were uncommen in next generations. Those translocations, integrated into this collection from homozygous transloca‐

Among 235 translocations, 224 involved two chromosomes but only 11 involved three nonhomologous chromosomes. Different types of multivalent configurations were found with

of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

252 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

the most effective for producing more different deficiencies.

tion lines.

**Figure 3.** Meiotic configurations in translocation heterozygotes in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained after pollen irradiation in M2 and M3. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 24 bivalents and 1 quadrivalent in plant (A) 1069/101 ; (B) 1568/2110 ; (C) 188/44-3; (D) 187/310-12.. The arrows point to the quadrivalents. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

alternate and adjacent orientations. The translocations were characterized by different frequencies of the multivalents at the MI of meiosis. Translocations with the large translocated chromosome segments are of greatest interest for tagging cotton chromosomes and developing new homozygous translocation lines. Electron microscopy of synaptonemal complexes at the pachytene stage revealed more cells with heterozygous chromosomal rearrangements than light microscopy at meiotic MI by a factor of 1.8 [44]. Those results indicate that the different frequencies of multivalents in heterozygotes for translocations at MI result from partial desynapsis and segregation of translocation multivalents into two "heteromorph " bivalents, which cannot be distinguished from normal bivalents at meiotic MI by light microscopy.

The analyses of tetrads were carried out in 201 translocations. Most of the translocations (76.41%) exhibited a high meiotic index (90-100%) when compared with the control (94.52±0.26). However, 20.51% translocations were characterized by a reduction in meiotic index (to 80.0%) and an increase in the percentage of tetrads with micronuclei when compared with the control (1.29±0.13%). Six translocations were characterized with a low meiotic index (from 52.15±1.99 to 79.37±1.32%) and number of abnormal tetrads containing micronuclei (from 16.53±1.48 to 3.66±0.53%).

The distribution of pollen fertility for 189 translocations is summarized in Figure 4. Pollen fertility was estimated by acetocarmine staining. Although the acetocarmine-based pollen fertility considered relatively insensitive method, it is widely used for preliminary screening of pollen quality in plants. The pollen fertility of translocations varied significantly from high fertility (70-100%) for 113 translocations, to semi-sterility (40-69.9%) for 35 translocations, and to low fertility (to 39.9%) for 23 translocations when compared with the control (96.99±0.44%). In 19 translocations, pollen fertility varied between flowers of one and the same plant and 11 translocations were characterized by pollen sterility. On the whole, the high frequency of abortive pollen grains in flowers was typical for 48.5% of the translocations studied.

analysis pollen fertility into account was also worked out. This character has been varied in the cotton translocation heterozygotes from high up to pollen sterility and cannot be used the marker characteristic. Such techniques allowed us to isolate the number of different translo‐ cation homozygotes in progeny of one and the same parent containing two or more inter‐

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 255

Translocations have been confirmed as homozygous after cytogenetic studies from selfpollination progenies of the heterozygotes according to the scheme (Figure 5). Heterozygotes were selfed and progeny from each plant was examined at the metaphase I of meiosis. The plant that exhibited normal pairing were backcrossed to the control line L-458 in order to identify the plants homozygous for the translocations and the F1BC1 progeny was examined at the metaphase I of meiosis for the presence of multivalents. F1BC1 plants with multivalents pointed out homozygous for the translocation under consideration. As a result 33 new homozygous translocation stocks were isolated among those, 13 new translocation stocks of cotton (Tr1-Tr11, Tr25 and Tr26) were obtained in the combined treatment of seeds with colchicine and γ-rays hybrid progeny L-500 x L-461, one stock (Tr12) – in the pollen γirradiation hybrid progeny L-461 x L-501, while the others-from irradiation of seeds by thermal

In the progeny of the translocation heterozygotes, the deviations were found from the 1:2:3 ratio with a deficit of different types of plants. The latter can be explained by time limitation of examining plants or low viability by some types of progeny. So, it was not possible to establish one translocation (10201-9) in the homozygous condition because only heterozy‐ gotes and normal plants detected in progeny. Probably, it can be attributed to localiza‐ tion of the breakpoints in the region of the chromosome, which cannot be reconstructed. As it was discussed earlier for 28 of the 34 translocation lines in barley, homozygous plants were available, although one translocation – C 951 was not identified in the homozygous

Translocation lines from our collection were numbered from Tr1 to Tr33 in the order of their detection. Thirty one translocations were simple reciprocal interchanges, involving only two nonhomologous chromosomes, whereas the two remaining (Tr2 and Tr20) were interchanges involving three non-homologous chromosomes. Translocation lines were characterized by normal pairing at metaphase I of meiosis with 26 bivalents and high meiotic index (from 90.73±0.33 for Tr24 to 98.05±0.19 for Tr22). The pollen fertility was also high (from 90.06±0.77% for Tr15 to 98.28±0.18 for Tr18) with the exception of Tr21 that was distinguished with a essential decrease in pollen fertility (to 66.01±1.28%). For the first time such semisterility of the pollen was detected in the cotton plants homozygous for the translocation. Such differences

Subgenome assignment of the translocation was carried out with using hybrid DD-subgenome (F1 *G. thurberi x G. raimondii).* Three types of modal configurations are expected at metaphase I of meiosis in the triploid hybrids [48]. Translocations being involving two A-subgenome chromosomes will have not A homoeologues in the triploid hybrid and showed modal chromosome configurations – 13 (DD) bivalents and 13 (A) univalents; translocations being involving two DD-subgenome chromosomes – 11 (DD) bivalents and 13 (A) univalents and

changes per PMC.

condition [47].

neutrons highly inbred line L-458.

can be explained by heterogeneous translocations.

Note: the remaining 19 translocations were not included in the histogram due to their varied pollen fertility level in different flowers and 4 plants were complex interchanges.

**Figure 4.** Percentage distribution of pollen fertility for 189 reciprocal translocations in cotton

This broad variability of pollen fertility in the plants with interchromosomal exchanges hampers using this trait as a marker of heterozygosity for exchanges in cotton, in contrast to species of *Pisum, Zea, Sorghum*, and *Petunia*. Heterozygosity for translocations in these species is always accompanied by half-sterile pollen because of equal probabilities of ring-shaped and zigzag-shaped quadrivalent orientation. In addition, the detection of complete male and female sterility in some cotton translocants suggested that exactly the translocations were responsible for their sterility so far as these translocation plants did not produce any seed sets from self-pollination and intercrossing. Apparently, short translocated segments involved vital chromosome domains, whose rearrangements induced to abortive gametes.

Different techniques have been employed for isolating plants homozygous for the transloca‐ tions [45]. Common methods have been used in maize and barley [46]. To identify homozy‐ gous, self the plants with normal pollen crossed to a standard normal line. If the normal being tested were homozygous for the translocation, all the F1 hybrid plants should be partially sterile. A technique for quick isolation of translocation homozygotes that not require of the analysis pollen fertility into account was also worked out. This character has been varied in the cotton translocation heterozygotes from high up to pollen sterility and cannot be used the marker characteristic. Such techniques allowed us to isolate the number of different translo‐ cation homozygotes in progeny of one and the same parent containing two or more inter‐ changes per PMC.

In 19 translocations, pollen fertility varied between flowers of one and the same plant and 11 translocations were characterized by pollen sterility. On the whole, the high frequency of

Note: the remaining 19 translocations were not included in the histogram due to their varied pollen fertility level in

This broad variability of pollen fertility in the plants with interchromosomal exchanges hampers using this trait as a marker of heterozygosity for exchanges in cotton, in contrast to species of *Pisum, Zea, Sorghum*, and *Petunia*. Heterozygosity for translocations in these species is always accompanied by half-sterile pollen because of equal probabilities of ring-shaped and zigzag-shaped quadrivalent orientation. In addition, the detection of complete male and female sterility in some cotton translocants suggested that exactly the translocations were responsible for their sterility so far as these translocation plants did not produce any seed sets from self-pollination and intercrossing. Apparently, short translocated segments involved

Different techniques have been employed for isolating plants homozygous for the transloca‐ tions [45]. Common methods have been used in maize and barley [46]. To identify homozy‐ gous, self the plants with normal pollen crossed to a standard normal line. If the normal being tested were homozygous for the translocation, all the F1 hybrid plants should be partially sterile. A technique for quick isolation of translocation homozygotes that not require of the

**Figure 4.** Percentage distribution of pollen fertility for 189 reciprocal translocations in cotton

vital chromosome domains, whose rearrangements induced to abortive gametes.

different flowers and 4 plants were complex interchanges.

254 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

abortive pollen grains in flowers was typical for 48.5% of the translocations studied.

Translocations have been confirmed as homozygous after cytogenetic studies from selfpollination progenies of the heterozygotes according to the scheme (Figure 5). Heterozygotes were selfed and progeny from each plant was examined at the metaphase I of meiosis. The plant that exhibited normal pairing were backcrossed to the control line L-458 in order to identify the plants homozygous for the translocations and the F1BC1 progeny was examined at the metaphase I of meiosis for the presence of multivalents. F1BC1 plants with multivalents pointed out homozygous for the translocation under consideration. As a result 33 new homozygous translocation stocks were isolated among those, 13 new translocation stocks of cotton (Tr1-Tr11, Tr25 and Tr26) were obtained in the combined treatment of seeds with colchicine and γ-rays hybrid progeny L-500 x L-461, one stock (Tr12) – in the pollen γirradiation hybrid progeny L-461 x L-501, while the others-from irradiation of seeds by thermal neutrons highly inbred line L-458.

In the progeny of the translocation heterozygotes, the deviations were found from the 1:2:3 ratio with a deficit of different types of plants. The latter can be explained by time limitation of examining plants or low viability by some types of progeny. So, it was not possible to establish one translocation (10201-9) in the homozygous condition because only heterozy‐ gotes and normal plants detected in progeny. Probably, it can be attributed to localiza‐ tion of the breakpoints in the region of the chromosome, which cannot be reconstructed. As it was discussed earlier for 28 of the 34 translocation lines in barley, homozygous plants were available, although one translocation – C 951 was not identified in the homozygous condition [47].

Translocation lines from our collection were numbered from Tr1 to Tr33 in the order of their detection. Thirty one translocations were simple reciprocal interchanges, involving only two nonhomologous chromosomes, whereas the two remaining (Tr2 and Tr20) were interchanges involving three non-homologous chromosomes. Translocation lines were characterized by normal pairing at metaphase I of meiosis with 26 bivalents and high meiotic index (from 90.73±0.33 for Tr24 to 98.05±0.19 for Tr22). The pollen fertility was also high (from 90.06±0.77% for Tr15 to 98.28±0.18 for Tr18) with the exception of Tr21 that was distinguished with a essential decrease in pollen fertility (to 66.01±1.28%). For the first time such semisterility of the pollen was detected in the cotton plants homozygous for the translocation. Such differences can be explained by heterogeneous translocations.

