**3. Conclusion**

The endpoint of all our studies is to establish successful novel therapies for patients suffering from diseases or disorders. These studies suggest that engineered tissues may have an expanded clinical applicability in the future and may represent a viable therapeutic option for those who require tissue replacement or repair. The future outlook is positive with the recent discovery of iPSCs and stem cells from human SHEDs. We especially focus on the potential of SHEDs, which were identified as a population of highly proliferative, clonogenic cells capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types including neural cells, adipocytes, and odonto‐ blasts. The stem cell field is also advancing rapidly, providing new therapeutic options. In the future, banking these stem cells may provide a convenient source for autologous therapy and for matching recipients with histocompatible donors. Tissue engineering holds great promise for the future of medicine, as experimental efforts are currently under way for virtually every type of tissue and organ within the human body.

## **Author details**

#### Minoru Ueda

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya Uni‐ versity, Nagoya, Japan

### **References**

[1] Kohgo T, Yamada Y, Ito K, Okabe K, Yoshimi R, Yajima A, Baba S, Ueda M. Bone regeneration for dental implants using tissue engineered bone with a novel scaffold. In: 25th Annual Meeting of Academy of Osseointegration. 4‐6 March 2010, Orland, FL, USA; 2010.

[2] Yoshimi R, Katagiri W, Osugi M, Inukai T, Yamamoto A, Hibi H, Ueda M. Novel xenograft technique using the stem cells cultured conditioned media for bone regen‐ eration. In: 20th Annual Scientific Meeting of the European Association of Osseointe‐ gration, 13‐15 October 2011, Athens, Greece; 2011.

Our results suggested that SHED‐CM including some growth factors may produce effects in stroke model. The success of the two steps investigated suggest it may be possible to use a shortcut for clinical application. Administration of SHED‐CM resolves the ethical issues involved with cell therapies, as SHED‐CM is not a cell but rather a conjugate of many growth factors. As SHED‐CM can be stocked, it is possible to use it for acute stages of stroke, either alone or with ready‐made treatment, such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, anticoagulation, and antiplatelet therapy. This study suggested that intranasal administration of SHED‐CM may help recovery in acute stroke patients in the future. In conclusion, regen‐ eration therapy using SHED‐CM is a very safe method with no associated problems and is

Micro-Nano Mechatronics — New Trends in Material, Measurement, Control, Manufacturing and Their Applications in

The endpoint of all our studies is to establish successful novel therapies for patients suffering from diseases or disorders. These studies suggest that engineered tissues may have an expanded clinical applicability in the future and may represent a viable therapeutic option for those who require tissue replacement or repair. The future outlook is positive with the recent discovery of iPSCs and stem cells from human SHEDs. We especially focus on the potential of SHEDs, which were identified as a population of highly proliferative, clonogenic cells capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types including neural cells, adipocytes, and odonto‐ blasts. The stem cell field is also advancing rapidly, providing new therapeutic options. In the future, banking these stem cells may provide a convenient source for autologous therapy and for matching recipients with histocompatible donors. Tissue engineering holds great promise for the future of medicine, as experimental efforts are currently under way for virtually every

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya Uni‐

[1] Kohgo T, Yamada Y, Ito K, Okabe K, Yoshimi R, Yajima A, Baba S, Ueda M. Bone regeneration for dental implants using tissue engineered bone with a novel scaffold. In: 25th Annual Meeting of Academy of Osseointegration. 4‐6 March 2010, Orland,

therefore a potential candidate for innovative treatment of cerebral ischemia.

**3. Conclusion**

Biomedical Engineering

160

**Author details**

versity, Nagoya, Japan

FL, USA; 2010.

Minoru Ueda

**References**

type of tissue and organ within the human body.


