**9. Future prospects of HEMS**

Despite the qualitative nature of HEMS assessment, we have ambitiously attempted more quantitative analysis of data obtained in peripheral arterial surgery and AAA surgery [19]. The transitional changes of intensity appear to indicate the smoothness of graft flow or tissue perfusion, although further investigation is necessary.

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TTF is likely to reflect another aspect of graft function which is different from that obtained in HEMS. The combination assessment may be useful for assessing the graft with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to each single assessment.
