**Dietary Manipulations for Enhancing Cardio-Protective Fatty Acids in the Milk of Dairy Cows**

Muhmmad Subhan Qureshi, Tawheed Ali Azeemi

Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan

#### **Abstract**

The ruminants milk contains a higher proportions of saturated fatty acid (SFA), which is a risk factor related to cardiovascular disease. The mono and polyunsaturated fatty acid (MUFA, PU-FAs), decreasing the risk of heart disease, are low in milk fat. The crossbred cows have been a major source of milk for human consumption. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of protected palm fats feeding on milk fatty acids profiles of crossbred cows. A total of 15 of Crossbred and 15 of Holstein Friesian cows were selected and protected palm fats were supplemented as: PF-0, PF-25, PF-50, PF-100 and; PF-150; the number representing the quantity (g) of fats/day. Milk sample were collected, analyzed and the study continued for 8 weeks. SFA was significantly (P<0.05) decreased from 70.80 to 67.45 g/100g while MUFA and PUFA increased with the increasing supplementation. It appears that hypercholestermic properties of the milk were reduced and cardio-protective properties were enhanced by feeding protected palm fats. It was also associated with increased milk yield and progesterone level reflecting better fertility and productivity. In early lactation 150 g/day palm protected fat may be supplemented for maximum yield, better reproductive performance and healthier milk.

**Keywords:** Hypercholestermic; cardio-protective; milk; dairy; nutrition; cattle; diet

## **1. Introduction**

Crossbreed cows are kept for milk production by the peri urban dairy farmer and small scale rural farmer in Pakistan. These animals have emerged through genetic improvement of local non-discriptive cows leading to gradual improvement in milk yield. Resultantly they require improved feeding and management practices [1]. The improvement of ruminant milk quality has in many ways, been made possible by dietary manipulation [2]. Researchers have attempted to obtain milk fat with healthier properties increasing its content in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which have unquestionable beneficial effects on human lipid metabolism [3]. Many attempts have been made, therefore, to alter the fatty acid composition of milk fat from lactating cows in order to improve its nutritional value. From these studies, it has been deduced that the fat used should be protected from ruminal microbial actions so that PUFAs reach the small intestine and their potentially toxic effect on rumen micro-organisms is minimized [2, 4]. Cows have high energy demands in early lactation to sustain milk secretion; hence one logical strategy

© 2012 Qureshi et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

for sustaining milk production is maximizing energy intake by increasing energy density of diet. Flaked, prilled fatty acids, calcium salts, formaldehyde and many other treated protected fatty acids are insoluble in the rumen [2].

International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (ICALS2012)

the level of dietary protected fats. In polyunsaturated fatty acids C18:3 was significantly increased (P=0.042) in PF100 and PF150 supplemented groups, while C18:2 was not effected

Correlation analysis showed that changes in C8:0, C10:0 and C12:0 were positively correlated with the PUFA. Milk progesterone was negatively correlated with the saturated fatty acids but showed strongest correlation with the C12:0 (r = -0.379). Daily milk yield correlated negatively

Figure 1 shows constant decrease in the level of SFA from 71 to 67% with increasing intake of protected fats from PF0 to PF100, however, further increased was not effective. The increasing level of protected fat from PF0 to PF50 did not effect the unsaturated fatty acid. Further increased up to PF150 g/day increased the later from 32.7 g/100g all these changes

**Effect of protected fats on milk yield and progesterone:** Figure 2 shows changes for progesterone and milk yield with different supplemented levels of protected palm fats. Highest milk yield (13.31±0.81 kg/day) was recorded in PF150 group, followed by 12.66±0.79 kg/day in PF100

**Effect of Protected Palm fats on Milk fatty acids:** Supplementation of palm protected fats to

**Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean ±SE**

Milk Yield kg/day 6 18 12.12±0.49 Progesterone ng/ml 0.22 2.78 1.80±0.06

C12:0 0.8 9.3 3.25±0.17 C14:0 10 18.9 13.96±0.28 C16:0 22.8 32 26.87±0.24 C18:0 13 21.7 16.41±0.19 C14:1 0.1 1.6 0.415±0.03 C16:1 0.1 3.7 0.79±0.08 C18:1 *trans* 0.2 6.2 1.77±0.14 C18:1 14.3 33 23.89±0.51 C18:2 0.3 6.3 0.415±0.03 C18:2 *trans* 0.4 1.2 0.79±0.08 C18:3 0.2 2.8 1.77±0.14

significantly however, highest concentration was observed in PF150 group.

with C12:0 and positively with C19:0 (-0.224 and 0.250 respectively, P<0.05).

were significant.