> mal stromal cells, platelet‐rich plasma and hyaluronic acid scaffolds. Cytotherapy 2009;11(3) 307‐316.

iae. In: The 55th Annual Meeting of The Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 163

[24] Ikeno M. The effect of self‐assembling peptide hydrogel scaffold on the bone aug‐ mentation model in rabbit calvariae. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Micro‐NanoMechatronics and Human Science, 7‐10 November 2010, Nagoya, Japan;

[25] Inoue T, Sugiyama M, Hattori H, Yamamoto A, Hibi H, Ueda M. SH‐CM Enhances Recovery of Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. In: 32nd Annual Meeting of the Japa‐ nese Society of Inflammation and Regeneration, 2‐3 June 2011, Kyoto, Japan; 2011. [26] Inoue T, Sugiyama M, Hattori H, Hibi H, Ueda M. SH‐CM Enhances Recovery of Fo‐ cal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. In: The 56th Congress of the Japanese Society of Oral

[27] Inoue T, Sugiyama M, Hattori H, Hibi H, Ueda M. SH‐CM Enhances Recovery of Fo‐ cal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. In: 22th IEEE International Symposium on Micro‐ NanoMehatronics and Human Science, 7 November 2011, Nagoya, Japan; 2011. [28] Kohgo T, Yamada Y, Ito K, Yajima A, Yoshimi R, Okabe K, Baba S, Ueda M. Bone Regeneration with Self‐assembling Peptide Nanofiber Scaffolds in Tissue Engineer‐ ing for Osseointegration of Dental Implants. International Journal of Periodontics &

[29] Matsubara K, Yamamoto A, Sakai K, Ueda M. The potential clinical benefits of the serum‐free conditioned media derived from dental pulp stem cells in CNS regenera‐ tion therapy. In: 3th Nagoya global retreat Nagoya University Global COE Program ʺIntegrated Functional Molecular Medicine for Neuronal and Neoplastic Disordersʺ,

[30] Matsubara K, Yamamoto A, Sakai K, Ueda M. The potential clinical benefits of the serum‐free conditioned media derived from dental pulp stem cells in CNS regenera‐ tion therapy. In: The 10th Congress of the Japanese Society for Regenerative Medi‐

[31] Matsubara K, Yamamoto A, Sakai K, Matsushita Y, Ueda M. The potential clinical benefits of the serum‐free conditioned media derived from dental pulp stem cells in CNS regeneration therapy. In: 2th Symposium of Nagoya University and National

[32] Matsubara K, Yamamoto A, Sakai K, Matsushita Y, Ueda M. The potential clinical benefits of the serum‐free conditioned media derived from dental pulp stem cells in CNS regeneration therapy, In: Global COE program The 3rd International Symposi‐

[33] Nishino Y, Yamada Y, Ebisawa K, Nakamura S, Okabe K, Umemura E, Hara K, Ueda M. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) enhance wound Heal‐

ing and possibility of novel cell therapy. Cytotherapy 2011;13(5) 598‐605.

Institute for Physiological Sciences, 20 August 2011, Nagoya, Japan; 2011.

and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 21‐23 October 2011, Osaka, Japan; 2011.

Surgeons, 16‐18 October 2010, Chiba, Japan; 2010.

Restorative Dentistry 2011;31(4) e9‐e16.

25‐26 February 2011, Nagoya, Japan; 2011.

cine, 1‐2 March 2011, Tokyo, Japan; 2011.

um, 8‐9 December 2011, Nagoya, Japan; 2011.

2010.


iae. In: The 55th Annual Meeting of The Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 16‐18 October 2010, Chiba, Japan; 2010.

[24] Ikeno M. The effect of self‐assembling peptide hydrogel scaffold on the bone aug‐ mentation model in rabbit calvariae. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Micro‐NanoMechatronics and Human Science, 7‐10 November 2010, Nagoya, Japan; 2010.

mal stromal cells, platelet‐rich plasma and hyaluronic acid scaffolds. Cytotherapy

[13] Nishino Y, Ebisawa K, Yamada Y, Okabe K, Kamei Y, Ueda M. Human Deciduous Teeth Dental Pulp Cells (hDPC) with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor(b‐FGF) Enhance Wound Healing of Skin Defect. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2011;22(2) 438‐442. [14] Shohara R, Yamamoto A, Takikawa S, Iwase A, Hibi H, Kikkawa F, Ueda M. Umbili‐ cal cord Wharton's jelly: A new potential cell source of mesenchymal stem cells for wound healing. In: Proceedings of 9th International Society Stem Cell Research.