Subgenome assignment of the translocation was carried out with using hybrid DD-subgenome (F1 *G. thurberi x G. raimondii).* Three types of modal configurations are expected at metaphase I of meiosis in the triploid hybrids [48]. Translocations being involving two A-subgenome chromosomes will have not A homoeologues in the triploid hybrid and showed modal chromosome configurations – 13 (DD) bivalents and 13 (A) univalents; translocations being involving two DD-subgenome chromosomes – 11 (DD) bivalents and 13 (A) univalents and one (DDDD) quadrivalent; translocations being involving AD-subgenome chromosomes – 12 (DD) bivalents and 12 (A) univalents and one (ADD) trivalent. Tests involved many translo‐ cation lines but results were obtained for 5 lines only.

translocation lines Tr2 and Tr20 showed multivalents in hybrids because of involving the translocations among three non-homologous chromosomes. With respect to the crosses between translocation lines Tr7, Tr8 and Tr9 in which the M1 parent plant was formed of several quadrivalents in the same meiocyte, three types were present in homozygote giving rise to the three translocation lines. The data indicated that Tr7 and Tr8 involved the same two non-homological chromosomes, but Tr7 and Tr8 on the one hand and Tr9 on the other

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 257

**Figure 6.** Meiotic configuration in hybrid from crossing the translocation line Tr 16 and hybrid F1 (G. thurberi x G. rai‐ *mondii*). Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 13 univalents and 13 bivalents. Note that the background of figures was

The differences were found between translocation stocks both in the number of hybrids and the number of common chromosomes in the translocations in our investigation. Thus, the translocation lines Tr7, Tr8, Tr14, Tr16 and Tr27 showed more common chromosomes, whereas other lines-Tr1, Tr18, Tr20, Tr21, Tr23 and Tr26 showed uncommon ones. From these data it is observed that chromosomes in the translocations Tr7, Tr8, Tr14, Tr16 and Tr27 were more frequently involved in chromosome translocations, but chromosomes from the translocations lines-Tr1, Tr18, Tr20, Tr21, Tr23 and Tr26 were less frequently involved in translocations (Figure 7). On the base of rare occurrence the chromosomes in common in the hybrid involved Tr1 and Tr20 translocation stocks (two and one, respectively) it was shown that these stocks have translocated chromosomes that were rare involving into interchanges. Thus, when Tr1 stock was crossed with Tr2 and Tr20 the ring consisting of 8 chromosomes was observed in both hybrids showing that Tr1 stock has interchanged chromosomes in common with Tr2 and Tr20 stocks. However, the crosses between Tr2 and Tr20 stock detected two rings consisting of six chromosomes that pointed out the involvement unique chromosome pair in Tr1 and Tr20. Preliminary chromosome numeration in the interchanges pointed out the involvement about 50% chromosome set into reciprocal translocations in 27 studied translocation stock from

hand are different chromosomes.

cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

our collection.

**Figure 5.** Scheme of the technique used for the isolation of translocation homozygous lines (further explanations not‐ ed in the text)

Translocation lines Tr1, Tr7, Tr8 and Tr16 had AA-subgenome location translocated chromo‐ somes because their triploid hybrids shown modal configurations 13 DD-bivalents and 13-A univalents (Figure 6). Translocation line Tr2 is interchange which involves three non-homol‐ ogous chromosomes. Their triploid hybrid characterized 11 univalents and 12 bivalents and one quadrivalent that pointed out on two A-subgenome and one D-subgenome location chromosomes.

Identification of translocation homozygotes from our collection was carried out using double translocation heterozygotes obtained after intercrossing translocation plants [1]. Modal chromosome configurations at metaphase I of meiosis – 21 bivalents (II)+1 quadriva‐ lent (IV)+1 hexavalent (VI) and 22 bivalents (II)+2 quadrivalents (IV) showed the involve‐ ment the different chromosomes, modal chromosome configurations – 22 bivalents (II)+1 oktavalent (VIII) and 23 bivalents (II)+1 hexavalent (VI) indicated the chromosome in common and modal chromosome configurations – 26 bivalents (II) indicated the involve‐ ment of the same arms of the two homological chromosomes. It is important to note that

translocation lines Tr2 and Tr20 showed multivalents in hybrids because of involving the translocations among three non-homologous chromosomes. With respect to the crosses between translocation lines Tr7, Tr8 and Tr9 in which the M1 parent plant was formed of several quadrivalents in the same meiocyte, three types were present in homozygote giving rise to the three translocation lines. The data indicated that Tr7 and Tr8 involved the same two non-homological chromosomes, but Tr7 and Tr8 on the one hand and Tr9 on the other hand are different chromosomes.

one (DDDD) quadrivalent; translocations being involving AD-subgenome chromosomes – 12 (DD) bivalents and 12 (A) univalents and one (ADD) trivalent. Tests involved many translo‐

**Figure 5.** Scheme of the technique used for the isolation of translocation homozygous lines (further explanations not‐

Translocation lines Tr1, Tr7, Tr8 and Tr16 had AA-subgenome location translocated chromo‐ somes because their triploid hybrids shown modal configurations 13 DD-bivalents and 13-A univalents (Figure 6). Translocation line Tr2 is interchange which involves three non-homol‐ ogous chromosomes. Their triploid hybrid characterized 11 univalents and 12 bivalents and one quadrivalent that pointed out on two A-subgenome and one D-subgenome location

Identification of translocation homozygotes from our collection was carried out using double translocation heterozygotes obtained after intercrossing translocation plants [1]. Modal chromosome configurations at metaphase I of meiosis – 21 bivalents (II)+1 quadriva‐ lent (IV)+1 hexavalent (VI) and 22 bivalents (II)+2 quadrivalents (IV) showed the involve‐ ment the different chromosomes, modal chromosome configurations – 22 bivalents (II)+1 oktavalent (VIII) and 23 bivalents (II)+1 hexavalent (VI) indicated the chromosome in common and modal chromosome configurations – 26 bivalents (II) indicated the involve‐ ment of the same arms of the two homological chromosomes. It is important to note that

cation lines but results were obtained for 5 lines only.

256 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

ed in the text)

chromosomes.

**Figure 6.** Meiotic configuration in hybrid from crossing the translocation line Tr 16 and hybrid F1 (G. thurberi x G. rai‐ *mondii*). Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 13 univalents and 13 bivalents. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

The differences were found between translocation stocks both in the number of hybrids and the number of common chromosomes in the translocations in our investigation. Thus, the translocation lines Tr7, Tr8, Tr14, Tr16 and Tr27 showed more common chromosomes, whereas other lines-Tr1, Tr18, Tr20, Tr21, Tr23 and Tr26 showed uncommon ones. From these data it is observed that chromosomes in the translocations Tr7, Tr8, Tr14, Tr16 and Tr27 were more frequently involved in chromosome translocations, but chromosomes from the translocations lines-Tr1, Tr18, Tr20, Tr21, Tr23 and Tr26 were less frequently involved in translocations (Figure 7). On the base of rare occurrence the chromosomes in common in the hybrid involved Tr1 and Tr20 translocation stocks (two and one, respectively) it was shown that these stocks have translocated chromosomes that were rare involving into interchanges. Thus, when Tr1 stock was crossed with Tr2 and Tr20 the ring consisting of 8 chromosomes was observed in both hybrids showing that Tr1 stock has interchanged chromosomes in common with Tr2 and Tr20 stocks. However, the crosses between Tr2 and Tr20 stock detected two rings consisting of six chromosomes that pointed out the involvement unique chromosome pair in Tr1 and Tr20. Preliminary chromosome numeration in the interchanges pointed out the involvement about 50% chromosome set into reciprocal translocations in 27 studied translocation stock from our collection.

**Figure 7.** "Critical configurations" of the chromosomes at the meiotic metaphase I cells in cotton F1 plants from crosses the different translocation lines: (A) Tr2 x Tr16 (22 II+1 VIII); (B) Tr8 x Tr6 (23 II+1 VI); (C) Tr1 x Tr23 (22 II+2 IV); (D) Tr15 x Tr10 (22 II+2 IV). The arrows point to the quadrivalents, hexavalent and oktavalent. Note that the back‐ ground of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

**Figure 8.** Some examples of morphology of cotton translocation lines (Tr10, Tr11, Tr25, Tr26, Tr12) compared to origi‐

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 259

**Figure 9.** Some examples of morphology of cotton translocation lines (Tr13, Tr14, Tr16, Tr17, Tr18, Tr20, Tr21) com‐

nal parental lines (L-500, L-461, L-501).

pared to original parental line (L-458).

Moreover, translocation lines are different in morphological characters. 13 new translocation stocks of cotton *G. hirsutum* (Tr1-Tr11, Tr25 and Tr26) were obtained from the hybrid progeny (L-500 x L-461) after combine treatment, where two parent lines (L-500 and L-461) distin‐ guished by leaf shape. 6 translocation lines (Tr1, Tr2, Tr4, Tr6, Tr9 and Tr26) have leaves palmate, such as 7 lines (Tr3, Tr5, Tr7, Tr8, Tr10, Tr11 and Tr25) – lanceolate (super okra) (Fig. 8). Moreover, translocation line Tr10 be showed dense growth and bract type "frego" (Fig. 8 and 10 B). Line Tr12 have compact grow, small round leaves and small spherical boll (Figure 8).

The other 19 translocation lines were obtained by the irradiation of the seeds line L-458 of the thermal neutrons (Figure 9).

The line Tr18 was characterized by compact grow, a dense stem pubescence, cluster flowers and bolls and absent of stigma protrusion over the staminate column (Fig.10 A, C, D, F). The line Tr23 differed by dense stem of pubescence. Tr28 line demonstrated yellow color of the leaf resulted from simultaneous cytoplasmic mutation type virescent. Moreover, Tr28 line showed difference in absence of external nectarines (Fig 10 E). Thus, it was shown that chromosome translocations had a specific influence in plant morphology and that some of translocations distinguished unique marker characters (Figure 10).

Final conclusions cannot be drawn without further cytogenetical studies to identify the chromosomes involved in the translocations. It is quite evident that translocation stocks of our collection may be used for marking cotton chromosome, for the identification of the mono‐ somes and other chromosomal aberrations.

**Figure 8.** Some examples of morphology of cotton translocation lines (Tr10, Tr11, Tr25, Tr26, Tr12) compared to origi‐ nal parental lines (L-500, L-461, L-501).