**4. Discussion**

Milk Fatty acid (g/100g)

dairy cows

supplemented group (P<0.05).

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<sup>425</sup> ISALS

The present study was conducted to explore response the changes in milk fatty acid profiles with protected fats diets in various cattle breeds.

## **2. Materials and methods**

**Selection of Animals and treatments:** Thirty lactating cows (Holstein Friesian and Crossbred) during 3rd week of lactation were selected at University Dairy Farm. The animals were housed in open paddock with free access to water from a tank. Milking was practiced at 3 AM and 3 PM and concentrate feed was provided during the milking time. Experimental period was for 8 weeks, with 3 days of adaptation. The cows were allotted randomly to the five dietary treatments as follows: PF0 (concentrate mixture, 1kg/ 3L milk); PF25, PF100, PF150 (concentrate mixture + Protected fats 25, 50, 100, 150g/day). The fats was protected through the method described as by Strohmaier et al. [5].

**Milk recording, sampling and analysis:** A total of 80 samples of milk were collected in each week and daily milk yield was recorded. Weekly milk samples were collected at the rate of 50 ml and stored at -20ºC until analyzed. The milk fat was separated and analysed for fatty acids [6).

**Statistical Analysis:** The data were analysed through SPSS 11 for Windows XP. Analysis of variance was used for means comparison through general liner model procedures. Correlation analysis was used for detecting changes in protected fats levels affected milk yield and fatty acids. Means were subsequently ranked using Duncan Multiple Range Test.

## **3. Results**

**Milk Fatty acids concentrations:** The mean values of milk yield and milk fatty acids and milk progesterone are reported in Table 1. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) showed the highest concentration out of the total milk fatty acids with an mean ± SE of 68.72±0.41 g/100 ranging from 62.3 to 78.4 g/100g. Within SFA the highest concentration was recorded for C16:0 (26.87 g/100g) followed by C14:0 (13.96 g/100 g). The sum of three hypercholestremic fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0) was 44.0 g/100g. Average concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) was 30.27 g/100g out of which the highest concentration was recorded for C18:1 (23.89 g/100). The concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was 26.87 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were 3.41 g/100 g in the total milk fatty acid.

**Effect of protected palm fats:** In Holstein dairy cows fats supplementation affected concentration of C14:0 and C16:0 significantly decreasing with the increasing levels of fat intake from PF25 to PF150 /day (Table 2). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in PF100 and PF150 groups. The highest concentration was recorded for C18:3 (P<0.05). In crossbred dairy cows fat supplementation had no significant effect on overall SFA; however with increasing fat intake from PF0 to PF100 a decreasing trend was observed in SFA from 71.36 to 66.50 g/100 g (Table 3). Concentration of C14:0 significantly decreased with the increasing the level of dietary protected fats. In polyunsaturated fatty acids C18:3 was significantly increased (P=0.042) in PF100 and PF150 supplemented groups, while C18:2 was not effected significantly however, highest concentration was observed in PF150 group.

Correlation analysis showed that changes in C8:0, C10:0 and C12:0 were positively correlated with the PUFA. Milk progesterone was negatively correlated with the saturated fatty acids but showed strongest correlation with the C12:0 (r = -0.379). Daily milk yield correlated negatively with C12:0 and positively with C19:0 (-0.224 and 0.250 respectively, P<0.05).

Figure 1 shows constant decrease in the level of SFA from 71 to 67% with increasing intake of protected fats from PF0 to PF100, however, further increased was not effective. The increasing level of protected fat from PF0 to PF50 did not effect the unsaturated fatty acid. Further increased up to PF150 g/day increased the later from 32.7 g/100g all these changes were significant.

