Contents

## **Preface** XIII

**Part 1 General Aspects 1** 

	- **Part 2 A Look at Some Gene Families 111**

### Chapter 7 **Immunoglobulin Polygeny: An Evolutionary Perspective 113**  J. E. Butler, Xiu-Zhu Sun and Nancy Wertz

X Contents


Contents VII

Chapter 18 **Molecular Evolution of Juvenile Hormone Signaling 333**  Aaron A. Baumann and Thomas G. Wilson

> **of Esterases in Cactophilic** *Drosophila* **Species 353** Rogério P. Mateus, Luciana P. B. Machado and Carlos R. Ceron

**A Model Mechanism of Parkinson Disease 373** Kenya Nishioka, Owen A. Ross and Nobutaka Hattori

**Gene Duplication and Retrotransposon Insertion 383** 

Chapter 19 **Gene Duplication and Subsequent Differentiation**

Shintaro Iwashita and Naoki Osada

Chapter 20 *SNCA* **Gene Multiplication:**

Chapter 21 **Bucentaur (Bcnt) Gene Family:** 


VI Contents

Chapter 8 **Gene Duplication in Insecticide Resistance 141** Si Hyeock Lee and Deok Ho Kwon

> **Origin of Translation Factors 151**  Galina Zhouravleva and Stanislav Bondarev

Chapter 10 **Analysis of Duplicate Gene Families in Microbial**

**Duplication in** *M. tuberculosis* **173** Venu Vuppu and Nicola Mulder

**Transcription Factors: Gene Duplication of CCAAT – Binding Factors NF-Y in Plants 197**  Alexandro Cagliari, Andreia Carina Turchetto-Zolet, Felipe dos Santos Maraschin, Guilherme Loss, Rogério Margis and Marcia Margis-Pinheiro

**Genomes and Application to the Study of Gene** 

Chapter 9 **Gene Duplication and the**

Chapter 11 **The Evolutionary History of CBF** 

**Part 3 Examining Bundles of Genes 223** 

Manoj Majee and Harmeet Kaur

Felipe Merino and Victoria Guixé

Chapter 14 **Duplication of Coagulation Factor Genes and**

Shiyang Kwong and R. Manjunatha Kini

**Exhibits Sequence Diversity in Wheat**

Chapter 13 **On the Specialization History of** 

Chapter 15 **A Puroindoline Mutigene Family** 

Chapter 16 **Evolution of GPI-Aspartyl**

Chapter 17 **Clues to Evolution of the SERA** 

Feng Chen, Fuyan Zhang, Craig F. Morris and Dangqun Cui

and César Hernández-Rodríguez

Nobuko Arisue, Nirianne M. Q. Palacpac, Kazuyuki Tanabe and Toshihiro Horii

Chapter 12 **L-** *Myo***-Inositol 1-Phosphate Synthase (MIPS) in** 

**the ADP-Dependent Sugar Kinase Family 237** 

**and is Associated with Yield-Related Traits 279** 

**Proteinases (Yapsines) of** *Candida* **spp 289**  Berenice Parra-Ortega, Lourdes Villa-Tanaca

**Multigene Family in the Genus** *Plasmodium* **315** 

**Chickpea: Gene Duplication and Functional Divergence 225** 

**Evolution of Snake Venom Prothrombin Activators 257**

Chapter 21 **Bucentaur (Bcnt) Gene Family: Gene Duplication and Retrotransposon Insertion 383**  Shintaro Iwashita and Naoki Osada

Preface

the Earth.

The book Gene Duplication consists of 21 chapters divided in 3 parts: General Aspects,

The importance of the study of Gene Duplication stems from the realization that the dynamic process of duplication is the "sine qua non" underlying the evolution of all living matter. Genes may be altered before or after the duplication process thereby undergoing neofunctionalization, thus creating in time new organisms which populate

Osaka (Chapter I) suggests that similarities in amino acid sequences exhibited by paralogous proteins prove that evolution proceeds via in toto gene duplication. If the ancestral and the newly created gene perform the same function, the new gene would be labeled a subfunctional gene. It should be added that such a duplicated gene encoding an identical product might also be engaged by different cellular regulatory signals (e.g. methylation of nucleotide sites) which in turn, could hamper the expression of such a duplicated gene. (See e.g. Woody et al. Chapter 3). If this duplicated gene subsequently undergoes mutations that allow a function for the new gene that is different from the parent gene (neofunctionalization) that would represent a far more positive evolutionary event. The first three chapters in this book focus on such in toto gene duplications whereby in evolutionary time neofunctionalization could have taken hold. There are also several specific cicumscribed examples given in this book. (See e.g. Majee&Kaur, Chapter 12). Undoubtedly, duplication contributes substantially to the formation of new genes. But there is a caveat: In time, the majority

In recent years, however, attention has been paid to another possible path for creating a new gene: The formation of the chimeric gene, a gene immediately ready for a new function. Such a gene might result from altering the position of spliced introns, or more likely from retropositioning of a new encoding domain into the gene: I.e. partial gene duplications and combination. It is obvious that such processes are particularly suited for the creation of genes encoding multi-domain proteins and that they may accelerate considerably the natural process of neofunctionalization. (See Hatje et al.Chapter 4; Friedberg, Chapter 5; Toll-Riera et al. Chapter 6 and Iwashita et al. Chapter 21). Retrotransposons are capable of promoting such segmental duplications.

A Look at Some Gene Families and Examining Bundles of Genes.

of duplicated genes mutates into oblivion.
