**Author details**

#### Kenji Fukuzawa

Department of Micro‐Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

## **References**


[3] Binnig G, Quate C. F, Gerber C. Atomic Force Microscope, Physical Review Let‐ ters1986;56(9) 930‐933.

the scanner piezo. In many applications, especially mechanical applications such as MEMS/

Micro-Nano Mechatronics — New Trends in Material, Measurement, Control, Manufacturing and Their Applications in

In this chapter, the basics and latest research results of FFM, which is one of the key measure‐ ment methods for micro/nano mechatronics, is described. FFM can provide the local friction properties on the micro/nano scale. FFM is widely used in tribology and material characteri‐ zation as chemical force microscopes. Dual‐axis probes are new types of FFM probes, which can overcome the significant drawbacks of the conventional cantilever probes, especially, the reduction of the mechanical interference between the lateral friction force and vertical load. However, the dual‐axis probes have problems to be solved such as the lateral displacement detection method. The micro mechanical probe can overcome the problems and is possible to elevate the FFM from a visualization tool to the quantitative evaluation method for local friction properties on the micro/nano scale. This is expected to be a useful method for designing micro/nano mechatronic devices such as MEMS/NEMS or the head‐disk lubrication of HDDs

This work was supported in part by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology through Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) project, Grant No.

20360077, the NEDO Green‐IT Project, and the Storage Research Consortium.

Department of Micro‐Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

tron‐microscope. Review of Scientific Instruments 1986;57(2) 221‐224.

[1] Binnig G, Rohrer H. Scanning tunneling microscope combined with a scanning elec‐

[2] Binnig G, Rohrer H. Scanning tunneling microscopy, Scanning tunneling microscopy ‐ from birth to adolescence. Reviews of Modern Physics 1987;59(3) 615‐625.

NEMS or HDDs, the friction properties at a higher sliding speed is required.

**4. Summary**

Biomedical Engineering

204

and improve their performance drastically.

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**

Kenji Fukuzawa

**References**


**Chapter 10**

**Tissue Damage and Repair Caused by**

**Therapy of Failed Organs by Stem Cells**

microorganisms including virus, bacteria, fungus and amoeba.

inflammation under sterile conditions [1] (Figure 1).

Our immune system has developed to fight against invaders. Pathogenic invaders are

In species development, innate immune system appeared first, then after jowed fish acquired immune system developed. Once microorganisms infects in organs, cells belonging to innate immune system such as neutrophils and macrophages move to the site of infection. Microor‐ ganisms are sensed by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system including dendritic cells (DC).These cells phagocytize infectious agents and produce cytokines and chemokines, which induce tissue inflammation. In phagolysozome of DC, the proteins, which constitute the microorganisms, are degraded. These DC migrates to lymph node and present the microorganisms antigens to T cells, which are central of adaptive immune

Similar to the eradication of pathogens, the inflammatory response is also crucial for tissue and wound repair and called sterile inflammation. Host‐derived non‐microbial stimuli are released following tissue injury or cell death. These endogenous molecules have been termed damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are normally present intracellular and are therefore hidden from recognition by the immune system. Once tissues are injured these molecules are released into the extracellular environment by dying cells and trigger

> © 2013 Isobe et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 Isobe et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Immune System and Personalized**

Thanasegaran Suganya, Zhao Cheng and

Ken-ichi Isobe, Naomi Nishio,

Sachiko Ito

**1. Introduction**

responses.

**Chapter 10**