**Effect of protected fats on milk yield and progesterone:** Figure 2 shows changes for progesterone and milk yield with different supplemented levels of protected palm fats. Highest milk yield (13.31±0.81 kg/day) was recorded in PF150 group, followed by 12.66±0.79 kg/day in PF100 supplemented group (P<0.05).

## **4. Discussion**

**Effect of Protected Palm fats on Milk fatty acids:** Supplementation of palm protected fats to dairy cows



International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (ICALS2012)

**Figure 1.** Effect of protected-palm-fats feeding (g/day) on unsaturated (▲) and saturated fatty acids (g/100g, ■) in the milk of dairy cows.

in increased in milk fats of crossbred cow.

Turkey, September 10-12, 2012

**Figure 2.** Effect of different levels of protected palm fats (g/day) on milk yield (kg/day, ▲) and progester-

one concentrations (ng/ml, ■).

significantly (P<0.002) decreased SFA of milk from 70.78 to 67.49 (g/100g). Within the SFA the caproic (C6:0) capylic (C8:0) and capric (C10:0), lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0) acids decreased while palmitic (C16:0) was significantly (P<0.001) increased. In polyunsaturated fatty acids linolenic acid (C18:3) was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by increasing supplement fats up to 150 g/ day. Similar finding was observed by Purushothaman et al. [7] who fed 200 g palm protected fats to crossbred cows, and observed that with the supplementation the proportion of caproic (C6:0), capylic (C8:0) and capric (C10:0) acid decreased significantly (p<0.01) while the palmitic (C16:0), polyunsaturated fatty acid: oleic (C18:1), linoeic (C18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids concentration

Lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), and palmitic acid (C16:0) are to be the serum total and LDL-cholesterol raising SFA [8]. Myristic acid C14:0 is more hypercholesterolemic than palmitic acid C16:0 [9]. The increased concentration of palmitic acid in milk fat was due to palm oil, rich in palmitic acid. The decrease in C14:0 and C12:0 by 27.94% and 38% respectively can be related to the inhibition of these fatty acid with the supplementation, rich in PUFA. The present study is supported by West and Hill [10] reporting that supplementation of protected fats decreased the percentage of short-chain fatty acids and increased the long-chain fatty acids in milk fat. Similarly, Pantoja et al. [11] in Holstein dairy cows, found an increase in C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids and decrease in C8 to C14 fatty acids. McDonald and Scott [12] reported that cows fed protected

**Effect of Protected fats on Milk yield:** In our study milk yield is increased by the supplemented levels of protected palm fats in both crossbred and Holstein dairy cows. Similar findings were reported by Sajith Purushothaman et al. [7] about increased milk yield (by 1.9 kg/day) when fed 200 g protected palm fats. An increase in the production of milk has been also reported by Sarwar et al [13] and Palmquist and Jenkins. [14] in cows supplemented up to 300 g of rumen-protected. Supplementation of calcium salt of long chain fatty acids increased the milk production significantly (P<0.05) as reported by Maeng et al. [15]. Staples et al., [16] reviewed the effects of feeding fats on reproduction in dairy cows and also summarized their effects on milk yield, addition of

fat containing polyunsaturated oil had marked increased linoleic acid of milk fat.

calcium salt of palm oil increased milk yield by 2.4 kg/day.

<sup>427</sup> ISALS

**Table 1.** Descriptive statistics for various parameters in dairy cows (mean ± SE)

SFA (saturated fatty acid), MUFA (monounsaturated Fatty acid), PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid)


**Table 2.** Effect of protected fats intake on milk fatty acids (g/100g) in Holstein dairy cows (Mean±SE)


**Table 3.** Effect of Protected Palm fats intake level on Milk fatty acids profile (g/100g) in Crossbred dairy cows (Mean± SE)

**Figure 1.** Effect of protected-palm-fats feeding (g/day) on unsaturated (▲) and saturated fatty acids (g/100g, ■) in the milk of dairy cows.