Moreover, translocation lines are different in morphological characters. 13 new translocation stocks of cotton *G. hirsutum* (Tr1-Tr11, Tr25 and Tr26) were obtained from the hybrid progeny (L-500 x L-461) after combine treatment, where two parent lines (L-500 and L-461) distin‐ guished by leaf shape. 6 translocation lines (Tr1, Tr2, Tr4, Tr6, Tr9 and Tr26) have leaves palmate, such as 7 lines (Tr3, Tr5, Tr7, Tr8, Tr10, Tr11 and Tr25) – lanceolate (super okra) (Fig. 8). Moreover, translocation line Tr10 be showed dense growth and bract type "frego" (Fig. 8 and 10 B). Line Tr12 have compact grow, small round leaves and small spherical boll (Figure 8).

ground of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

**Figure 7.** "Critical configurations" of the chromosomes at the meiotic metaphase I cells in cotton F1 plants from crosses the different translocation lines: (A) Tr2 x Tr16 (22 II+1 VIII); (B) Tr8 x Tr6 (23 II+1 VI); (C) Tr1 x Tr23 (22 II+2 IV); (D) Tr15 x Tr10 (22 II+2 IV). The arrows point to the quadrivalents, hexavalent and oktavalent. Note that the back‐

The other 19 translocation lines were obtained by the irradiation of the seeds line L-458 of the

The line Tr18 was characterized by compact grow, a dense stem pubescence, cluster flowers and bolls and absent of stigma protrusion over the staminate column (Fig.10 A, C, D, F). The line Tr23 differed by dense stem of pubescence. Tr28 line demonstrated yellow color of the leaf resulted from simultaneous cytoplasmic mutation type virescent. Moreover, Tr28 line showed difference in absence of external nectarines (Fig 10 E). Thus, it was shown that chromosome translocations had a specific influence in plant morphology and that some of translocations

Final conclusions cannot be drawn without further cytogenetical studies to identify the chromosomes involved in the translocations. It is quite evident that translocation stocks of our collection may be used for marking cotton chromosome, for the identification of the mono‐

thermal neutrons (Figure 9).

258 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

distinguished unique marker characters (Figure 10).

somes and other chromosomal aberrations.

**Figure 9.** Some examples of morphology of cotton translocation lines (Tr13, Tr14, Tr16, Tr17, Tr18, Tr20, Tr21) com‐ pared to original parental line (L-458).

**Treatment**

Irradiation of seeds by thermal neutrons

Irradiation of pollen by gamma-rays

(Figure 12).

**Dose of irradiation (Gy)** **Number of primary**

**M1 M2 M3**

35 1 2 0 Мо56, Мо62

15 3 1 0 Mo58, Mo59, Mo60, Mo74

15 4 9 1 Мо3, Мо31, Мо53, Мо78

Seven of the monosomic plants had simultaneously independent chromosome interchanges so far as these shown both quadrivalent and univalent in MI meiosis. More than 70% of M1 primary monosomics (25 of 34), were induced by high doses of pollen irradiation (20 – 25 Gy) (Table 3). The number of monosomics detected declined in subsequent generations (24 and 7, respectively), and one M3 monosomic (Mo54) also displayed heterozygous translocation (Figure 11). A specific feature of the pollination with irradiated pollen of cotton was a lot of genomic mutations such as chromosome deficiencies, chromosome arm deficiencies (22.51%) in comparison with the neutron irradiation (16.85%). The latter resulted from elimination of whole chromosomes, chromosome arms, or even the complete paternal genome and yielded

Similar analysis of cotton plants from seed irradiation with thermal neutrons at doses of 15, 25, 27 and 35 Gy revealed fewer primary monosomics. After irradiation only 11 plants from three generations out of 335 studied plants were detected, moreover four of them were also interchanged heterozygotes. In M1 generation there were only 4 chromosome deficient plants, 3 of them from the dose of 15 Gy and one from the 35 Gy. Similarly 5 monosomic plants were isolated in M2 generation in all 4 doses, and two monosomic plants were identified from M3

An addition to traditional radiation-induced cotton monosomics, we used the desynaptic effect which have been found to be a useful source of aneuploidy in other crops. Although desynaptic plants in different crops are usually sterile or show extremely low fertility, the desynaptic

1,3 0 0 0 -

25 0 1 0 - 27 0 1 2 Mo1

20 11 8 4

25 14 3 0

Total 4 5 2 7

Totals 34 24 7 34

**Table 3.** The origin of the cotton primary monosomics *G. hirsutum* L.

monosomic, monotelodisomic, and haploid plants.

**monosomics Monosomic lines**

10 5 4 3 Мо10, Мо39, Мо40, Mo41, Мо50, Мо81, Мо82

Мо4, Мо7, Мо11, Мо22, Мо27, Мо28, Мо34,

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 261

Мо9, Мо13, Мо15, Мо16, Мо17, Мо19, Мо38,

Мо35, Мо36, Мо66, Мо75, Mo90

Мо46, Мо48, Мо76, Mo77

**Figure 10.** Some unique morphologic characters of the translocation lines: (A) a dense stem pubescence of the trans‐ location lines Tr18 (1) and Tr23 (3) in comparison with parental line L-458 (2); (B) bract type "frego" of the transloca‐ tion line Tr10; (C) cluster flowers in translocation line Tr18; (D) absent of stigma protrusion over the staminate column in translocation line Tr18 (2) in comparison with parental line L-458 (1); (E) absence of external nectarines in transloca‐ tion line Tr28 (1) in comparison with parental line L-458 (2); (F) cluster bolls in translocation line Tr18.

#### **5. Primary monosomics of the** *G. hirsutum* **L.**

The cultivated allotetraploid cotton, *G. hirsutum* (2n=52), was tolerant to the loss of individual chromosomes or their arms. One of chromosome missing in monosomic cotton plant which has only 51 chromosoms. Meiotic metaphase I analysis of cotton primary monosomics are revealed modal chromosome pairing with 25 bivalents and univalent. Between 1987 and 2010, we developed a total of 94 *G. hirsutum* primary monosomics from the common genetic background of the highly inbred line L-458 after irradiation of seeds by thermal neutrons or pollen gamma-irradiation directly in M1, M2 and M3 generations. Most of them (75 of 94) observed from the two irradiation types directly in M1, M2 and M3 generations. The remaining 19 monosomic plants resulted from chromosome aberrant progenies (desynapsis and inter‐ changes). Most of the primary monosomics (34) were induced in the M1 generation as a result of pollen γ-irradiation by doses of 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy (Table 3).


**Table 3.** The origin of the cotton primary monosomics *G. hirsutum* L.

**Figure 10.** Some unique morphologic characters of the translocation lines: (A) a dense stem pubescence of the trans‐ location lines Tr18 (1) and Tr23 (3) in comparison with parental line L-458 (2); (B) bract type "frego" of the transloca‐ tion line Tr10; (C) cluster flowers in translocation line Tr18; (D) absent of stigma protrusion over the staminate column in translocation line Tr18 (2) in comparison with parental line L-458 (1); (E) absence of external nectarines in transloca‐

The cultivated allotetraploid cotton, *G. hirsutum* (2n=52), was tolerant to the loss of individual chromosomes or their arms. One of chromosome missing in monosomic cotton plant which has only 51 chromosoms. Meiotic metaphase I analysis of cotton primary monosomics are revealed modal chromosome pairing with 25 bivalents and univalent. Between 1987 and 2010, we developed a total of 94 *G. hirsutum* primary monosomics from the common genetic background of the highly inbred line L-458 after irradiation of seeds by thermal neutrons or pollen gamma-irradiation directly in M1, M2 and M3 generations. Most of them (75 of 94) observed from the two irradiation types directly in M1, M2 and M3 generations. The remaining 19 monosomic plants resulted from chromosome aberrant progenies (desynapsis and inter‐ changes). Most of the primary monosomics (34) were induced in the M1 generation as a result

tion line Tr28 (1) in comparison with parental line L-458 (2); (F) cluster bolls in translocation line Tr18.

**5. Primary monosomics of the** *G. hirsutum* **L.**

260 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

of pollen γ-irradiation by doses of 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy (Table 3).

Seven of the monosomic plants had simultaneously independent chromosome interchanges so far as these shown both quadrivalent and univalent in MI meiosis. More than 70% of M1 primary monosomics (25 of 34), were induced by high doses of pollen irradiation (20 – 25 Gy) (Table 3). The number of monosomics detected declined in subsequent generations (24 and 7, respectively), and one M3 monosomic (Mo54) also displayed heterozygous translocation (Figure 11). A specific feature of the pollination with irradiated pollen of cotton was a lot of genomic mutations such as chromosome deficiencies, chromosome arm deficiencies (22.51%) in comparison with the neutron irradiation (16.85%). The latter resulted from elimination of whole chromosomes, chromosome arms, or even the complete paternal genome and yielded monosomic, monotelodisomic, and haploid plants.

Similar analysis of cotton plants from seed irradiation with thermal neutrons at doses of 15, 25, 27 and 35 Gy revealed fewer primary monosomics. After irradiation only 11 plants from three generations out of 335 studied plants were detected, moreover four of them were also interchanged heterozygotes. In M1 generation there were only 4 chromosome deficient plants, 3 of them from the dose of 15 Gy and one from the 35 Gy. Similarly 5 monosomic plants were isolated in M2 generation in all 4 doses, and two monosomic plants were identified from M3 (Figure 12).

An addition to traditional radiation-induced cotton monosomics, we used the desynaptic effect which have been found to be a useful source of aneuploidy in other crops. Although desynaptic plants in different crops are usually sterile or show extremely low fertility, the desynaptic

wheat. We observed that pollen fertility was varied among the flowers on the same plant (from

**Number of univalents**

1609/66-DPP 52 60 2-12 4.77±0.48 23.62±0.24 656 70.12±1.79 1609/66-22 Mo55 51 22 1-3 1.45±0.18 24.77±0.09 466 93.99±1.10 1609/66 -4 Mo69 51 33 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 499 98.27±0.58 1063/63-13-DPP 52 42 2-28 14.33±0.9 18.83±0.45 405 65.68±2.36 1063/63-133 Mo70 51 25 1-3 1.08±0.08 24.96±0.04 639 95.15±0.85 1063/63-134 Mo71 51 24 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 352 96.02±1.04 1063/63-135 Mo72 51 21 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 632 96.87±0.69 1063/63-136 Mo73 51 30 1-3 1.47±0.15 24.77±0.08 612 98.53±0.49 1570/149-3-DPP 52 42 2-8 2.43±0.31 24.79±0.15 440 94.09±1.12 1570/149-318 Mo78 51 18 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 - -

1570/149-137 Mo85 51 16 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 984 97.97±0.45

356/8-DPP 52 18 2 1.67±0.18 25.17±0.09 401 61.35±2.43 356/85 Mo58 51 33 1-3 1.12±0.08 24.94±0.04 685 81.02±1.50

356/87 Mo60 51 22 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 307 38.44±2.78

356/88-14 Mo79 51 22 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 666 92.94±0.99 356/88-15 Mo80 51 20 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 447 99.78±0.22 356/88-5 Mo84 51 39 1-3 1.41±0.13 24.79±0.07 322 98.14±0.75

179/2-DPP 52 32 2-8 2.50±0.37 24.75±0.19 157-537

179/212 Mo87 51 20 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 217-693

356/86 Mo59 51 24 1 1.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 222-1292

356/88-2 Mo91 51 19 1-3 1.11±0.11 24.95±0.05 65-726

(DPPs) and their monosomics (Mo) progenies. Bold faced rows are parental desynaptic plants.

1067/93-26-DPP 52 10 2-14 7.80±1.38 22.10±0.69 - - 1067/93-222 Mo89 51 44 1-3 1.09±0.06 24.95±0.03 1145 97.64±0.45

**Table 4.** Chromosome pairing at metaphase I observed in PMCs and pollen fertility in the cotton desynaptic parental

**Chromosome associations Pollen fertility**

**Total number of pollen grains**

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589

**Fertility, (%)**

263

2.61±1.27- 91.81±1.18

40.09±3.33- 92.93±0.97

2.25±1.00- 70.12±1.27

53.85±6.18-89.8 1±1.12

**Frequency of chromosome associations (in average per cell)**

**univalents bivalents**

52 15 2-6 2.67±0.46 24.67±0.23 467 95.29±0.98


2.61±1.27% to 91.81±1.18% in 179/2 desynaptic plant; Table 4).

