**4. Acknowledgment**

We thank nurses and officers at the Kawasaki Medical School for their kind help with the present survey.

Evaluation of Duodenal Hypersensitivity to Acid Using Transnasal Endoscopy 191

[18] Lee, K.J.; Demarchi, B. & Demedts, I. (2004). A pilot study on duodenal acid exposure

[19] Samsom, M.; Verhagen, M.A. & van Berge Henegouwen, G.P. (1999). Abnormal

[20] Lee, K.J.; Vos, R. & Janssens, J. (2004). Influence of duodenal acidification on the

[21] Miwa, H.; Nakajima, K. & Yamaguchi, K. (2007). Generation of dyspeptic symptoms by

[22] Delaney, B.; Ford, A.C. & Forman, D. (2005). Initial management strategies for

[23] Veldhuyzen,; van Zanten S.J. & Chiba, N. (2005). A randomized trial comparing

[24] Kinoshita, Y.; Hashimoto, T. & Kawamura, A. (2005). Effects of famotidine, mosapride

[25] Seno, H.; Nakase, H. & Chiba, T. (2005). Usefulness of famotidine in functional

[26] Talley, N.J.; Vakil, N.B. & Moayyedi, P. (2005). American gastroenterological association technical review on the evaluation of dyspepsia. *Gastroenterol.* 129: 1756–1780. [27] Matsunaga, Y.; Yamamoto, O. & Ueki, S. (1994). Inhibition of phase III activity by acid

[28] Simrén, M.; Vos, R. & Janssens, J. (2003). Acid infusion enhances duodenal mechanosensitivity in healthy subjects. *Am. J. Physiol.* 285: G309–G315. [29] Hunt, J.N. & Knox, M.T. (1972). The slowing of gastric emptying by four strong acids

[30] Woodtli, W. & Owyang, C. (1995). Duodenal pH governs interdigestive motility in

[31] Lu, Y.X. & Owyang, C. (1999). Duodenal acid-induced gastric relaxation is mediated by

[32] Danzer, M.; Jocic, M. & Samberger, C. (2004). Stomach-brain communication by vagal

[33] Raybould, H.E. & Hölzer, H.H. (1993). Duodenal acid-induced inhibition of gastric motility and emptying in rats. *Am. J. Physiol.* 265: G540–G546. Cooke, 1974; [34] Mearadji, B.; Straathof, J.W. & Lamers, C.B. (1999). Effect of gastrin on proximal gastric

[35] Parkman, H.P.; Urbain, J.L. & Knight, L.C. (1998). Effect of gastric acid suppressants on

[36] Lamb, K.; Kang, Y.M. & Gebhart, G.F. (2003). Gastric inflammation triggers

motor function in humans. *Neurogastroenterol. Motil.* 11: 449–455.

hypersensitivity to acid in awake rats. *Gastroenterol.* 125: 1410–1418.

afferents in response to luminal acid backdiffusion, gastrin, and gastric acid

anxiety therapies. *Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.* 21 (Suppl. 2): 32–36.

in canine stomach. *Regul. Pept.* 52: 61–72.

humans. *Am. J. Physiol.* 268: G146–G152.

secretion. *Am. J. Physiol.* 286: G403–G411.

human gastric motility. *Gut* 42: 243–250.

and three weak acids. *J. Physiol. (Lond.)* 222: 187–208.

multiple pathways. *Am. J. Physiol.* 276: G1501–G1506.

*Am. J. Gastroenterol.* 99: 1765–1773.

*Pharmacol. Ther.* 26: 257– 264.

G278– G284.

100: 1477–1488.

(Suppl. 2): 37–41.

in dyspeptic patients. *Gastroenterol.* 116: 515–520.

dyspepsia. *Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.* 4: CD001961.

and its relationship to symptoms in functional dyspepsia with prominent nausea.

clearance of exogenous acid and increased acid sensitivity of proximal duodenum

sensorimotor function of the proximal stomach in humans. *Am. J. Physiol.* 286:

direct acid infusion into the stomach of healthy Japanese subjects. *Aliment.* 

omeprazole, ranitidine, cisapride, or placebo in helicobacter pylori negative, primary care patients with dyspepsia: the CADET-HN Study. *Am. J. Gastroenterol.* 

and tandospirone for treatment of functional dyspepsia. *Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.* 21

dyspepsia patient treatment: comparison among prokinetic, acid suppression and

#### **5. References**


[1] Tack, J.; Talley, N.J. & Camilleri, M. (2006). Functional gastroduodenal disorders.