significantly (P<0.002) decreased SFA of milk from 70.78 to 67.49 (g/100g). Within the SFA the caproic (C6:0) capylic (C8:0) and capric (C10:0), lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0) acids decreased while palmitic (C16:0) was significantly (P<0.001) increased. In polyunsaturated fatty acids linolenic acid (C18:3) was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by increasing supplement fats up to 150 g/ day. Similar finding was observed by Purushothaman et al. [7] who fed 200 g palm protected fats to crossbred cows, and observed that with the supplementation the proportion of caproic (C6:0), capylic (C8:0) and capric (C10:0) acid decreased significantly (p<0.01) while the palmitic (C16:0), polyunsaturated fatty acid: oleic (C18:1), linoeic (C18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids concentration in increased in milk fats of crossbred cow.

Lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), and palmitic acid (C16:0) are to be the serum total and LDL-cholesterol raising SFA [8]. Myristic acid C14:0 is more hypercholesterolemic than palmitic acid C16:0 [9]. The increased concentration of palmitic acid in milk fat was due to palm oil, rich in palmitic acid. The decrease in C14:0 and C12:0 by 27.94% and 38% respectively can be related to the inhibition of these fatty acid with the supplementation, rich in PUFA. The present study is supported by West and Hill [10] reporting that supplementation of protected fats decreased the percentage of short-chain fatty acids and increased the long-chain fatty acids in milk fat. Similarly, Pantoja et al. [11] in Holstein dairy cows, found an increase in C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids and decrease in C8 to C14 fatty acids. McDonald and Scott [12] reported that cows fed protected fat containing polyunsaturated oil had marked increased linoleic acid of milk fat.

**Effect of Protected fats on Milk yield:** In our study milk yield is increased by the supplemented levels of protected palm fats in both crossbred and Holstein dairy cows. Similar findings were reported by Sajith Purushothaman et al. [7] about increased milk yield (by 1.9 kg/day) when fed 200 g protected palm fats. An increase in the production of milk has been also reported by Sarwar et al [13] and Palmquist and Jenkins. [14] in cows supplemented up to 300 g of rumen-protected. Supplementation of calcium salt of long chain fatty acids increased the milk production significantly (P<0.05) as reported by Maeng et al. [15]. Staples et al., [16] reviewed the effects of feeding fats on reproduction in dairy cows and also summarized their effects on milk yield, addition of calcium salt of palm oil increased milk yield by 2.4 kg/day.

**Effect of protected fats on milk progesterone:** Milk progesterone was affected by intake of protected palm fats (P<0.033) changing favourably with increasing level of fats supplementation. Lowest progesterone concentration (1.54 ng/ml) was found in controlled group while highest 2.07 ng/ml of progesterone in 150g fat supplemented group. A similar study carried by Lopes [17], observed 1.81 ng/ml of progesterone on supplemented fed of 200 g of polyunsaturated fatty acid to *Bos indicus* beef cows. Espinoza et al., [18] supplemented 125g of protected palm oil to Herford and Angus and found greater than >1ng/ml of progesterone in cyclic cows. The increase in milk progesterone may be due to combating negative energy balance as already reported [19]. International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (ICALS2012)

[11] Pantoja, J., J. L. Firkins, M. L. Eastridge and B. L. Hull. 1996. Fatty acid digestion in lactating diary cows fed fats varying in degree of saturation and different fiber sources. J. Dairy Sci. 79:575-584.

[12] McDonald, I.W. and T.W. Scott. 1977. Foods of ruminant origin with elevated content of

[13] Sarwar, M., A. Sohaib, M. A. Khan and Mahr-Us-Nisa. 2003. Effect of feeding saturated fat on milk production and composition in crossbred dairy cows. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16(2):204-

[15] Maeng, W. J., J. H. Lim and S. R. Lee. 1993. Effects of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids on ruminal digestibility, microbial protein yield and lactation performance. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.

