**5. Acknowledgements**

This project was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation (31000708), Henan Provincial Key Technologies R & D Program (114300510013) and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20104105120003) of China.

### **6. References**


durum wheat Langdon. The reason for this discrepancy is possibly due to primer sequence

According to Chen et al. (2010), *Pinb-2v1, Pinb-2v2, Pinb-2v3* and *Pinb-2v4* are located on chromosome 7DL, 7BL, 7B and 7AL in bread wheat, respectively. Coincidently, the strongest QTL effects controlling grain yield, especially for grain weight, were found on chromosomes 7AL and 7BL in the report of Quarrie et al. (2005), and a QTL associated with grain yield has also been identified on chromosome 7D in the study of Kuchel et al. (2007). More recently, several QTLs including QTLs on 7A and 7B associated with grain yield and yield components have been discovered in a recombinant inbred line population (McIntyre et al. 2009). However, further studies are required to determine if this is 'cause and effect' or

Even though many QTLs controlling wheat grain yield and its components have been studied for many years, no specific gene with detailed sequence has been reported so far. Therefore, the possibility of the *Puroindoline b-2* gene possessing some function in modulating grain yield traits may provide useful information for MAS (Marker Assisted Selection). Future studies should define the function of the *Puroindoline b-2* genes by using

This project was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation (31000708), Henan Provincial Key Technologies R & D Program (114300510013) and Specialized Research Fund

Bhave M, Morris CF. 2008a. Molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes: allelic diversity in wheat and other grasses. Plant Molecular Biology 66, 205-219. Bhave M Morris CF. 2008b. Molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes:

Bihan TL, Blochet JE, Desormeaux A, Marion D, Pezolet M. 1996. Determination of the

Capparelli R, Borriello G, Giroux MJ, Amoroso MG. 2003. Puroindoline a-gene expression is

Chantret N, Salse J, Sabot F, Rahman S, Bellec A, Laubin B, Dubois I, Dossat C, Sourdille P,

Chen F, Beecher B, Morris CF. 2010a. Physical mapping and a new variant of *Puroindoline b-2* 

genes in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 120:745-751.

regulation of expression, membrane binding properties and applications. Plant

secondary structure and conformation of puroindolines by infrared and Raman

involved in association of puroindolines to starch. Theoretical and Applied

Joudrier P, Gautier MF, Cattolico L, Beckert M, Aubourg S, Weissenbach J, Caboche M, Bernard M, Leroy P, Chalhoub B. 2005. Molecular basis of evolutionary events that shaped the hardness locus in diploid and polyploid wheat species

for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20104105120003) of China.

and specificity (or lack thereof) for the various variant genes used in the two studies.

simply linkage occurring.

**5. Acknowledgements** 

**6. References** 

populations with defined genetic background.

Molecular Biology 66, 221-231.

Genetics 107: 1463-1468.

spectroscopy. Biochemistry 35: 12712-12722.

(*Triticum* and *Aegilops*). Plant Cell 17: 1033-1045


**16** 

*México* 

**Evolution of GPI-Aspartyl Proteinases** 

*Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2Centro de Diagnóstico y Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Distrito Federal* 

The *Candida* genus is a polyphyletic genus with at least 150 species. Nine are recognized opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. *C. albicans* is the species most frequently isolated from human infections, followed by Candida non-Candida species (CNCA), as *C. glabrata*, *C. tropicalis*, C. *dubliniensis*, *C. parapsilosis*, *C. guilliermondii*, *C. lusitaniae, C. kefyr* and *C. krusei* (Méan et al. 2008; Pfaller & Diekema, 2007; Almirante et al. 2005; Manzano-Gayosso

Some works describe the phylogenetic relationships of *Candida* genus and illustrate the limited relationship between the pathogenic *Candida* spp. The genus has been divided into: the CTG clade, which includes yeast that encodes CTG as serine instead of leucine (*C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis* and *C. lusitaniae*); and the WGD clade, which includes yeast that has undergone a genome duplication event (*Saccharomyces* spp*., Kluyveromyces* spp. and *C. glabrata*). Evidently, *C. glabrata* is more related to non-pathogenic yeasts, as *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*, than to the other pathogenic species (Scannell et al. 2007). *C. albicans* is a normal microorganism in humans, and colonise up to 70% of skin, mucoses, and faeces of individuals with no apparent detriment to health. However, in some circumstances, either through environmental factors or a weakening of the host immune system, a proliferation and infection by *C. albicans* arise inducing candidosis (Wei et al.

Biofilm formation, adhesion, cavitation, phenotypic switching, dimorphism, interaction with the host immune system, invasion and tissue damage are virulence virulence factors for *C. albicans*. All these factors are related to the secreted aspartyl proteases (Sap) family, which is considered an important virulence factor and is studied as a possible target for therapeutic drug design (Naglik et al. 2004; Chaffin et al. 1998; Hube, 1998; Naglik et al. 2003, 2004,

The topic of this chapter is to understand the molecular characteristics, evolution and putative functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked aspartyl proteases (Yps), a protein superfamily distributed among all pathogenic *Candida* species. Cell location motifs,

**1. Introduction** 

et al. 2000).

2011).

2008).

**(Yapsines) of** *Candida* **spp** 

and César Hernández-Rodríguez\*1

*1Departamento de Microbiología,* 

*Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología* 

Berenice Parra-Ortega1,2, Lourdes Villa-Tanaca1\*

