Preface

Chapter 8 **The Diploid D Genome Cottons (Gossypium spp.) of the**

Chapter 9 **Broadening the Genetic Base of Upland Cotton in U.S.**

**Cultivars – Genetic Variation for Lint Yield and Fiber Quality in**

Marina Sanamyan, Julia Petlyakova, Emma Rakhmatullina and

Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov, Alisher Abdullaev, Zabardast Buriev, Shukhrat Shermatov, Fahriddin N. Kushanov, Abdusalom Makamov, Umid Shapulatov, Sharof S. Egamberdiev, Ilkhom B. Salakhutdinov, Mirzakamol Ayubov, Mukhtor Darmanov, Azoda T. Adylova, Sofiya M. Rizaeva, Fayzulla Abdullaev, Shadman Namazov, Malohat Khalikova, Hakimjon Saydaliev, Viktor A. Avtonomov, Marina Snamyan, Tillaboy K. Duiesenov, Jura Musaev, Abdumavlyan A.

**New World 203** Mauricio Ulloa

**VI** Contents

Linghe Zeng

Elnora Sharipova

**Germplasm Resources 231**

Chapter 10 **Cytogenetic Collection of Uzbekistan 247**

Chapter 11 **Cotton Germplasm Collection of Uzbekistan 289**

Abdullaev and Abdusattor Abdukarimov

Being a golden reservoir and fulcrum for biodiversity of useful genes, plant germ‐ plasm resources, already conserved *in situ* at the centers of origin and *ex situ* in worldwide plant germplasm collections, are the vital natural resources of earth to provide growing human population with enough food and nutrients, feed, medici‐ nal compounds, clothes, etc. Plant germplasm resources are the basic foundation of plant research to safeguard agriculture from biotic (phytopathogens, pests, and in‐ vasive species) and deteriorating abiotic threats (drought and salinity including global climate change) in the globalization and technological advances of the 21st century.

Therefore, understanding the importance of exploration, collection, preservation, storage, maintenance, and propagation of plant germplasm resources are the key tasks and obligations of mankind in the front of future generations. Further, evalu‐ ation, characterization, description, exploitation and sharing of available germ‐ plasm resources and collections are the stepping stones to provide sustainable agriculture for food and product security. Understanding this, mankind historical‐ ly paid a great attention and has collected and preserved a wealth of available ge‐ netic resources of many plant species worldwide. One of such worldwide plant germplasm resources is available for cotton, which we addressed in this book.

The cultivated *Gossypium spp* . (cotton) is a unique natural fiber producing cash crop for mankind. Besides its fiber, cotton plants provide human livelihoods and animal livestock with the oil and protein portion of the cottonseed – a potential raw material source for alternative bioenergy. The worldwide economic impact of the cotton industry is estimated to ~\$500 billion/yr with an annual utilization of ~115-million bales or ~27-million metric tons of cotton fiber. Such economically val‐ uable cotton crop (*Gossypium* genus) includes approximately 45 diploid and 5 allo‐ tetraploid species that are largely spread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Diploid cottons, referred as Old World cottons, are classified into eight cy‐ togenetically defined genome groups that have African/Asian, American, and Aus‐ tralian origin. Hybridization between diploid Asian cottons (A-genome) and diploid American cottons (D-genome) and subsequent polyploidization about 1.5 million years ago in American continent created the five AD allotetraploid lineages that include the commercially important widely grown coarse fibered (also called Acala or Upland, short stapled, Mocó, and Cambodia cotton) and silk fibered (also called long staple fibered Pima, Sea Island or Egyptian cotton) cotton species.

To protect above-mentioned significant economic value, byproducts and biodiver‐ sity of *Gossypium* genus, cotton growing countries worldwide put significant ef‐ forts to collect and preserve the cotton genetic resources for the last century period. Such major collections, including breeding materials and wild-species germplasm, genetic and cytogenetic stocks for cotton gene pools exist in Australia, Brazil, Chi‐ na, India, France, Pakistan, Turkey, Russia, United States of America, and Uzbeki‐ stan. However, there is evidence that not all collections in an adequate maintenance and shape, having numerous challenges to maintain the collections that make vulnerable some important germplasm and species to extinction.