[16] Staples, C. R., J. M. Burke and W.W. Thatcher. 1998. Influence of supplemental fats on reproductive

[17] Lopes, C. N., A. B. Scarpa, B. I. Cappellozza, R. F. Cooke and J. L. M. Vasconcelos. 2009 Effects of rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on reproductive performance of

[18] Espinoza, J.L.; Ramírez-Godínez, J.A.; Jiménez, J.A. & Flores, A. (1995). Effects of calcium soaps of fatty acids on postpartum reproductive activity in beef cows and growth of calves. Journal of

[19] Villa-Godoy, A., T.L. Hughes, R.S. Emery, L.T. Chapin and R.L. Fogwell. 1988. Association between energy balance and luteal function in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science

[14] Palmquist. D. L. and T. C. Jenkins. 1980. Fat in lactation rations: review. J. Dairy Sci. 63:l

polyunsaturated fatty acids. World Rev Nutr Diet, 26: 144–207.

tissues and performance of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:856–871.

Bos indicus beef cows. J.Anim. Sci.87:3935–3943

Animal Science, 73:2888-2892.

210.

6(3):395-400.

71: 1063-1072.

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#### **5. Summary and Conclusion**

This paper investigated the effect of feeding protected palm fats on milk fatty acids profiles. The results suggest that hypercholestermic properties of the milk were reduced and cardio-protective properties were enhanced by feeding protected palm fats. It was also associated with increased milk yield and progesterone level reflecting better fertility and productivity. In early lactation 150 g/day palm protected fat may be supplemented for maximum yield, better reproductive performance and healthier milk.

#### **6. References**


International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (ICALS2012)

**The Issue of Food Subsidies in Egypt Following** 

Program is to support food a key component of the program of direct government support, is also on the other hand one of the basic mechanisms to mitigate the negative effects of the application of economic reform policies of Egypt, and most important of which high levels of domestic prices and the increasing rate of inflation in Egypt, especially in recent years, means support display and provide some basic goods and services at prices below actual cost and the real have to ensure that low-income and poor them in proportion to their income, has resulted in the rise in the cost of the program of support for food to the high costs of programs of direct government support has grown to support program food as more than one- third the cost of the program of

**Keywords:** program of support, Forecasting system nutritional support, Per capita food support,

As a result of the large number of events and the controversy over government support program and the extent of its ability to fulfill its obligations towards the citizens and individuals in the community, it gave evidence for economists to study that program to assess and evaluate and develop with the guidance to ensure the destination to take advantage of it as possible. Problem of the study Despite efforts by policy makers to reduce the incidence of poverty through a program of government support and the provision of basic needs of the members of the major commodities, but this interest has led to the high cost of the invoice system of government support as a direct result of the increasing population as well as rising prices and higher inflation rate with the following open system to support programs, in addition to that the support has become a financial burden, increasing the state budget, and is one of the reasons for lack of domestic production and low production efficiency with a lower benefit the people of rural support for the people of the cities of any non-arrival of support to those who deserve it in addition to the large number of the controversy about the possibility of converting support in-kind to cash support, Government has made numerous efforts to develop this program so issued many of the procedures and developed from the system of goods offered by the program of support to citizens in terms of the types and quantities of each citizen, but he is still the same problems the previous continuous and present themselves on the scene, hence the need to study. Objectives of the studThis study aimed primarily to achieve a set of key objectives that can be highlighted in thefollowing two points:1 - shed light on the structure and the terms of the program of government support, especially the Egyptian food subsidy program.2 - shed light on the efficiency of the current support program

Department of Agricultural Economics, kafr Elsheikh University, kafr Elsheikh, Egypt

**the Revolution of January 25**

Dr.Roshdy Sh. El Adwy

direct government support

**1. Introduction**

**Abstract**

© 2012 El Adwy; licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original work is properly cited.