**Total number of cells**

**Chromosom e number**

**Material Mo**

1570/149-13- DPP

> 356/88 unknown kariotype

**Figure 11.** Meiotic configurations in primary monosomics in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained after pollen irradiation in M1 and M2. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 25 bivalents and 1 univalent in plant (A) 1596/5; (B) 161/1; (C) 199/42 ; (D) 186/125.. . Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

**Figure 12.** Meiotic configurations in primary monosomics in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained irradiation of the seeds by thermal neutrons in M1, M2 and M3 generations. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 25 bivalents and 1 univalent in plant (A) 1474/2810-1 ; (B) 359/9; (C) 368/41. The arrows point to the univalents. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

cotton plant 1063/63-13 had semisterile pollen due to different number of unpaired univalents (from 2 to 28) in different PMCs. Desynapsis level was estimated as intermediate. Other six desynaptic plants were characterized with weak desynapsis level and formed from 2 to 14 univalents. As a result, 17 primary monosomics were isolated from the progenies of 7 desy‐ naptic plants and one unexamined plant from the desynaptic plant progeny (Table 4).

All the initial desynaptic plants differed by their number of unpaired chromosomes (from 2 to 28 univalents). Disruptions in unpaired chromosome disjunction led to a random univalent distribution between the cell division poles, forming numerous tetrads with micronuclei (to 13.42±0.87%), lowering of meiotic index (to 75.07±1.11% in 356/8 desynaptic plant), and pollen fertility reduction to semisterility (61.35±2.43%). Meiotic index is a normal tetrad percentage and an indicator of meiotic stability, which proposed by Love [49] for evaluation of meiosis in wheat. We observed that pollen fertility was varied among the flowers on the same plant (from 2.61±1.27% to 91.81±1.18% in 179/2 desynaptic plant; Table 4).


cotton plant 1063/63-13 had semisterile pollen due to different number of unpaired univalents (from 2 to 28) in different PMCs. Desynapsis level was estimated as intermediate. Other six desynaptic plants were characterized with weak desynapsis level and formed from 2 to 14 univalents. As a result, 17 primary monosomics were isolated from the progenies of 7 desy‐

**Figure 12.** Meiotic configurations in primary monosomics in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained irradiation of the seeds by thermal neutrons in M1, M2 and M3 generations. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 25 bivalents and 1 univalent in plant (A) 1474/2810-1 ; (B) 359/9; (C) 368/41. The arrows point to the univalents. Note that the background of figures

**Figure 11.** Meiotic configurations in primary monosomics in cotton *G. hirsutum* obtained after pollen irradiation in M1 and M2. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 25 bivalents and 1 univalent in plant (A) 1596/5; (B) 161/1; (C) 199/42 ; (D)

. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

186/125..

262 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

All the initial desynaptic plants differed by their number of unpaired chromosomes (from 2 to 28 univalents). Disruptions in unpaired chromosome disjunction led to a random univalent distribution between the cell division poles, forming numerous tetrads with micronuclei (to 13.42±0.87%), lowering of meiotic index (to 75.07±1.11% in 356/8 desynaptic plant), and pollen fertility reduction to semisterility (61.35±2.43%). Meiotic index is a normal tetrad percentage and an indicator of meiotic stability, which proposed by Love [49] for evaluation of meiosis in

naptic plants and one unexamined plant from the desynaptic plant progeny (Table 4).

was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

**Table 4.** Chromosome pairing at metaphase I observed in PMCs and pollen fertility in the cotton desynaptic parental (DPPs) and their monosomics (Mo) progenies. Bold faced rows are parental desynaptic plants.

One unique desynaptic plant-356/8 (row number/plant number in M1 generation in field) was observed from the desynaptic progenies studies. This plant produced monosomics in high frequency with a small size of univalents and strong phenotypic differences, suggesting monosomy for different chromosomes of cotton genome. In previous we identified two new monosomics (Mo30 and Mo67) using progeny of translocation plants [33].

Meiotic metaphase I analysis of 94 cotton primary monosomics showed modal chromo‐ some pairing with 25 bivalents and univalent in 38 plants. Fifty monosomic plants were characterized with the presence of additional univalents side by side bivalents. Thus, in 34 monosomics, the formation of three univalents in some PMCs was observed due to lack of pairing of single pair of chromosomes. Three monosomics formed five univalents in some PMCs suggesting the absence of pairing in two chromosome pairs. Another five monosomics were characterized with the presence of unpaired chromosomes in 20 – 30% PMCs. In 8 chromosome deficient plants, a strong desynaptic effect was detected as they formed from 3 to 11 univalents in 40 – 60% PMCs studied. None of the studied PMCs in the monosomic plant Mo52 revealed normal chromosome pairing because it character‐ ized with the presence of 3 to 15 univalents. The variation in the number of univalents could be explained by different expression of synaptic genes in different cells [44]. Later, disomic desynaptic plants were found in the progeny of two plants, which produced up to 52 univalents in PMCs. This finding confirmed our hypothesis of independent parallel mutations in desynaptic genes of original plants.

Some of monosomic plants showed (Mo6, Mo7, Mo19, Mo30, Mo56, Mo61, and Mo62) univalents, bivalents and trivalents (from 0.04±0.04 to 0.12±0.06 in average per cell) formed at metaphase-I of meiosis. Those results suggested association of univalent with two homeolo‐ gous chromosomes. Such trivalents formed by pairing of homologous chromosomes were also found in other monosomic plants [50]. Moreover, two of them (Mo56 and Mo61) were also characterized with additional univalents. The other 12 cotton primary monosomics showed quadrivalent associations with different frequencies suggesting heterozygosity for their translocation. Analysis of the sizes of monosomes revealed medium univalent size in 44 monosomics (Fig. 13 C, D); whereas there were 22 monosomics with large univalents (Fig. 13 A, B). The number of monosomics having small univalents was slightly higher (27); moreover, among these, 6 monosomics with very small univalents were detected (Fig. 13 E, F). Therefore, according to a preliminary assignment of monosomes considered on the basis of their sizes to the subgenomes, 22 large monosomes can be assigned to the At -genome and 27 monosomes of small sizes to the Dt -genome.

our experiments, we detected a nearly 2 : 1 ratio of the At

for all that monosomes of medium sizes to be from At

figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

tolerance of G. hirsutum to loss of the large At

chromosomes.



significantly different from the ratio given by Myles and Endrizzi [52]. This confirms a greater

**Figure 13.** Meiotic configurations in monosomic lines in cotton *G. hirsutum*. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 25 bi‐ valents and 1 univalent in (A) Mo13 and (B) Mo16 (large univalent size); (C) Mo11 and (d) Mo4 (medium univalent size); (E) Mo80 and (F) Mo89 (small univalent size). The arrows point to the univalents. Note that the background of

Analysis of the tetrads was carried out for 87 primary monosomics of our collection. Most of the monosomics (73 or 83.91%) had high meiotic index (more than 90%) than that of the control plants (95.11±0.46%). That indicates regular univalent chromosome disjunction. Fourteen of the monosomics (16.09%) were characterized with lowering of meiotic index from 89.33% (Mo74) to 68.32% (Mo4). Moreover, 10 of the monosomics had a smaller reduction of meiotic index (to 80%) compared others two monosomics (Mo4 and Mo16). These monosomics were induced in M1 generation by pollen gamma-irradiation in doses of 20 and 25 Gy, leading to strong meiotic index reduction (to 68.32±1.10% and 76.07±0.93%, respectively). We also observe an increase of percentage of tetrads with micronuclei (to 6.87±0.60% and 21.56±0.90% respectively) in comparison with the control line (1.42±0.25%).Two other monosomics (Mo88 and Mo90), selected from M3 generation treated by thermal neutrons and pollen with gamma-rays were characterized with different meiotic


Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 265



It is known that only three chromosome pairs of G. hirsutum have long arms that are two or three times the length of the short arms [51]. Monosomes of medium sizes demand special translocation tests with subgenome and chromosome number assignment of the translocated chromosomes. The analysis of subgenome assignment of unidentified monosomes of medium sizes showed the At subgenome location [52] and significant deviation from the expected 1:1 ratio of the At -subgenome monosome number to the Dt -subgenome ones. This observation implied that preferential loss of the At -subgenome chromosome was caused by specific genetic regulation system of chromosome disjunction and was not due to size of monosomes [52]. In

One unique desynaptic plant-356/8 (row number/plant number in M1 generation in field) was observed from the desynaptic progenies studies. This plant produced monosomics in high frequency with a small size of univalents and strong phenotypic differences, suggesting monosomy for different chromosomes of cotton genome. In previous we identified two new

Meiotic metaphase I analysis of 94 cotton primary monosomics showed modal chromo‐ some pairing with 25 bivalents and univalent in 38 plants. Fifty monosomic plants were characterized with the presence of additional univalents side by side bivalents. Thus, in 34 monosomics, the formation of three univalents in some PMCs was observed due to lack of pairing of single pair of chromosomes. Three monosomics formed five univalents in some PMCs suggesting the absence of pairing in two chromosome pairs. Another five monosomics were characterized with the presence of unpaired chromosomes in 20 – 30% PMCs. In 8 chromosome deficient plants, a strong desynaptic effect was detected as they formed from 3 to 11 univalents in 40 – 60% PMCs studied. None of the studied PMCs in the monosomic plant Mo52 revealed normal chromosome pairing because it character‐ ized with the presence of 3 to 15 univalents. The variation in the number of univalents could be explained by different expression of synaptic genes in different cells [44]. Later, disomic desynaptic plants were found in the progeny of two plants, which produced up to 52 univalents in PMCs. This finding confirmed our hypothesis of independent parallel

Some of monosomic plants showed (Mo6, Mo7, Mo19, Mo30, Mo56, Mo61, and Mo62) univalents, bivalents and trivalents (from 0.04±0.04 to 0.12±0.06 in average per cell) formed at metaphase-I of meiosis. Those results suggested association of univalent with two homeolo‐ gous chromosomes. Such trivalents formed by pairing of homologous chromosomes were also found in other monosomic plants [50]. Moreover, two of them (Mo56 and Mo61) were also characterized with additional univalents. The other 12 cotton primary monosomics showed quadrivalent associations with different frequencies suggesting heterozygosity for their translocation. Analysis of the sizes of monosomes revealed medium univalent size in 44 monosomics (Fig. 13 C, D); whereas there were 22 monosomics with large univalents (Fig. 13 A, B). The number of monosomics having small univalents was slightly higher (27); moreover, among these, 6 monosomics with very small univalents were detected (Fig. 13 E, F). Therefore, according to a preliminary assignment of monosomes considered on the basis of their sizes to

It is known that only three chromosome pairs of G. hirsutum have long arms that are two or three times the length of the short arms [51]. Monosomes of medium sizes demand special translocation tests with subgenome and chromosome number assignment of the translocated chromosomes. The analysis of subgenome assignment of unidentified monosomes of medium

regulation system of chromosome disjunction and was not due to size of monosomes [52]. In

subgenome location [52] and significant deviation from the expected 1:1




monosomics (Mo30 and Mo67) using progeny of translocation plants [33].

mutations in desynaptic genes of original plants.

the subgenomes, 22 large monosomes can be assigned to the At



of small sizes to the Dt

264 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

sizes showed the At

implied that preferential loss of the At

ratio of the At

**Figure 13.** Meiotic configurations in monosomic lines in cotton *G. hirsutum*. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 25 bi‐ valents and 1 univalent in (A) Mo13 and (B) Mo16 (large univalent size); (C) Mo11 and (d) Mo4 (medium univalent size); (E) Mo80 and (F) Mo89 (small univalent size). The arrows point to the univalents. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.

our experiments, we detected a nearly 2 : 1 ratio of the At -to the Dt -subgenome monosomes for all that monosomes of medium sizes to be from At -genome. The ratio observed us is not significantly different from the ratio given by Myles and Endrizzi [52]. This confirms a greater tolerance of G. hirsutum to loss of the large At -genome chromosome than the small Dt -genome chromosomes.