Micro-Nano Mechatronics — New Trends in Material, Measurement, Control, Manufacturing and Their Applications in

[15] Shohara R, Yamamoto A, Takikawa S, Iwase A, Hibi H, Kikkawa F, Ueda M. Umbili‐ cal cord Wharton's jelly: A new potential cell source of mesenchymal stem cells for wound healing. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Micro‐NanoMecha‐

[16] Tamari M, Nishino Y, Yamamoto N, Ueda M. Acceleration of Wound Healing with Stem Cell–Derived Growth Factors. Oral & Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 2011;1(3)

[17] Tamari M, Nishino Y, Yamamoto N, Furue H, Shigetomi T, Ueda M. Effect of mesen‐ chymal stem cell derived paracrine factor on wound healing in mice skin. In: The 56th congress of the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 21‐23 Octo‐

[18] Tamari M, Nishino Y, Yamamoto N, Ueda M. Wound Healing Acceleration by Stem Cell–Derived Growth Factors. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Micro‐ NanoMechatronics and Human Science, 7 November 2011, Nagoya, Japan; 2011. [19] Ikeno M, Hibi H, Kinoshita K, Hattori H, Ueda M. Effects of self‐assembling peptide hydrogel scaffold on bone regeneration with recombinant human bone morphoge‐

[20] Ikeno M, Hibi H, Kinoshita K, Yajima A, Hattori H, Ueda M. The effect of shields on the bone augmentation model in rabbit calvariae. In: The 63th Annual Meeting of The Japanese Stomatological Society. 16‐17 April 2009, Hamamatsu, Japan; 2009. [21] Ikeno M, Hibi H, Kinoshita K, Yajima A, Hattori H, Ueda M. The effect of shields on the bone augmentation model in rabbit calvariae. In: XIII Biennial International Con‐ gress of the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery. 26‐30 Sepember 2009, Ox‐

[22] Ikeno M, Hibi H, Kinoshita K, Yajima A, Hattori H, Ueda M. The effect of shields on the bone augmentation model in rabbit calvariae. In: The 9th Congress of the The Japanese Society of Regenerative Medicine. 18‐19 March 2010, Hiroshima, Japan;

[23] Ikeno M, Hibi H, Kinoshita K, Hattori H, Shibuya H, Yajima A, Ueda M. Effects of self‐assembling peptide hydrogel scaffold on the bone augmentation in rabbit calvar‐

netic protein‐2. Oral & Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 2011;1(2) 91‐97.

tronics and Human Science. 7 November 2011, Nagoya, Japan; 2011.

2009;11(3) 307‐316.

Biomedical Engineering

162

181–187.

ford, UK; 2009.

2010.

ber 2011, Osaka, Japan; 2011.

15‐18 June 2011, Toronto, Canada; 2011.

	- [34] Nishino Y, Ebisawa K, Yamada Y, Okabe K, Kamei Y, Ueda M. Human Deciduous Teeth Dental Pulp Cells (hDPC) with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (b‐FGF) En‐ hance Wound Healing of Skin Defect. In: 8th Annual Meeting of the International So‐ ciety for Stem Cell Research, 16‐19 June 2010, San Francisco, CA, USA; 2010.

[44] Sakai K, Matsubara K, Yamamoto A, Hibi H, Ueda M. Engrafted dental pulp stem cells promoted functional recovery of completely transected rat spinal cord. In: 9th International Society Stem Cell Research, 15‐18 June 2011, Toronto, Canada; 2011. [45] Shohara R. Is it possible? Body repairing with stem cells from medical wastes. In: Proceedings of International cross‐disciplinary symposium on Micro‐Nano Systems,

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 165

[46] Shohara R, Takikawa S, Yamamoto A, Hibi H, Fujio M, Sakai K, Yamagata M, Goto M, Iwase A, Kikkawa F, Ueda M. Development of bone tissue engineering using hu‐ man umbilical cord derived tissue regenerative cells. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Micro‐NanoMechatronics and Human Science, 9 November 2010,