Turkey, September 10-12, 2012

<sup>431</sup> ISALS

## **The Issue of Food Subsidies in Egypt Following the Revolution of January 25**

Dr.Roshdy Sh. El Adwy

Department of Agricultural Economics, kafr Elsheikh University, kafr Elsheikh, Egypt

#### **Abstract**

Program is to support food a key component of the program of direct government support, is also on the other hand one of the basic mechanisms to mitigate the negative effects of the application of economic reform policies of Egypt, and most important of which high levels of domestic prices and the increasing rate of inflation in Egypt, especially in recent years, means support display and provide some basic goods and services at prices below actual cost and the real have to ensure that low-income and poor them in proportion to their income, has resulted in the rise in the cost of the program of support for food to the high costs of programs of direct government support has grown to support program food as more than one- third the cost of the program of direct government support

**Keywords:** program of support, Forecasting system nutritional support, Per capita food support,

## **1. Introduction**

As a result of the large number of events and the controversy over government support program and the extent of its ability to fulfill its obligations towards the citizens and individuals in the community, it gave evidence for economists to study that program to assess and evaluate and develop with the guidance to ensure the destination to take advantage of it as possible. Problem of the study Despite efforts by policy makers to reduce the incidence of poverty through a program of government support and the provision of basic needs of the members of the major commodities, but this interest has led to the high cost of the invoice system of government support as a direct result of the increasing population as well as rising prices and higher inflation rate with the following open system to support programs, in addition to that the support has become a financial burden, increasing the state budget, and is one of the reasons for lack of domestic production and low production efficiency with a lower benefit the people of rural support for the people of the cities of any non-arrival of support to those who deserve it in addition to the large number of the controversy about the possibility of converting support in-kind to cash support, Government has made numerous efforts to develop this program so issued many of the procedures and developed from the system of goods offered by the program of support to citizens in terms of the types and quantities of each citizen, but he is still the same problems the previous continuous and present themselves on the scene, hence the need to study. Objectives of the studThis study aimed primarily to achieve a set of key objectives that can be highlighted in thefollowing two points:1 - shed light on the structure and the terms of the program of government support, especially the Egyptian food subsidy program.2 - shed light on the efficiency of the current support program

© 2012 El Adwy; licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

in Egypt. Research method and data sourceThe study relied on the use of methods of analysis of quantitative and qualitative, Where the function was used in the quadratic forms, linear, and Cubic, as it relied on the coefficient of determination and the amount and rate of annual change, were obtained secondary data from published and unpublished necessary to conduct this study of the views of various government, which included both the National Information Center of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, records of the Ministry of Social Solidarity, records of the Statistics Department of the central administration Sector of Economic Affairs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, the cabinet of Ministers (information and decision support Centre), and obtained the data from some of the websites of some bodies like the World Bank, National Bank of Egypt, Ministry of Finance, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.

International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (ICALS2012)

**3. Forecasting System nutritional Support in Egypt in the future**

The nutritional support of government is a political system that works to protect citizens from higher commodity prices, allowing a minimum of decent living for citizens and fill their basic needs basket of subsidized goods, under the government›s efforts to develop such a system has dealt with many of the presidents in their electoral programs of several aspect was to increase the number of subsidized items or increase the quantities of subsidized goods to individuals or increase the value of support so it was necessary to shed light on the current situation and the

Table (3) that per capita food support has increased from about 85.9 pounds in 2012 to reach in the future to 136.02 pounds in 2017, as well as similarly to the per capita support of bread and wheat subsidies and accurate has increased from about 49.93, 52.14 pounds on the arrangement currently informed of in the future about 59.07, 62.28 pounds respectively in 2017, while per capita support of sugar will decrease from about 2.42 pounds currently amounts to about 0.71 pounds in the future, as showen that the per capita support for wheat and minutes has increased

> **per capita support of sugar**

situation is expected after five years, the values of per capita terms of nutritional support

1991/1992 61.09 16.58 12.48 10.83 16.56

1992/1993 41.31 23.17 10.06 8.43 23.15

1993/1994 31.94 19.18 7.23 7.33 19.18

1994/1995 29.65 19.28 8.07 6.77 19.28

1995/1996 32.52 31.45 6.64 6.21 31.44

1996/1997 36.22 23.49 7.74 6.34 23.96

1997/1998 27.59 21.97 6.09 5.84 21.03

1998/1999 25.91 16.06 6.28 4.57 14.14

1999/2000 25.44 17.21 6.21 7.22 14.43

2000/2001 33.61 20.27 6.29 8.51 17.46

2001/2002 39.56 19.15 5.72 7.06 19.72

2002/2003 34.57 24.86 5.31 5.16 23.86

2003/2004 33.02 40.68 3.21 6.02 40.22

**per capita support of bread**

from 52.14 pounds 2012, to 62.28 pounds in 2017.