Analysis of the tetrads was carried out for 87 primary monosomics of our collection. Most of the monosomics (73 or 83.91%) had high meiotic index (more than 90%) than that of the control plants (95.11±0.46%). That indicates regular univalent chromosome disjunction. Fourteen of the monosomics (16.09%) were characterized with lowering of meiotic index from 89.33% (Mo74) to 68.32% (Mo4). Moreover, 10 of the monosomics had a smaller reduction of meiotic index (to 80%) compared others two monosomics (Mo4 and Mo16). These monosomics were induced in M1 generation by pollen gamma-irradiation in doses of 20 and 25 Gy, leading to strong meiotic index reduction (to 68.32±1.10% and 76.07±0.93%, respectively). We also observe an increase of percentage of tetrads with micronuclei (to 6.87±0.60% and 21.56±0.90% respectively) in comparison with the control line (1.42±0.25%).Two other monosomics (Mo88 and Mo90), selected from M3 generation treated by thermal neutrons and pollen with gamma-rays were characterized with different meiotic index in various buds. Variation limits were also observed for the number of tetrads with micronuclei.

Meiotic index decrease in 6 monosomics (Mo16, Mo28, Mo52, Mo74, Mo88 and Mo90) could be explained because of the presence of a additional univalents at meiotic metaphase I. In contrast, meiotic index decrease in 4 monosomics (Mo8, Mo21, Mo23 and Mo57) was connected with simultaneous translocation heterozygosity that led to chromosome disjunction disturbances and the production of tetrads with micronuclei. However, meiotic index decrease in 3 monosomics with the modal chromosome pairing (Mo4, Mo34 and Mo37) and increase of number of tetrads with micronuclei In Mo4 (to 6.87±0.60%) directly demonstrated disturbances in monosome disjunction and imbalanced gamete formation. Therefore, the low frequency of tetrads with micronuclei in cotton monosomic argues for stability of monosomes, which seldom undergo irregular division (misdivision) of univa‐ lent centromeres [43]. This is confirmed by the fact that we found only 9 monotelodiso‐ mics and one isochromosome in more than 1000 cytologically examined plants of the progeny of various monosomics from our cytogenetical collection. These results are in contrast with earlier data on the degree of chromosome lagging in wheat monosomics, where the frequency of tetrads with micronuclei varied from 34.1 to 65.2% [53].

Pollen fertility after acetocarmine staining was studied in 93 primary cotton monosomics, isolated mainly from different types of irradiation. High pollen fertility was detected only in 30 plants with chromosome deficiencies that pointed out probable early haplo-defi‐ cient microspore abortion prior to mature pollen stage. Remaining monosomics were characterized with pollen fertility decrease. Thus, 17 monosomics had small lowering of pollen fertility (to 70%), 11 – semisterile pollen (to 40%) and 15 – strong pollen fertility reduction (to 5%) (Fig. 14). Pollen sterility was established in 6 monosomics (Mo5, Mo7, Mo10, Mo44, Mo45 and Mo47) derived from M1 generation after irradiation of pollen and in two monosomics (Mo57 and Mo74) isolated after thermal neutron seed irradiation. Monosomics Mo5 and Mo44 did not produce any seeds from self-pollination and intercross‐ ing that suggest their complete sterility. In 11 monosomics pollen fertility was varied among different flowers on the same plant; moreover, the variation limits were strongly dif‐ fered. Reproduced monosomics from the 3 other families (Mo22, Mo39 and Mo46) also had pollen fertility variation in different flowers on the same plant from semisterile or low to reduced pollen fertility.

progenies cytologically examined for monosome transmission rate (Table 5). This demon‐ strated a large variation in transmission rate from high (44.44% in Mo16 and Mo84) to very low (1.79% in Mo34). The highest transmission rate (from 30.43% in Mo72 to 44.44% in Mo16 and Mo84) was observed in 12 monosomic plants (Mo16, Mo31, Mo58, Mo59, Mo62, Mo66, Mo71, Mo72, Mo77, Mo82, Mo84 and Mo90). Results suggested frequent transmission of haplodeficient gametes. On the other hand, 12 other monosomics (Mo3, Mo4, Mo9, Mo15, Mo34, Mo35, Mo40, Mo41, Mo56, Mo61, Mo67 and Mo85) had the lowest transmission rate (from 1.79% in Mo34 to 9.38% in Mo67) due to rare *n-1* gamete transmission that demanded to use a large population for their recovery. The remaining 26 monosomic plants were transmitted with medium range of frequency (from 14.29% in Mo10 and Mo74 to 29.41% in Mo11). Significant variability in transmission rates could be explained by differences in the viability of haplo-deficient gametes involving specific chromosomes. Theoretically, after selfing monosomics must produce progenies with *2n*, *2n-1* and *2n-2* chromosome number in the ratio 1:2:1, but, in fact, cotton nullisomic gametes with *2n-2* are nonviable whereas *n* and *n-1* gametes form in unequal frequencies because of lower haplo-deficient gamete viability and their incompetitiveness in comparison with normal gametes. Thus, all the differences in detected transmission rates involve deficiencies in various chromosomes of the cotton genome. Nevertheless, transmission rate similarities in some monosomes in our collection could

**Figure 14.** Percentage distribution of pollen fertility for 82 cotton monosomic plants.

Note: the remaining 11 monosomics were not included in the histogram due to their varied pollen fertility level in

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 267

indicate identities that should be explored.

different flowers.

The reproduction of the monosomic plants was studied in the self-pollination and outcrossed progenies under the field and greenhouse conditions. Comparative analysis of the cotton monosomics produced both in the field and greenhouse revealed distinct morphological differences in comparison with disomic sibs. As a result, monosomics were reproduced in 18 generations under field condition. However, we did not analyze most of the progenies and determine exact transmission frequency in the field due to limited space, time and cost. Thirteen of 18 reproduced later under greenhouse condition whereas five monosomics (Mo22, Mo36, Mo39, Mo46 and Mo53) plants did not produce daughter monosomics.

The progenies of 81 different monosomics were studied in the greenhouse. All monosomic families strongly differed in number of plants studied, and in only 18 families were all

Note: the remaining 11 monosomics were not included in the histogram due to their varied pollen fertility level in different flowers.

**Figure 14.** Percentage distribution of pollen fertility for 82 cotton monosomic plants.

index in various buds. Variation limits were also observed for the number of tetrads with

Meiotic index decrease in 6 monosomics (Mo16, Mo28, Mo52, Mo74, Mo88 and Mo90) could be explained because of the presence of a additional univalents at meiotic metaphase I. In contrast, meiotic index decrease in 4 monosomics (Mo8, Mo21, Mo23 and Mo57) was connected with simultaneous translocation heterozygosity that led to chromosome disjunction disturbances and the production of tetrads with micronuclei. However, meiotic index decrease in 3 monosomics with the modal chromosome pairing (Mo4, Mo34 and Mo37) and increase of number of tetrads with micronuclei In Mo4 (to 6.87±0.60%) directly demonstrated disturbances in monosome disjunction and imbalanced gamete formation. Therefore, the low frequency of tetrads with micronuclei in cotton monosomic argues for stability of monosomes, which seldom undergo irregular division (misdivision) of univa‐ lent centromeres [43]. This is confirmed by the fact that we found only 9 monotelodiso‐ mics and one isochromosome in more than 1000 cytologically examined plants of the progeny of various monosomics from our cytogenetical collection. These results are in contrast with earlier data on the degree of chromosome lagging in wheat monosomics,

where the frequency of tetrads with micronuclei varied from 34.1 to 65.2% [53].

Pollen fertility after acetocarmine staining was studied in 93 primary cotton monosomics, isolated mainly from different types of irradiation. High pollen fertility was detected only in 30 plants with chromosome deficiencies that pointed out probable early haplo-defi‐ cient microspore abortion prior to mature pollen stage. Remaining monosomics were characterized with pollen fertility decrease. Thus, 17 monosomics had small lowering of pollen fertility (to 70%), 11 – semisterile pollen (to 40%) and 15 – strong pollen fertility reduction (to 5%) (Fig. 14). Pollen sterility was established in 6 monosomics (Mo5, Mo7, Mo10, Mo44, Mo45 and Mo47) derived from M1 generation after irradiation of pollen and in two monosomics (Mo57 and Mo74) isolated after thermal neutron seed irradiation. Monosomics Mo5 and Mo44 did not produce any seeds from self-pollination and intercross‐ ing that suggest their complete sterility. In 11 monosomics pollen fertility was varied among different flowers on the same plant; moreover, the variation limits were strongly dif‐ fered. Reproduced monosomics from the 3 other families (Mo22, Mo39 and Mo46) also had pollen fertility variation in different flowers on the same plant from semisterile or low to

The reproduction of the monosomic plants was studied in the self-pollination and outcrossed progenies under the field and greenhouse conditions. Comparative analysis of the cotton monosomics produced both in the field and greenhouse revealed distinct morphological differences in comparison with disomic sibs. As a result, monosomics were reproduced in 18 generations under field condition. However, we did not analyze most of the progenies and determine exact transmission frequency in the field due to limited space, time and cost. Thirteen of 18 reproduced later under greenhouse condition whereas five monosomics (Mo22,

The progenies of 81 different monosomics were studied in the greenhouse. All monosomic families strongly differed in number of plants studied, and in only 18 families were all

Mo36, Mo39, Mo46 and Mo53) plants did not produce daughter monosomics.

micronuclei.

