**Author details**

Ismael Acosta-Rodríguez1\*, Juan F. Cárdenas-González1 , María de Guadalupe Moctezuma-Zárate1 and Víctor M. Martínez-Juárez2

\*Address all correspondence to: iacosta@uaslp.mx

1 Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Chemical Science Faculty, Center for Research and Graduate Studies, Experimental Mycology Laboratory, Dr. Manuel Nava, University Area, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México

2 Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Institute of Agricultural Science, Academic Area of Veterinary Medicine, University University Ranch C.P., Tulancingo of Bravo Hidalgo, México

## **References**


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1 Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Chemical Science Faculty, Center for Research and Graduate Studies, Experimental Mycology Laboratory, Dr. Manuel Nava, University

2 Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Institute of Agricultural Science, Academic Area of Veterinary Medicine, University University Ranch C.P., Tulancingo of Bravo Hidalgo,

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\*Address all correspondence to: iacosta@uaslp.mx

María de Guadalupe Moctezuma-Zárate1

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**Chapter 10**

**Bioremediation of Waters Contaminated with Heavy**

Water is not only a resource, it is a life source. It is well established that water is important for life. Water is useful for several purposes including agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Despite its extensive use, in most parts of the world water is a scarce resource. Ninety percent of the water on earth is seawater in the oceans, only three percent is fresh water and just over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. Thus, almost all of the fresh water that is available for human use is either contained in soils and rocks below the surface, called groundwater, or

The contamination of soil and water resources with environmentally harmful chemicals represents a problem of great concern not only in relation to the biota in the receiving envi‐ ronment, but also to humans. The continuing growth in industrialization and urbanization has led to the natural environment being exposed to ever increasing levels of toxic elements, such as heavy metals. Approximately 10% of the wastes produced by developed countries contain heavy metals. Figure 1 gives some indication of the amounts of metal-containing waste produced in developed countries. Much of the discharge of metals to the environment comes

> © 2013 Araújo et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Metals Using** *Moringa oleifera* **Seeds as Biosorbent**

Cleide S. T. Araújo, Dayene C. Carvalho, Helen C. Rezende, Ione L. S. Almeida, Luciana M. Coelho, Nívia M. M. Coelho, Thiago L. Marques and Vanessa N. Alves

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56157

**1. Introduction**

in rivers and lakes.

from mining, followed by agriculture activities.