**food subsidy**

**Years per capita** 

Turkey, September 10-12, 2012

**per capita support of edible oil**

**per capita wheat subsidies and accurate**

<sup>433</sup> ISALS

## **2. The Current Status of the Food Support in Egypt**

Given the importance accorded to the support system of food in Egypt and in particular, for each member of the working classes and low-income, where is the issue of support to one of the most important issues affecting the economies of the countries according to their political, economic and social development, so it was important to shed light on the evolution of per capita terms of the support structure food in Egypt.

It became clear that the average per capita food support during the study period 91/1992-09/2010 - Table (1) ranges from a minimum of about 25.44 pounds in 99/2000 and a maximum of about 71.93 pounds in 07/2008 and an average annual rate of about 42.18 pounds, while showing that the average per capita bread subsidies ranging from a minimum of about 16.58 pounds in 91/1992 and a maximum of about 66.59 pounds in 07/2008 and an average annual rate of about 29.83 pounds, while the per capita support sugar ranges from a minimum of about 3.06 pounds in 07/2008, and a maximum of about 12.48 pounds in 91/1992, and an average annual rate of about 6.17 pounds, it turns out that the average per capita support of edible oils from a minimum of about 4.57 pounds in 98/1999, and a maximum of about 10.83 pounds in 91/1992, and an average annual rate of about 7.19 pounds, and it became clear that the per capita support for wheat ranges between a minimum of about 14.14 pounds in 98/1999, and a maximum of about 72.20 pounds in 08/2009, and an average annual rate of about 29.93 pounds.

And estimate the equation of the trend overall time of the evolution of per capita share of each item of food subsidies in Egypt in real terms during the study period - Table (2), it was found that the share of individual from each of the food support and bread subsidies and support for edible oils and wheat subsidies and minutes taken a general trend increasing by amounted to about 1.3, 1.8, 0.38, 2.02 pounds per year may be attributed the rise to double the world price of wheat in one year where the price of import tons of wheat four times in 2007, in addition to the decrease of oil production in return for higher domestic consumption growing and growing food gap, while Per capita sugar support have taken a general trend by Decreasing amounted to about 0.34 pounds per year decline was attributed to higher average prices in the community (inflation) with high rates of population growth, which reduces the real value of the support which will reflect negatively on the purchasing power of individuals.

## **3. Forecasting System nutritional Support in Egypt in the future**

The nutritional support of government is a political system that works to protect citizens from higher commodity prices, allowing a minimum of decent living for citizens and fill their basic needs basket of subsidized goods, under the government›s efforts to develop such a system has dealt with many of the presidents in their electoral programs of several aspect was to increase the number of subsidized items or increase the quantities of subsidized goods to individuals or increase the value of support so it was necessary to shed light on the current situation and the situation is expected after five years, the values of per capita terms of nutritional support

Table (3) that per capita food support has increased from about 85.9 pounds in 2012 to reach in the future to 136.02 pounds in 2017, as well as similarly to the per capita support of bread and wheat subsidies and accurate has increased from about 49.93, 52.14 pounds on the arrangement currently informed of in the future about 59.07, 62.28 pounds respectively in 2017, while per capita support of sugar will decrease from about 2.42 pounds currently amounts to about 0.71 pounds in the future, as showen that the per capita support for wheat and minutes has increased from 52.14 pounds 2012, to 62.28 pounds in 2017.



International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (ICALS2012)

**variable status value(2012) expected value(2017)**

Per capita food support 85.9 136.02

Per capita support of bread 49.93 59.07

Per capita sugar support 2.42 0.71

Per capita food oils support 4.64 -9.3

Per capita wheat subsidies and accurate 52.14 62.28

In light of the outcome of the study of the results it can be recommended as follows:

so that the science to the public expenses of that program.

global increasing in the prices of food commodities.

