**1.1.3 Tunneled central venous catheter**

Tunneled central venous catheters have the advantage of immediate use, multiple sites for insertion, and the ability to provide access for hemodialysis for a period of months, permitting time for AVF or AVG maturation, in patients who require immediate hemodialysis 19,25-28. However, the main disadvantages are the high risks of morbidity and mortality caused by infection 7,29-33, catheter thrombosis 19,34-37, and central venous stenosis 37-39.
