**5.2 Conclusion**

In patients with CRI and/or ESRD, HD the pace of atherosclerosis development should be estimated as follows:

Proper clinical and biochemical evaluation of the underlying kidney disease and continuous monitoring of its progression. Special attenttion should be devoted to proteinuria and hypalbuminemia because they directly influence the metabolism of LDL-type particles and their concentration in the blood.

Evaluation of the risk factors not directly associated with the kidney disease (smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, etc.)

Evaluation of lipid parameters – total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol measured directly, HDLcholesterol, triglycerides, apoprotein B100, apoporotein AI and Lp(a). The evaluation should not be a mechanistical process but should be based on pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in renal disease and should consider the strengths and weaknesses of the employed methods.

Measurement of other parameters not fully validated yet from analytical point of view and from their clinical usefulness (small dense LDLs, parameters of the oxidative stress and antioxidant systems) is possible for research purposes.