[4] The Cabinat of Ministers (Information Decision Support Center )

[6] Selma Fared Policy support in Egypt historical background may 2006.

[5] Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, 2010.

[3] Ministry of Social Solidarity,Cairo Egypt.2009

1. dissemination of information on the size of government food support in the state budget

2. Taking into account the orientations of food subsidies in the future in light of ongoing

3. Need to work on the restructuring of the support system in the manner which ensures the desired arrival to the extent appropriate and efficient to target groups of low-income

[1] Ministry of Social Solidarity, the Cabinet of ministers(Information and Decision Support Center. [2] Amira Mostafa Mohammad Hamza, the Economic Study of Government Support for Sood Commodities in Egypt, Master Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, June 2012

**Table 3.** Statement of the status quo and the expected value of per

Source: Calculated from Table (1).

Source: Calculated from Table (2)

**4. Recommendations**

groups.

**5. References:**

Turkey, September 10-12, 2012

<sup>435</sup> ISALS

**Table 1.** Average annual per capita from each of the nutritional support and support for the bread during the period 1991- 2010

Source : Ministry of Social Solidarity, the cabinet of ministers(information and decision Support Center


**Table 2.** equations of general time trend of the average per capita from each of the nutritional support and support for the bread , Sugar and edible oils and wheat subsidies during the period (1991- 2010)


Source: Calculated from Table (1).

**Table 3.** Statement of the status quo and the expected value of per

Source: Calculated from Table (2)

#### **4. Recommendations**

In light of the outcome of the study of the results it can be recommended as follows:


#### **5. References:**


International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (ICALS2012)

**The Effect of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of** 

, Behnaz Mahdian<sup>2</sup>

1 Department of Agriculture, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IRAN

3 Department of Plant protection, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IRAN

Fenugreek is a plant from Fabeaceae family which is used for many medical plans. This study was conducted to study the effect of fenugreek seed's extract on reproductive system of female *Balb/C* mice .To this, mice's were divided in five groups: control, placebo, and three experimental groups. Each group had ten mice which their estrous cycles were synchronized for starting the study. Control group did not receive any drug. Placebo group received normal saline, and experimental groups were injected in peritoneum by 50,100, and 200 mg/kg extract every day until 20 days. After finishing injection, blood samples were taken. Hormone measuring (including FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone) was done using one way variance analysis of SPSS program at 95% probability level. Ovary slides were prepared and were studied using optical microscope. Obtained results, showed significant reduction in FSH, and LH levels and also significant increase in stradiol level in all experimental groups, but progesterone level was increased only in second experimental group. Histology results of ovary showed significant reduction in folliculogenesis of all three experimental groups. Also, increase in number of corpus luteum was highly significant. Furthermore, destruction of ovary tissues was observed in second experimental group. According to results, the extract of fenugreek seed stopped folliculogenesis trend and

Traditional medicine is a nature based science which is inherited from ancestors and includes plants, minerals and animal matters which are used as drugs [1] . In traditional medicine, pharmaceutical plants have a special place. Medicinal plant is a plant which has specific effective matters, is used in prevention or cure of illness, and has been mentioned in one of national valid Pharmacopoeia [2]. The importance of pharmaceutical plants is more obvious today and scientists of various countries are trying to identify medicinal plants, their properties and effective matters. Fenugreek is one of the old plants which have a wide range of medicinal properties: reducer of blood sugar and fat, anti diabetes, pain reliever, and anti cancer, increase in sex abil-

**Hormones in Mice**

2 Payam e Noor University, Isfahan Center, Isfahan, IRAN

Mehrdad Modaresi<sup>1</sup>

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

**Fenugreek Seeds on Female Reproductive** 

© 2012 Modaresi et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

provided the original work is properly cited.

destroyed ovary tissue which shows its anti fertility effect in female mice.

**Keywords:** Fenugreek, reproductive hormones, mice

Turkey, September 10-12, 2012

, Alireza Jalalizand<sup>3</sup>

<sup>437</sup> ISALS