**Sukumar Saha** , United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Strakville, Mis‐ sissippi, USA; Mauricio Ulloa, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Lubbock,Texas, USA; and **Jonathan F. Wendel** , Department of Ecology, Evolution,

I greatly acknowledge the Intech Editorial Board for considering this book project and its publication. I thank Ms. **Ivana Lorković** and Ms. **Iva Lipović** , InTech Pub‐ lishing Process Managers, for coordination of the entire book editing and publica‐

**Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov**

"Uzcottonindustry" association,

Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Preface IX

Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan,

Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resource,

& Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA.

tion process.

Here we invited key leaders of worldwide cotton germplasm resources to describe their collections in order to provide readers with updated information on existing cotton germplasm resources. Although some existing collections in Brazil, France, and Russia as well as a leading cytogenetic collection from the United States of America are missing in this book, we successfully compiled key chapters from sev‐ eral leading cotton growing countries including Australia, China, India, Pakistan, United States of America, and Uzbekistan. These 11 peer-reviewed chapters writ‐ ten by 61 distinguished authors, describing the cotton germplasm collections of six countries and germplasm resources of D-genome New World cotton species, pro‐ vided updated information on the current status and detailed inventory of availa‐ ble cotton germplasm. All chapters also targeted to address past and current progress; enrichment of collections with novel germplasm resources including Btcotton, RNA interference and markers assisted selection lines; new trends and mo‐ lecular tools in germplasm evaluations, development of database, understanding genetic diversity and its exploitation in cotton breeding; future perspectives of ex‐ isting collections; critical challenges and opportunities in preserving the cotton ge‐ netic resources; and the ongoing multi-national communication and collaboration to enhance the germplasm protection, preservation, and evaluation. As an addi‐ tional literature to published reports, this book should be a comprehensive ency‐ clopedic reading source for plant research community and students to readily gather important information on worldwide cotton genetic resources.

Working with chapter manuscripts and compiling this book has been a great pleas‐ ure. I sincerely thank the authors of the book chapters for their response to our in‐ vitation, the great efforts putting valuable information together, and their patience with editorial process of chapter manuscripts. I thank following peer-reviewers for their critical reviews of manuscript contents, time, efforts and constructive sugges‐ tions on improvement for chapters of the book: **Anna Blenda** , Department of Ge‐ netics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA; **Rafiq Chaudhry**, Technical Information Section, International Cotton Advisory Committee, Washington D.C., USA; **Greg Constable** , CSIRO Plant Industry, Nar‐ rabri, Australia; **Vinita Gotmare** , Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India; **Johnie N. Jenkins** , United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Strak‐ ville, Mississippi USA; Siva P. Kumpatla, Department of Trait Genetics and Tech‐ nologies, Dow Agrosciences, Iowa, USA; **Jean-Marc Lacape** , Department of System Biology, CIRAD, Montpellier, France; **Alan E. Pepper** , Department of Biol‐ ogy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA; **Richard G. Percy** , Unit‐ ed States Department of Agriculture (USDA), College Station, Texas, USA; **Sukumar Saha** , United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Strakville, Mis‐ sissippi, USA; Mauricio Ulloa, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Lubbock,Texas, USA; and **Jonathan F. Wendel** , Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA.

To protect above-mentioned significant economic value, byproducts and biodiver‐ sity of *Gossypium* genus, cotton growing countries worldwide put significant ef‐ forts to collect and preserve the cotton genetic resources for the last century period. Such major collections, including breeding materials and wild-species germplasm, genetic and cytogenetic stocks for cotton gene pools exist in Australia, Brazil, Chi‐ na, India, France, Pakistan, Turkey, Russia, United States of America, and Uzbeki‐ stan. However, there is evidence that not all collections in an adequate maintenance and shape, having numerous challenges to maintain the collections

VIII Preface

that make vulnerable some important germplasm and species to extinction.

gather important information on worldwide cotton genetic resources.

