**9. Conclusion**

In conclusion, blood constituents, including hemoglobin-derived products as well as proteases such as thrombin and Haptoglobin, play important roles in the pathogenic events. Inflamma‐ tory reactions involving activated microglia, neutrophils, and production of proinflammatory cytokines also constitute a critical aspect of pathology leading to neurodegeneration and tissue damage. The mechanisms of secondary cerebral injury after ICH are complex and multidisci‐ plinary. From a protective response into the later damaged process, they are interacting and overlapping, so we have to weigh the benefits (positive effects) and risks (adverse effects) carefully when we intervene in ICH.