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reduced pollen fertility.

progenies cytologically examined for monosome transmission rate (Table 5). This demon‐ strated a large variation in transmission rate from high (44.44% in Mo16 and Mo84) to very low (1.79% in Mo34). The highest transmission rate (from 30.43% in Mo72 to 44.44% in Mo16 and Mo84) was observed in 12 monosomic plants (Mo16, Mo31, Mo58, Mo59, Mo62, Mo66, Mo71, Mo72, Mo77, Mo82, Mo84 and Mo90). Results suggested frequent transmission of haplodeficient gametes. On the other hand, 12 other monosomics (Mo3, Mo4, Mo9, Mo15, Mo34, Mo35, Mo40, Mo41, Mo56, Mo61, Mo67 and Mo85) had the lowest transmission rate (from 1.79% in Mo34 to 9.38% in Mo67) due to rare *n-1* gamete transmission that demanded to use a large population for their recovery. The remaining 26 monosomic plants were transmitted with medium range of frequency (from 14.29% in Mo10 and Mo74 to 29.41% in Mo11). Significant variability in transmission rates could be explained by differences in the viability of haplo-deficient gametes involving specific chromosomes. Theoretically, after selfing monosomics must produce progenies with *2n*, *2n-1* and *2n-2* chromosome number in the ratio 1:2:1, but, in fact, cotton nullisomic gametes with *2n-2* are nonviable whereas *n* and *n-1* gametes form in unequal frequencies because of lower haplo-deficient gamete viability and their incompetitiveness in comparison with normal gametes. Thus, all the differences in detected transmission rates involve deficiencies in various chromosomes of the cotton genome. Nevertheless, transmission rate similarities in some monosomes in our collection could indicate identities that should be explored.


**Mo**

**Total no. of plants**

**No. of studied plants**

**Discomics (26II)**

\*Families shown in parenthesis are too small to provide a very informative assessment.

**Table 5.** Transmission of the monosomes in the progenies of cotton monosomics (Mo) under greenhouse condition

In cytogenetic analysis, 30 out of 52 cotton monosomic lines showed modal chromosome pairing with 25 bivalents plus one univalent at metaphase-1 of meiosis. The remaining 20 monosomic lines were characterized by the presence of additional univalents in PMCs; moreover, three lines (Mo10, Mo11 and Mo39) had highest frequencies of such univalents (from 1.21±0.10 to 1.33±0.08 in average per cell, respectively). The line Mo4 was characterized by the presence of rare trivalents (0.12±0.06 in average per cell) that suggested pairing of the monosomic chromosome with homoeologous chromosome. Appearance of additional univalents in the monosomic lines was seen previously in cotton. Homozygotization of

**Monotelodisomics (25II+1t)**

Mo60 16 14 10 0 4 28.57 3 Mo61 41 18 16 1 1 5.56 3 Mo62 61 24 17 0 11 35.48 3 Mo66 31 31 20 0 11 35.48 3 Mo67 40 35 32 0 3 9.38 4 Mo69 18 18 13 0 5 27.78 2 Mo70 18 18 15 0 3 16.67 3 Mo71 20 20 13 0 7 35.00 2 Mo72 23 23 16 0 7 30.43 2 Mo73 28 24 18 0 6 25.00 2 Mo75 35 15 11 0 4 26.67 3 Mo76 31 18 14 0 4 22.22 4 (Mo77) 22 10 6 0 4 40.00 1 Mo79 31 22 16 0 6 27.27 3 Mo80 48 20 17 0 3 15.00 3 Mo81 21 12 9 0 3 25.00 2 (Mo82) 17 11 7 0 4 36.36 2 Mo84 31 18 10 0 8 44.44 2 Mo85 48 26 25 0 1 3.85 2 Mo89 47 21 17 0 4 19.05 3 Mo90 16 16 11 0 5 31.25 1

**Monosomics (25II+1I)**

**Transmission (%)**

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589

> **No. of progenies**

269


\*Families shown in parenthesis are too small to provide a very informative assessment.

**Mo**

**Total no. of plants**

268 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

**No. of studied plants**

**Discomics (26II)**

**Monotelodisomics (25II+1t)**

**Monosomics (25II+1I)**

**Transmission (%)**

**No. of progenies**

**Table 5.** Transmission of the monosomes in the progenies of cotton monosomics (Mo) under greenhouse condition

In cytogenetic analysis, 30 out of 52 cotton monosomic lines showed modal chromosome pairing with 25 bivalents plus one univalent at metaphase-1 of meiosis. The remaining 20 monosomic lines were characterized by the presence of additional univalents in PMCs; moreover, three lines (Mo10, Mo11 and Mo39) had highest frequencies of such univalents (from 1.21±0.10 to 1.33±0.08 in average per cell, respectively). The line Mo4 was characterized by the presence of rare trivalents (0.12±0.06 in average per cell) that suggested pairing of the monosomic chromosome with homoeologous chromosome. Appearance of additional univalents in the monosomic lines was seen previously in cotton. Homozygotization of daughter monosomic genotype led to meiosis stabilization and absence of additional univa‐ lents in subsequent generations.

and two other lines (Mo9 and Mo76) had leaf folding in the area of the main rib or lobe

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 271

Four monosomic lines (Mo4, Mo10, Mo46 and Mo67) differed by having feeble budding and flowering (to 10-15 flowers during the summer) whereas three other lines (Mo22, Mo39 and Mo56) had strong budding and flowering (to 40-60 flowers during the summer) but low seed and boll set (from 10,10±0,78 to 20,71±0,52 per one boll). Many monosomic lines were charac‐ terized by small flowers and bracts; however, 6 lines (Mo4, Mo10, Mo16, Mo34, Mo46 and Mo48) were distinguished by a strong reduction in flower sizes (from 38mm to 48mm). Taken together, 7 monosomic lines (Mo9, Mo31, Mo39, Mo71, Mo72, Mo73 and Mo76) had large bracts (to 65x67mm for Mo9) and 5 monosomics (Mo4, Mo10, Mo34, Mo46 and Mo80) had small bracts (to 25x21mm for Mo10). Some chromosome deficient lines (Mo31, Mo72 and Mo76) differed by having a large number of bract teeth (from 14 to 18) whereas other lines had small number of bract teeth (Mo4, Mo10, Mo19, Mo34, Mo46 and Mo80) (from 8 to 12) (Figure 16). In the Mo39 line additional bracts were present, in the Mo17 the bracts were asymmetrical and in the

**Figure 15.** Some examples of morphology of cotton monosomic lines: (A) Mo11; (B) Mo31; (C) Mo50; (D) Mo76; (E)

Mo27 the bracts were deformed with feebly expressed teeth.

division, respectively.

Mo81; (F) Mo82; (G) Mo89; (H) Mo90.

Monosomic lines were also distinguished by sizes of the univalents. Thus, 8 lines were characterized with univalents of large sizes, 29 monosomic lines had univalents of medium sizes, 11-had small univalents. The remaining 4 monosomic lines had extremely small univalents that suggested a different sub-genome origin and genetic non-uniformity. In three monosomic lines (Mo1, Mo9 and Mo46), the sizes of univalents differed various in the parental and daughter monosomics, underlining the possibility of univalent shifts in progeny.

Analysis of tetrads of microspores showed a high meiotic index in the majority of the mono‐ somic lines with the exception of the line Mo84 which varied in both meiotic index (from 49.90±1.12% to 95.48±0.27%) and tetrads with micronuclei (from 12.44±0.74 to 0.53±0.10%) in different buds. The meiotic index variation led to variation in pollen fertility (from 65.14±1.45% to 94.46±0.36%) within individual flowers of the same plant. It should be noted that lower meiotic index was recorded in wheat monosomic lines and a high percentage of tetrads with micronuclei confirmed that univalents frequently lagged during chromosome disjunction [54].

Pollen fertility analysis of cotton monosomic lines after acetocarmine staining showed high pollen fertility in the majority of the lines. Only line Mo10 was characterized with strong lowering of the character (to 19.35±2.37%) that suggested its partial sterility of chromosome deficient pollen. Six other lines (Mo22, Mo34, Mo39, Mo46, Mo84 and Mo89) showed variation in pollen fertility in different flowers within the same monosomic plants. In the three parental monosomics (Mo22, Mo39 and Mo46) variation in pollen fertility among different flowers within the same plants was also observed (13.43-91.37%; 2.53-34.21%; 2.10-92.46%, respective‐ ly). The ranges of variation in pollen fertility were wider in two monosomics (Mo22 and Mo46). A similar effect detected in daughter monosomics, confirmed the genetic determination of such variation and suggested possible chromosome localization of the gene(s) for male gameto‐ phyte viability in the deficient chromosomes. It is known that the majority of cotton chromo‐ some deficiencies are not transmissible via pollen due to non-functionality of chromatindeficient pollen [54]. Besides, Kakani et al. [19] reported that gene(s) responsible for pollen spine development were located on long arm of chromosome 12 using the advanced technique of confocal laser scanning microscopy and substitution lines.

A study of the morphology of cotton monosomic plants revealed the specific influence of monosomy on many characters that were differentiated them from disomic sibs. Such characters were thin stem, feeble leafing, small leaves, short internodes, crooked sympo‐ dia, small flowers and bolls, as well as deformed and obligospermous bolls. At the same time, 4 monosomic lines (Mo35, Mo36, Mo40 and Mo50) looked like disomic sibs. Al‐ though the majority of the monosomic lines had a compact bush, 10 lines (Mo3, Mo7, Mo11, Mo31, Mo35, Mo39, Mo60, Mo69, Mo73 and Mo89) were characterized by a scattered bush. Two lines (Mo7 and Mo56) differed by having a crooked sympodia and 3 other lines (Mo75, Mo76 and Mo82) had elongated internodes. In 3 lines (Mo13, Mo34 and Mo66), a dense stem pubescence was observed whereas leaf pubescence was feeble (Figure 15). Three monosomic lines (Mo16, Mo31 and Mo48) had difference in leaf sizes within the same plant and two other lines (Mo9 and Mo76) had leaf folding in the area of the main rib or lobe division, respectively.

daughter monosomic genotype led to meiosis stabilization and absence of additional univa‐

Monosomic lines were also distinguished by sizes of the univalents. Thus, 8 lines were characterized with univalents of large sizes, 29 monosomic lines had univalents of medium sizes, 11-had small univalents. The remaining 4 monosomic lines had extremely small univalents that suggested a different sub-genome origin and genetic non-uniformity. In three monosomic lines (Mo1, Mo9 and Mo46), the sizes of univalents differed various in the parental

Analysis of tetrads of microspores showed a high meiotic index in the majority of the mono‐ somic lines with the exception of the line Mo84 which varied in both meiotic index (from 49.90±1.12% to 95.48±0.27%) and tetrads with micronuclei (from 12.44±0.74 to 0.53±0.10%) in different buds. The meiotic index variation led to variation in pollen fertility (from 65.14±1.45% to 94.46±0.36%) within individual flowers of the same plant. It should be noted that lower meiotic index was recorded in wheat monosomic lines and a high percentage of tetrads with micronuclei confirmed that univalents frequently lagged during chromosome disjunction [54].