[2] Zagari RM,; Law GR & Fuccio L. (2010). Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia and

[3] Aro, P.; Talley, N.J. & Ronkainen, J. (2009). Anxiety is associated with uninvestigated and

[4] Johnsen, R.; Straume, B. & Førde, O.H. (1988). Peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia-a

[5] Shaib, Y.; & El-Serag, H.B. (2004). The prevalence and risk factors of functional dyspepsia

[6] Stanghellini, V.; Tosetti, C. & Pasternico, A. (1996). Risk indicators of delayed gastric

[7] Sarnelli, G.; Caenepeel, P. & Geypens, B. (2003). Symptoms associated with impaired

[8] Bradette, M.; Pare, P. & Douville, P. (1991). Visceral perception in health and functional

[9] Mearin, F.; Cucala, M. & Azpiroz, F. (1991). The origin of symptoms on the brain-gut axis

[10] Barbera, R.; Feinle, C. & Read, N.W. (1995). Nutrient-specific modulation of gastric

[11] Tack, J.; Caenepeel, P. & Fischler, B. (2001). Symptoms associated with hypersensitivity to gastric distension in functional dyspepsia. *Gastroenterol.* 121: 526–535. [12] Tack, J.; Piessevaux, H. & Coulie, B. (1998). Role of impaired gastric accommodation to a

[13] Holtmann, G.; Goebell, H. & Talley, J. (1996). Impaired small intestinal peristaltic

[15] Samsom, M.; Verhagen, M.A. & van Berge Henegouwen, G.P. (1999). Abnormal

[16] Schwartz, M.P.; Samsom, M. & van Berge Henegouwen, G.P. (2001). Effect of inhibition

with chronic unexplained dyspepsia. *Am. J. Gastroenterol.* 91: 485–491. [14] Wilmer, A.; Van Cutsem, E. & Andrioli, A. (1998). Ambulatory gastrojejunal manometry

disease and a disorder. *Scand. J. Prim. Health Care* 6: 239–243.

in functional dyspepsia. *Gastroenterol.* 101: 999–1006.

meal in functional dyspepsia. *Gastroenterol.* 115: 1346–1352.

symptoms, and gastric emptying. *Gut* 42: 235–242.

in dyspeptic patients. *Gastroenterol.* 116: 515–520.

subgroups in the Italian general population: an endoscopic study. G*astroenterol.* 

functional dyspepsia (Rome III criteria) in a Swedish population-based study.

in a multiethnic population in the United States. *Am. J. Gastroenterol.* 99: 2210–2216.

emptying of solids in patients with functional dyspepsia. *Gastroenterol.* 110: 1036–

gastric emptying of solids and liquids in functional dyspepsia. *Am. J. Gastroenterol.* 

dyspepsia. Crossover study of gastric distension with placebo and domperidone.

mechanosensitivity in patients with functional dyspepsia. *Dig. Dis. Sci.* 40: 1636–

reflexes and sensory thresholds are independent functional disturbances in patients

in severe motility-like dyspepsia: lack of correlation between dysmotility,

clearance of exogenous acid and increased acid sensitivity of proximal duodenum

of gastric acid secretion on antropyloroduodenal motor activity and duodenal acid hypersensitivity in functional dyspepsia. *Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.* 15: 1921–1928. [17] Schwarz, M.P.; Samsom, M. & Smout, A.J. (2001). Chemospecific alterations in duodenal

perception and motor response in functional dyspepsia. *Am. J. Gastroenterol.* 96:

**5. References** 

138:1302-11.

1042.

1641.

2596–2602.

98: 783–788.

*Dig. Dis. Sci.* 36: 52–58.

*Gastroenterol.* 130: 1466–1479.

*Gastroenterol.* 137: 94–100.


**Part 4** 

**The Colon** 

