**6. Conclusion**

All hemodialysis patients, diabetic or nondiabetic, are at markedly increased CV risk, with chronic renal disease alone currently considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent. A large number of risk factors for CV disease and decreased survival that are related or unrelated to the dialysis procedure have been identified. Since no data are available about the outcome comparing hemodialysis patients with comorbidities with those without, it is not possible to suggest increased benefits for survival for hemodialysis patients without comorbidities. Cardiovascular risk factor modification should be undertaken for all dialysis patients with or without comorbidities, given that they are considered a coronary heart disease equivalent.