[47] Tateishi H. An Experimental Study of Bone Healing Around the Titanium Screw Im‐ plants in Ovariectomized Rats: Enhancrement of Bone Healing by Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Micro‐NanoMecha‐

[48] Tateishi H, Okamoto Y, Kinoshita K, Hibi H, Ueda M. A study of bone healing around the titanium screw implants in ovariectomized rats. Effects of bone healing by variance of implant surface property. In: 30th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Oral Implantology Kinki Hokuriku Section, 19‐20 November 2010, Fukui, Japan;

[49] Ueda M, Nishino Y. Cell based cytokine therapy for skin rejuvenation. Journal of

[50] Wadagaki R. Osteogenic Induction of Bone Marrow‐Derived Stromal Cells on Sim‐ vastatin‐Releasing, Biodegradable, Nano‐Micro Fiber Scaffolds. In: The 3rd Symposi‐ um of Young Researchers ‐Innovative MEMS design and the biomedical application,

[51] Yoshimi R, Yamada Y, Ito K, Nakamura S, Abe A, Nagasaka T, Okabe K, Kohgo T, Baba S, Ueda M. Self‐assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds, platelet‐rich plasma, and mesenchymal stem cells for injectable bone regeneration with tissue engineering.

[52] Yoshimi R, Yamada Y, Ito K, Kohgo T, Okabe K, Yajima A, Hibi H, Ueda M. Applica‐ tion for bone regeneration by regenerative medicine with new three dimension ma‐ trix using nanotechnology. In: 52nd Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Oral and

tronics and Human Science, 9 November 2010, Nagoya, Japan; 2010.

12 November 2009, Nagoya, Japan; 2009.

Craniofacial Surgery 2010;21(6) 1861‐1866.

6 December 2010, Nagoya, Japan; 2010.

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2009; 20(5) 1523‐1530.

Maxillofacial Surgeons, 29 September 2007, Nagoya, Japan; 2007.

Nagoya, Japan; 2010.

2010.


[44] Sakai K, Matsubara K, Yamamoto A, Hibi H, Ueda M. Engrafted dental pulp stem cells promoted functional recovery of completely transected rat spinal cord. In: 9th International Society Stem Cell Research, 15‐18 June 2011, Toronto, Canada; 2011.

[34] Nishino Y, Ebisawa K, Yamada Y, Okabe K, Kamei Y, Ueda M. Human Deciduous Teeth Dental Pulp Cells (hDPC) with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (b‐FGF) En‐ hance Wound Healing of Skin Defect. In: 8th Annual Meeting of the International So‐

Micro-Nano Mechatronics — New Trends in Material, Measurement, Control, Manufacturing and Their Applications in

[35] Nishino Y, Yamada Y, Ebisawa K, Nakamura S, Okabe K, Umemura E, Hara K, Ueda M. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) enhance wound heal‐ ing and possibility of novel cell therapy. In: 54th congress of the Japanese Society of

[36] Okabe K, Yamada Y, Ito K, Yoshimi R, Kohgo T, Yajima A, Hibi H, Ueda M. Experi‐ mental study for soft‐tissue regeneration with tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In: The 52nd Congress of the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial

[37] Osugi M, Katagiri W, Yoshimi R, Inoue M, Hara K, Inukai T, Hibi H, Ueda M. The stem cells cultured conditioned media enhanced bone regeneration. In: 20th Annual Scientific Meeting of the European Association of Osseointegration, 13‐15 October

[38] Osugi M, Katagiri W, Yoshimi R, Inoue M, Hara K, Inukai T, Hibi H, Ueda M. The stem cells cultured conditioned media enhanced bone regeneration. In: The 56th Congress of the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 21‐23 October

[39] Osugi M, Katagiri W, Yoshimi R, Inoue M, Hara K, Inukai T, Hibi H, Ueda M. The stem cells cultured conditioned media enhanced bone regeneration. In: The 32nd Congress of the Japanese Society of Inflammation and Regeneration, 2‐3 June 2011,

