**8. Complications**

Complications of HGMP/CIP are those cases classified under the clinico-pathological classification as types III to V (von Rahden et al., 2004). To date, there have been around thirty cases of cervical esophagus adenocarcinoma (type V) reported (Abe et al., 2004 ; Alaani et al., 2007 ; Alrawi et al., 2005 ; Balon et al., 2003; Berkelhammer et al., 1997; Carrie, 1950; Chatelain et al., 2002; Christensen & Sternberg, 1987; Clemente, 1974; Danoff et al., 1978; Davis et al., 1969; Goëau-Brissonnière et al., 1985; Haruki et al., 2008 ; Hirayama et al., 2003; Ishii et al., 1991; Kammori et al., 1996; Kamiya et al., 1983; Klaase et al., 2001; Lauwers et al., 1998 ; Morson & Belcher, 1952; Noguchi et al., 2001 ; Pai et al., 1997; Pech et al., 2001; Raphael et al., 1966; Sakamoto et al., 1970; Schmidt et al., 1985; Sperling & Grendell, 1995; Takagi et al., 1995; von Rahden et al., 2004 & 2005; Yoshida et al., 1986; Yoshida et al., 2010) in the literature. Other non-malignant complications (types III and IV) have been reported in both children and adults and are shown in Table 1 (Sauvé et al., 2001; Mion et al., 1996; Steadman et al., 1988; Yarborough et al., 1993; Bosher & Taylor, 1951; Powell & Luck, 1988; Karnak et al., 1999; Buse et al., 1993; Waring & Wo, 1997; Weaver, 1979; Bataller et al., 1995; Kohler et al., 1988; Garcia et al., 2002; Daher et al., 2010; Sánchez-Pernaute et al., 1999; Righini et al., 2007 ; Chatelain et al., 1998; Oguma et al., 2005 ; Rana et al., 2006 ; Schulewitz et al., 2007). Proximal esophageal web or stricture associated with Plummer-Vinson or Paterson-Kelly-Brown syndrome associated with sideroblastic anemia is now believed to complication of HGMP/CIP (Ainsley, 2011). Table 3 shows the listed of reported complications associated with HGMP/CIP.