Working with chapter manuscripts and compiling this book has been a great pleas‐ ure. I sincerely thank the authors of the book chapters for their response to our in‐ vitation, the great efforts putting valuable information together, and their patience with editorial process of chapter manuscripts. I thank following peer-reviewers for their critical reviews of manuscript contents, time, efforts and constructive sugges‐ tions on improvement for chapters of the book: **Anna Blenda** , Department of Ge‐ netics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA; **Rafiq Chaudhry**, Technical Information Section, International Cotton Advisory Committee, Washington D.C., USA; **Greg Constable** , CSIRO Plant Industry, Nar‐ rabri, Australia; **Vinita Gotmare** , Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India; **Johnie N. Jenkins** , United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Strak‐ ville, Mississippi USA; Siva P. Kumpatla, Department of Trait Genetics and Tech‐ nologies, Dow Agrosciences, Iowa, USA; **Jean-Marc Lacape** , Department of System Biology, CIRAD, Montpellier, France; **Alan E. Pepper** , Department of Biol‐ ogy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA; **Richard G. Percy** , Unit‐ ed States Department of Agriculture (USDA), College Station, Texas, USA;

Here we invited key leaders of worldwide cotton germplasm resources to describe their collections in order to provide readers with updated information on existing cotton germplasm resources. Although some existing collections in Brazil, France, and Russia as well as a leading cytogenetic collection from the United States of America are missing in this book, we successfully compiled key chapters from sev‐ eral leading cotton growing countries including Australia, China, India, Pakistan, United States of America, and Uzbekistan. These 11 peer-reviewed chapters writ‐ ten by 61 distinguished authors, describing the cotton germplasm collections of six countries and germplasm resources of D-genome New World cotton species, pro‐ vided updated information on the current status and detailed inventory of availa‐ ble cotton germplasm. All chapters also targeted to address past and current progress; enrichment of collections with novel germplasm resources including Btcotton, RNA interference and markers assisted selection lines; new trends and mo‐ lecular tools in germplasm evaluations, development of database, understanding genetic diversity and its exploitation in cotton breeding; future perspectives of ex‐ isting collections; critical challenges and opportunities in preserving the cotton ge‐ netic resources; and the ongoing multi-national communication and collaboration to enhance the germplasm protection, preservation, and evaluation. As an addi‐ tional literature to published reports, this book should be a comprehensive ency‐ clopedic reading source for plant research community and students to readily

I greatly acknowledge the Intech Editorial Board for considering this book project and its publication. I thank Ms. **Ivana Lorković** and Ms. **Iva Lipović** , InTech Pub‐ lishing Process Managers, for coordination of the entire book editing and publica‐ tion process.

#### **Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov**

Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resource, "Uzcottonindustry" association, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

**Chapter 1**

**Australian Cotton Germplasm Resources**

Cotton has been sporadically cultivated in Australia since the late 1700s with varying degrees of success until the advent of the modern intensively managed and mechanised industry in the latter half of the Twentieth Century. There were initial attempts to establish an industry during the mid 1800s to fill the demand in Britain for lint caused by declining production during the US Civil War, but with the return of US production after the war this new incar‐ nation of an Australian industry was relatively short lived. In the early 1900s, financial incentives were introduced by the Queensland State Government to promote production in that State and by 1934 around 4000 tonnes of cotton lint, primarily from imported cultivars, were being produced. However, by the mid 1900s production was again virtually non-existent because of the prohibitively high cost of labour [1]. By the 1960s, the development of proper infrastructure for irrigation and mechanised pickers led to a rapid increase in area and production in northern NSW and southern and central Qld which was aided by the develop‐ ment of locally adapted cultivars in the 1980s and 1990s. An industry was also attempted in the Ord River Irrigation Area in the tropical region of Western Australia. However, this had collapsed by 1973 predominantly due to insect resistance to pesticides, but the crop continued to flourish in the Eastern part of Australia where the insect pressure was lower. Genetically modified cotton (Ingard®-Monsanto's MON531 *Cry1Ac* Bt) was first commercialised in 1996 and by 2005 over 90% of the area was grown to GM cultivars (Monsanto's Bollgard II® and Roundup Ready Flex®). In the 2011/12 season, the cotton area exceeded 700,000 ha, was >99%

The Australian cotton industry covers a wide north-south geographical range of 13° latitude (Figure 1); is based on a combination of heavy clay soils; and is challenged by a range of pests and diseases. The industry is predominantly upland cotton (*Gossypium hirsutum*), with up to

> © 2014 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Warwick N. Stiller and Iain W. Wilson

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58414

**1. Introduction**

**1.1. History**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

GM and produced over one million tonnes of lint.