Pollen fertility analysis of cotton monosomic lines after acetocarmine staining showed high pollen fertility in the majority of the lines. Only line Mo10 was characterized with strong lowering of the character (to 19.35±2.37%) that suggested its partial sterility of chromosome deficient pollen. Six other lines (Mo22, Mo34, Mo39, Mo46, Mo84 and Mo89) showed variation in pollen fertility in different flowers within the same monosomic plants. In the three parental monosomics (Mo22, Mo39 and Mo46) variation in pollen fertility among different flowers within the same plants was also observed (13.43-91.37%; 2.53-34.21%; 2.10-92.46%, respective‐ ly). The ranges of variation in pollen fertility were wider in two monosomics (Mo22 and Mo46). A similar effect detected in daughter monosomics, confirmed the genetic determination of such variation and suggested possible chromosome localization of the gene(s) for male gameto‐ phyte viability in the deficient chromosomes. It is known that the majority of cotton chromo‐ some deficiencies are not transmissible via pollen due to non-functionality of chromatindeficient pollen [54]. Besides, Kakani et al. [19] reported that gene(s) responsible for pollen spine development were located on long arm of chromosome 12 using the advanced technique

A study of the morphology of cotton monosomic plants revealed the specific influence of monosomy on many characters that were differentiated them from disomic sibs. Such characters were thin stem, feeble leafing, small leaves, short internodes, crooked sympo‐ dia, small flowers and bolls, as well as deformed and obligospermous bolls. At the same time, 4 monosomic lines (Mo35, Mo36, Mo40 and Mo50) looked like disomic sibs. Al‐ though the majority of the monosomic lines had a compact bush, 10 lines (Mo3, Mo7, Mo11, Mo31, Mo35, Mo39, Mo60, Mo69, Mo73 and Mo89) were characterized by a scattered bush. Two lines (Mo7 and Mo56) differed by having a crooked sympodia and 3 other lines (Mo75, Mo76 and Mo82) had elongated internodes. In 3 lines (Mo13, Mo34 and Mo66), a dense stem pubescence was observed whereas leaf pubescence was feeble (Figure 15). Three monosomic lines (Mo16, Mo31 and Mo48) had difference in leaf sizes within the same plant

of confocal laser scanning microscopy and substitution lines.

and daughter monosomics, underlining the possibility of univalent shifts in progeny.

lents in subsequent generations.

270 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

Four monosomic lines (Mo4, Mo10, Mo46 and Mo67) differed by having feeble budding and flowering (to 10-15 flowers during the summer) whereas three other lines (Mo22, Mo39 and Mo56) had strong budding and flowering (to 40-60 flowers during the summer) but low seed and boll set (from 10,10±0,78 to 20,71±0,52 per one boll). Many monosomic lines were charac‐ terized by small flowers and bracts; however, 6 lines (Mo4, Mo10, Mo16, Mo34, Mo46 and Mo48) were distinguished by a strong reduction in flower sizes (from 38mm to 48mm). Taken together, 7 monosomic lines (Mo9, Mo31, Mo39, Mo71, Mo72, Mo73 and Mo76) had large bracts (to 65x67mm for Mo9) and 5 monosomics (Mo4, Mo10, Mo34, Mo46 and Mo80) had small bracts (to 25x21mm for Mo10). Some chromosome deficient lines (Mo31, Mo72 and Mo76) differed by having a large number of bract teeth (from 14 to 18) whereas other lines had small number of bract teeth (Mo4, Mo10, Mo19, Mo34, Mo46 and Mo80) (from 8 to 12) (Figure 16). In the Mo39 line additional bracts were present, in the Mo17 the bracts were asymmetrical and in the Mo27 the bracts were deformed with feebly expressed teeth.

**Figure 15.** Some examples of morphology of cotton monosomic lines: (A) Mo11; (B) Mo31; (C) Mo50; (D) Mo76; (E) Mo81; (F) Mo82; (G) Mo89; (H) Mo90.

The most variability was observed for the character "presence/absence of nectarines" where in 15 monosomic lines not all bracts had nectarines, and Mo66 lacked any external nectarines. Nectarines of different sizes within a single flower were presented in 6 monosomic lines (Mo9, Mo27, Mo31, Mo39, Mo84 and Mo89) (Figure 17).

(stigma to 1 mm). Moreover, as a rule, strongly reduced stigmas were located inside the staminate column. Besides flowers with reduced stigma, there were flowers in which the stigma was closed inside the stylar tissue. A dependence of stigma reduction rates related to

**Figure 17.** Outside view of nectaries in some cotton monosomics: (A) parental line L-458; (B) Mo13; (C) Mo39; (D)

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 273

All daughter monosomics of Mo62 were fertile both as male and female but had lower seed number per a boll (22.30±1.83) and lower seed set (76.90±2.47 %) in comparison with the parental line L-458 (34.40±0.62 and 89.81±1.55, respectively). A monosome of *G. hirsutum* with a strong reduction of stigma but still fertile, has not been described. Thus the monosome in

The most important changes due to monosomy concerned sizes and shapes of bolls as majority of them formed smaller round bolls almost ranging from spherical to elongated bolls with beaks or without beaks compared to control plants. Many of the bolls of monosomics were ribbed or deformed due to a number of abortive ovules and immature seeds (Figure 19). As a result, the number of seeds per boll and seed set were lower in all monosomic lines (from 9.50±1.62 in Mo13 to 32.61±3.99 % in Mo76) in comparison with the parental line (34.40±0.62 and 89.81±1.55, respectively). Mo4 was characterized with variation of boll sizes within the same monosomic plant and also the fruit occurred in clusters. Flowers and fruit clusters were also observed in Mo19. Mo66 was distinguished by a large broad beak at the top of an ovoid boll (Figure 19 D). Thus, it was shown that an individual chromosome deficiency had a specific influence in plant morphology and that some of them had unique marker characters. However, the clear similarity both morphological and cytogenetic features in some monosomics of our

the seasons of a year was also established.

Mo71; (E) Mo72.

Mo62 for the chromosome of cotton genome could be new.

**Figure 16.** The bracts in the different cotton monosomic lines : (A) parental line L-458; (B) Mo39; (C) Mo72; (D) Mo31; (E) Mo66; (F) Mo84; (G) Mo89; (H) Mo81; (I) Mo88; (J) Mo4; (K) Mo92.

Monosomy had an influence on the stigma structure and sizes in a flower. Thus, there were shorter stigmata in 3 lines (Mo17, Mo19 and Mo28) and a broad "reverting" stigma in Mo39. A new phenotypic marker for cotton monosomy – "reduced" stigma was detected in Mo62. Analysis of Mo62 progeny revealed the presence of reduced stigma only in monosomic cytotypes whereas disomic ones had normal stigma as did the control (Figure 18). This trait it makes possible to distinguish cytotypes within the progeny without cytological analysis. However, stigma reduction rate was varied in different flowers within the same plant: a little reduction stigma (to 7-9 mm); medium reduction (stigma to 2-6 mm), and strong reduction

The most variability was observed for the character "presence/absence of nectarines" where in 15 monosomic lines not all bracts had nectarines, and Mo66 lacked any external nectarines. Nectarines of different sizes within a single flower were presented in 6 monosomic lines (Mo9,

**Figure 16.** The bracts in the different cotton monosomic lines : (A) parental line L-458; (B) Mo39; (C) Mo72; (D) Mo31;

Monosomy had an influence on the stigma structure and sizes in a flower. Thus, there were shorter stigmata in 3 lines (Mo17, Mo19 and Mo28) and a broad "reverting" stigma in Mo39. A new phenotypic marker for cotton monosomy – "reduced" stigma was detected in Mo62. Analysis of Mo62 progeny revealed the presence of reduced stigma only in monosomic cytotypes whereas disomic ones had normal stigma as did the control (Figure 18). This trait it makes possible to distinguish cytotypes within the progeny without cytological analysis. However, stigma reduction rate was varied in different flowers within the same plant: a little reduction stigma (to 7-9 mm); medium reduction (stigma to 2-6 mm), and strong reduction

(E) Mo66; (F) Mo84; (G) Mo89; (H) Mo81; (I) Mo88; (J) Mo4; (K) Mo92.

Mo27, Mo31, Mo39, Mo84 and Mo89) (Figure 17).

272 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

**Figure 17.** Outside view of nectaries in some cotton monosomics: (A) parental line L-458; (B) Mo13; (C) Mo39; (D) Mo71; (E) Mo72.

(stigma to 1 mm). Moreover, as a rule, strongly reduced stigmas were located inside the staminate column. Besides flowers with reduced stigma, there were flowers in which the stigma was closed inside the stylar tissue. A dependence of stigma reduction rates related to the seasons of a year was also established.

All daughter monosomics of Mo62 were fertile both as male and female but had lower seed number per a boll (22.30±1.83) and lower seed set (76.90±2.47 %) in comparison with the parental line L-458 (34.40±0.62 and 89.81±1.55, respectively). A monosome of *G. hirsutum* with a strong reduction of stigma but still fertile, has not been described. Thus the monosome in Mo62 for the chromosome of cotton genome could be new.

The most important changes due to monosomy concerned sizes and shapes of bolls as majority of them formed smaller round bolls almost ranging from spherical to elongated bolls with beaks or without beaks compared to control plants. Many of the bolls of monosomics were ribbed or deformed due to a number of abortive ovules and immature seeds (Figure 19). As a result, the number of seeds per boll and seed set were lower in all monosomic lines (from 9.50±1.62 in Mo13 to 32.61±3.99 % in Mo76) in comparison with the parental line (34.40±0.62 and 89.81±1.55, respectively). Mo4 was characterized with variation of boll sizes within the same monosomic plant and also the fruit occurred in clusters. Flowers and fruit clusters were also observed in Mo19. Mo66 was distinguished by a large broad beak at the top of an ovoid boll (Figure 19 D). Thus, it was shown that an individual chromosome deficiency had a specific influence in plant morphology and that some of them had unique marker characters. However, the clear similarity both morphological and cytogenetic features in some monosomics of our

**Figure 18.** The flowers of the different cytotypes from progeny the monosomic line Mo62: (A) parental line-L-458; (B) disomic cytotype with normal stigma; (C) monosomic cytotype with medium reduction of the stigma; (D) monosomic cytotype with strong reduction of the stigma.

collection suggested probable redundancy for the same monosomic chromosomes among the plants.

Many small chromosomes presence in karyotype analysis of tetraploid cotton *G. hirsutum* and absence of distinctive morphological markers for the chromosomes make it impossible to distinguish and identify chromosomes in karyologic analysis. Therefore, we identified monosomes to be specific chromosomes of the cotton genome using the known translocation test on hybrids of monosomics with translocation lines from the Uzbek Cytogenetic Collection (Table 6). Analysis of hybrid chromosome pairing was used to reveal monosomic translocation F1 hybrids and to study "critical configurations". The recently developed 28 translocation lines (Tr1-Tr28) from our collection were used for monosome identification according to the method described previously [6].

in PMCs of the F1 monosomic hybrid plants (Fig. 20). We also identified four monosome pairs (Mo10 and Mo73; Mo39 and Mo56; Mo48 and Mo53; Mo11 and Mo19) that were associated with the translocation lines Tr3, Tr5, Tr12 and Tr16, respectively (Table5). Thus, three of the above-mentioned monosome pairs (Mo10 and Mo73, Mo39 and Mo56, Mo11 and Mo19) involved the same chromosomes with the each pair. In future analyses, hybrids from crosses of the monosomics and other translocation lines, involving the same chromosomes, will confirm our interpretation about the missing chromosome or chromosome segment and identification of the monosomic line. However, there is evidence for monosomes Mo48 and Mo53 that nonhomologous as the chromosomes from two different sub-genomes all involved

**Figure 19.** The bolls of the different cotton monosomic lines: (A) parental line L-458; (B to H) – Mo72; Mo31; Mo66; Mo60; Mo50; Mo39; Mo16 and (I to R) Mo80; Mo4; Mo92; Mo89; Mo81; Mo76; Mo62; Mo75; Mo87; Mo88.