[40] Sakai K, Yamamoto A, Matusbara K, Nakamura S, Tauchi R, Wakao N, Imagama S, Hibi H, Ueda M. Multifaceted neuro‐regenerative activities of tooth‐derived stem cells promote locomotor recovery after complete transection of the spinal cord. The

[41] Sakai K, Yamamoto A, Hibi H, Yamada Y, Fujio F, Yamagata M, Ueda M. Transplan‐ tation of dental pulp stem cells in spinal cord injury. In: 88th International Associa‐

[42] Sakai K, Yamamoto A, Hibi H, Yamada Y, Fujio F, Ueda M. Transplantation of hu‐ man dental pulp stem cells in complete transaction of the rat spinal cord. In: 2nd Na‐ goya University Global COE Program, Integrated Functional Molecular Medicine for Neuronal and Neoplastic Disorders, 26‐27 February 2010, Nagoya, Japan; 2010. [43] Sakai K, Matsubara K, Yamamoto A, Ueda M. Transplantation of dental pulp stem cells in spinal cord injury. In: The 3rd Symposium of Young Researchers‐Innovative MEMS design and the biomedical application‐ Micro/Nano Global COE, 6 December

ciety for Stem Cell Research, 16‐19 June 2010, San Francisco, CA, USA; 2010.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 9‐11 October 2010, Sapporo, Japan; 2010.

Surgeons, 29‐30 September 2007, Nagoya, Japan; 2007.

Journal of Clinical Investigation 2012;122(1) 80‐90.

tion for Dental Research, 4‐17 July 2010, Barcelona, Spain; 2010.

2011, Athens, Greece; 2011.

Biomedical Engineering

164

2011, Osaka, Japan; 2011.

2010, Nagoya, Japan; 2010.

Kyoto, Japan; 2011.


**Chapter 8**

**Electronic Structure Calculations for Nano Materials**

This is a chapter on electronic structure calculations for nano materials based on first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) [1, 2]. The DFT has become the primary tool for electronic structure calculations for solids and has also become popular for atoms and molecules. There are many reviews and books on theDFT [3‐5].In this chapter,the works ofOhno and coworkers on electronic structure calculations for deformed boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) using the

The existence of BNNTs was theoretically predicted by Rubio et al. [8, 9] and then multi‐walled (MW) BNNTs were first synthesized by Chopra et al. [10]. Since then, BNNTs have attracted the attention of many researchers owing to their important properties [11]. The mechanical strength [12, 13] and thermochemical stability [14] of BNNTs are comparable to those of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [15]. For instance, experiments (using a thermal vibrational amplitude technique [12] and an electric field‐induced resonance method [16]) and atomistic simulations (first‐principles [17‐20], tight‐binding [21, 22], and classical molecular mechanics [23, 27] calculations) measured the Youngʹs modulus of BNNTs to be in the range 0.7‐1.2 TPa, which is close to that of CNTs (e.g., the average value is 1.8 TPa [28] and 1.25 TPa [29]). In contrast, the electrical conductivity of BNNTs is completely dissimilar to that of CNTs. While CNTs become either metallic or semiconductive depending on the chirality, BNNTs are electrically insulating regardless of the diameter and chirality [11]. This is a notable characteristic of BNNTs that is different from CNTs. Therefore, BNNTs are expected to be used as electrical insulation coatings for conducting or semiconducting nanochains, nanowires, and nanotubes in severeconditions such as high temperatures and chemically hazardous environments.

However, a recent experimental study indicated that a bent MWBNNT was electrically conductive [30], and a theoretical study showed that flattening decreased the energy gap of a zigzag single‐walled (SW) BNNT [31]. These results indicate that the usefulness of BNNTs as nanocoatings might be lost under certain conditions (e.g., deformation caused by thermal

> © 2013 Ohno et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 Ohno et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Nobutada Ohno, Dai Okumura and

Yusuke Kinoshita

**1. Introduction**

DFT are described [6, 7].