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with translocation line Tr12.

Eleven monosomics (Mo3, Mo10, Mo11, Mo19, Mo27, Mo39, Mo48, Mo53, Mo56, Mo73 and Mo85) were associated with the chromosomes of seven translocation lines (Tr1, Tr3, Tr5, Tr8, Tr11, Tr12 and Tr16) as chromosome pairing of 24 bivalents plus one trivalent was observed

**Figure 19.** The bolls of the different cotton monosomic lines: (A) parental line L-458; (B to H) – Mo72; Mo31; Mo66; Mo60; Mo50; Mo39; Mo16 and (I to R) Mo80; Mo4; Mo92; Mo89; Mo81; Mo76; Mo62; Mo75; Mo87; Mo88.

collection suggested probable redundancy for the same monosomic chromosomes among the

**Figure 18.** The flowers of the different cytotypes from progeny the monosomic line Mo62: (A) parental line-L-458; (B) disomic cytotype with normal stigma; (C) monosomic cytotype with medium reduction of the stigma; (D) monosomic

Many small chromosomes presence in karyotype analysis of tetraploid cotton *G. hirsutum* and absence of distinctive morphological markers for the chromosomes make it impossible to distinguish and identify chromosomes in karyologic analysis. Therefore, we identified monosomes to be specific chromosomes of the cotton genome using the known translocation test on hybrids of monosomics with translocation lines from the Uzbek Cytogenetic Collection (Table 6). Analysis of hybrid chromosome pairing was used to reveal monosomic translocation F1 hybrids and to study "critical configurations". The recently developed 28 translocation lines (Tr1-Tr28) from our collection were used for monosome identification according to the method

Eleven monosomics (Mo3, Mo10, Mo11, Mo19, Mo27, Mo39, Mo48, Mo53, Mo56, Mo73 and Mo85) were associated with the chromosomes of seven translocation lines (Tr1, Tr3, Tr5, Tr8, Tr11, Tr12 and Tr16) as chromosome pairing of 24 bivalents plus one trivalent was observed

plants.

described previously [6].

cytotype with strong reduction of the stigma.

274 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

in PMCs of the F1 monosomic hybrid plants (Fig. 20). We also identified four monosome pairs (Mo10 and Mo73; Mo39 and Mo56; Mo48 and Mo53; Mo11 and Mo19) that were associated with the translocation lines Tr3, Tr5, Tr12 and Tr16, respectively (Table5). Thus, three of the above-mentioned monosome pairs (Mo10 and Mo73, Mo39 and Mo56, Mo11 and Mo19) involved the same chromosomes with the each pair. In future analyses, hybrids from crosses of the monosomics and other translocation lines, involving the same chromosomes, will confirm our interpretation about the missing chromosome or chromosome segment and identification of the monosomic line. However, there is evidence for monosomes Mo48 and Mo53 that nonhomologous as the chromosomes from two different sub-genomes all involved with translocation line Tr12.


We had isolated 4 monosomics (Mo70 – Mo73) from the progeny of the same desynaptic plant and proposed possible monosomy for different nonhomologous chromosomes of the cotton genome. Indirect confirmation was available with the detection of monosome Mo73 homology and one of the chromosomes involved into interchanges in the line Tr3 whereas the other three monosomes from the progeny of the same desynaptic plant (Mo70, Mo71 and Mo72) did not has any chromosomes in common in the Tr3 interchange. Another monosome (Mo85), isolated from the other desynaptic progeny, showed homology with a chromosome involved in an interchange with Tr1. This test revealed that the chromosomes of Tr1 were rarely involved in translocations. Translocation line Tr1 had common chromosomes only with two lines – Tr2 and Tr20 with multiple interchanges [41]. This verified our assumption that new or rare

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 277

**Figure 20.** "Critical configurations" of the chromosomes at the meiotic metaphase I cells showing 24 bivalents and 1 trivalent in cotton F1 plants from crosses the monosomics x translocation lines: (A) Mo19 xTr16; (B) Mo85 x Tr1. The arrows point to the univalents. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extend‐

Translocation tests involving other 24 monosomic lines have not yet revealed any homology of the monosomes and the chromosomes involved in interchanges because they showed detections of chromosome pairing with 23 bivalents plus one univalent plus one quadrivalent (Figure 21). However they did demonstrate the differences in the studying level of the lines as well as depended on transmission rates of the monosomics in hybrid progenies. There is an

evidence of the comparative rareness of other monosomes from our collection.

ed version 12.

monosomes would occur in progenies of desynaptic forms of cotton [33].

Note:+associated,-independent

**Table 6.** Cytological test for indentification of the monosomes with the help of translocation lines.

We had isolated 4 monosomics (Mo70 – Mo73) from the progeny of the same desynaptic plant and proposed possible monosomy for different nonhomologous chromosomes of the cotton genome. Indirect confirmation was available with the detection of monosome Mo73 homology and one of the chromosomes involved into interchanges in the line Tr3 whereas the other three monosomes from the progeny of the same desynaptic plant (Mo70, Mo71 and Mo72) did not has any chromosomes in common in the Tr3 interchange. Another monosome (Mo85), isolated from the other desynaptic progeny, showed homology with a chromosome involved in an interchange with Tr1. This test revealed that the chromosomes of Tr1 were rarely involved in translocations. Translocation line Tr1 had common chromosomes only with two lines – Tr2 and Tr20 with multiple interchanges [41]. This verified our assumption that new or rare monosomes would occur in progenies of desynaptic forms of cotton [33].

**Monosomics**

276 World Cotton Germplasm Resources

Note:+associated,-independent

**Table 6.** Cytological test for indentification of the monosomes with the help of translocation lines.

**Translocation lines Total number of**

**Tr1 Tr3 Tr5 Tr8 Tr11 Tr12 Tr16 crosses tested**

Mo3 - + - 4 Mo7 - - - - 7 Mo10 + - - 3 Mo11 - - - - - - + 14 Mo13 - - - 13 Mo19 - - + 5 Mo27 - + 5 Mo31 - - - - - - - 25 Mo35 - 3 Mo36 3 Mo38 - - - 9 Mo39 + - 6 Mo41 - 1 Mo48 + 4 Mo50 - - - - - 19 Mo53 - + 2 Mo56 + - - - 8 Mo60 - - - 9 Mo62 - - 6 Mo66 - - - - - - - 12 Mo67 - 2 Mo69 - - - - - - 21 Mo70 - - - - - 11 Mo71 - - - - - 12 Mo72 - - 9 Mo73 - + - - - - - 14 Mo75 - - - - - - 18 Mo76 - - 9 Mo77 6 Mo79 - - - - 10 Mo80 - - 4 Mo81 - - - - - 12 Mo84 1 Mo85 + - 4 Mo89 - 5

**Figure 20.** "Critical configurations" of the chromosomes at the meiotic metaphase I cells showing 24 bivalents and 1 trivalent in cotton F1 plants from crosses the monosomics x translocation lines: (A) Mo19 xTr16; (B) Mo85 x Tr1. The arrows point to the univalents. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extend‐ ed version 12.

Translocation tests involving other 24 monosomic lines have not yet revealed any homology of the monosomes and the chromosomes involved in interchanges because they showed detections of chromosome pairing with 23 bivalents plus one univalent plus one quadrivalent (Figure 21). However they did demonstrate the differences in the studying level of the lines as well as depended on transmission rates of the monosomics in hybrid progenies. There is an evidence of the comparative rareness of other monosomes from our collection.

**Figure 22.** Meiotic configurations in monotelodisomic plant in cotton *G. hirsutum*. Meiotic metaphase I cells showing 25 normal bivalents and 1 heteromorphic bivalent with arm deficiency in plant M1-1608/2. The arrow point out to the heteromorphic bivalent. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended ver‐

Monotelodisomics with the translocation had a telocentric chromosome as univalent in the majority of PMCs. As it is known, telocentrics for short arms are less often paired with normal homologous chromosomes [55]. Meiotic index was high (from 81.86±0.85 to 99.56±0.16), but

Isochromosome formation was also connected with damaging action of radiation to centro‐ mere chromosome regions. As a result of centromere inactivation instable telocentric formed

were differed with isochromosome pairing at metaphase I of meiosis. If one of them had heteromorphic in most PMS (to 0.96±0.04) in other plants the isochromosome was often as univalent (to 0.91±0.22 an average on PMS). In spite of high Mi (to 98.55±0.25) in two monoi‐

Deficiencies for one chromosome arm occurred in the progenies of 9 monosomics. Thus, in four monosomic progenies (Mo2, Mo19, Mo34 and Mo61) that differed with respect to monosome transmission rates, monotelodisomics were produced due to univalent instability and resulted in misdivision. In the progenies of Mo6, Mo21, Mo22, Mo49, Mo54 and Mo68 daugher monosomics failed to produce, but monotelodisimics (from the progenies of Mo6, Mo21, Mo22, Mo49 and Mo68) and a monoisodisomic plant (from the progeny of Mo54) were detected. The results suggested an irregular univalent chromosome centromere misdivision in the parental monosomics that led to a single chromosome arm missing and formed either telocentric or isochromosome in the case of an arm doubling. Our results demonstrated the rather rare occurrence of telo-and isochromosomes in the monosomic progenies studied,

Haploid plants of cotton are characterized by presence of 26 univalent chromosomes and by significant decrease in vigour and fertility, size of lives, bolls and flowers. Our collection includes four haploid plants. One haploid was obtained by irradiation of the seeds by fast neutrons (1005/22), other two (1579/6 and 171/417) – by pollen irradiation in M1 and M2 generations and one – from monosomic progeny (175/418-57). Meiosis was studied in the microsporocytes of the haploid plants 1005/22. Among 44 studied PMCs at metaphase I only

, gave an isochromosome. Three monoisodisomics our collection

Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58589 279

the pollen fertility reduced in the monotelodisomics.

its arm developed on 1800

sodicomics pollen fertility was reduced.

which showed univalent misdivision to be rare.

sion 12.

**Figure 21.** "Critical configurations" of the chromosomes at the meiotic metaphase I cells showing 23 bivalents and 1 univalent and one hexavalent (A) and 23 bivalents and 1 univalent and one quadrivalent (B-E) in cotton F1 plants from crosses the monosomics x translocation lines: (A) Mo13 xTr2; (B) Mo56 x Tr6, (C) Mo75 xTr16; (D) Mo77 x Tr21; (E) Mo77 x Tr25. The arrows point to the univalents, quadrivalents and hexavalent. Note that the background of figures was cleaned using Adobe Photoshop CSS extended version 12.
