**7. References**


The blood compatibility and performance in hemodialyzation were compared with two conventional high-flux membranes, polysulfone (PSF) and polyamide (PA) membranes. The PES and PSF membranes showed similar blood compatibility and solute clearance, and the

In conclusion, PES-based hollow fiber membranes have good blood compatibility and solute clearance, and the PES hollow fiber membrane hemodialyzer might be a good commercial

These works were financially sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50973070, 51073105 and 30900691), and State Education Ministry of China (Doctoral Program for High Education, No. JS 20100181110031). We should also thank our laboratory members for their generous help, and gratefully acknowledge the help of Ms. H. Wang, of the Analytical and Testing Center at Sichuan University, for the SEM, and Ms Liang, of the Department of Nephrology at West China Hospital, for the human fresh blood

Agenson KO & Urase T. (2007). Change in membrane performance due to organic fouling in

Akbari A, et al. (2007). Application of nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes, developed by

Arahman N, et al. (2009). Fouling Reduction of a Poly(ether sulfone) Hollow-Fiber

Barry K. (2003). The effect of hemodialysis on electrolytes and acid-base parameters. *Clinica Chimica Acta*, Vol. 336, No. 1-2 (October 2003), pp. 109-113, ISSN 0009-8981 Barzin J, et al. (2004). Characterization of polyethersulfone hemodialysis membrane by

Batsch A, et al. (2005). Foulant analysis of modified and unmodified membranes for water

Benz K, et al. (2007). Hemofiltration of Recombinant Hirudin by Different Hemodialyzer

Bequet S, et al. (2002). From ultrafiltration to nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes: a

Brayfield CA, et al. (2008). Excimer laser channel creation in polyethersulfone hollow fibers

*Nephrology*, Vol. 2, No. 3 (May 2007), pp. 470-476, ISSN 1555-905X

Vol. 4, No. 2 (March 2008), pp. 244-255, ISSN 1742-7061

*Technology*, Vol. 55, No. 2, (June 2007), pp. 147-156, ISSN 1383-5866

Vol. 297, No. 1-2 (July 2007), pp. 243-252, ISSN 0376-7388

No. 1-2, (July 2004), pp. 77-85, ISSN 0376-7388

1653-1658, ISSN 0021-8995

pp. 63-72, ISSN 0011-9164

2002), pp. 9-14, ISSN 0011-9164

nanofiltration (NF)/reverse osmosis (RO) applications. *Separation and Purification* 

photografting, to treatment of anionic dye solutions. *Journal of Membrane Science*,

Membrane with a Hydrophilic Surfactant Prepared via Non-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation. *Journal of Applied Polymer Science*, Vol. 111, No. 3 (February 2009), pp.

ultrafiltration and atomic force microscopy. *Journal of Membrane Science*, Vol. 237,

and wastewater treatment with LC-OCD. *Desalination*, Vol. 178, No. 1-3 (July 2005),

Membranes: Implications for Clinical Use. *Clinical Journal of the American Society Of* 

continuous UV-photografting process. *Desalination*, Vol. 144, No. 1-3 (September

for compartmentalized in vitro neuronal cell culture scaffolds. *Acta Biomaterialia*,

blood compatibility for PES and PSF might be better than the PA membrane.

product in the future.

**6. Acknowledgment** 

collection.

**7. References** 


Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Membranes for Hemodialysis 91

Shen YJ, et al. (2005). Gas-initiation under UV and liquid-grafting polymerization on the

Su BH, et al. (2008). Evaluation of polyethersulfone highflux hemodialysis membrane in

Torto N, et al. (2004). In situ poly(ethylene imine) coating of hollow fiber membranes used

Tullis RH, et al. (2002). Affinity Hemodialysis for Antiviral Therapy. I. Removal of HIV-1

Van der Bruggen B. (2009). Chemical Modification of Polyethersulfone Nanofiltration

Wang DL, Li K & Teo WK. (1996). Polyethersulfone hollow fiber gas separation membranes

Wang HT, et al. (2009). Improvement of hydrophilicity and blood compatibility on

Wang YQ, et al. (2006). Protein-adsorption-resistance and permeation property of

Werner C, Jacobasch HJ & Reichelt G. (1995). Surface characterization of hemodialysis

Yang Q, Chung TS & Weber M. (2009). Microscopic behavior of polyvinylpyrrolidone

Yu CH, et al. (2008). Hydrophobicity and molecular weight of humic substances on

Zhao CS, et al. (2001). An Evaluation of a Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Plasma Separator

Zhao CS, et al. (2003). Surface characterization of polysulfone membranes modified by DNA

(February 2008), pp. 745-751, ISSN 0957-4530

3, (June 2002), pp. 213-220, ISSN 1091-6660

No. 1 (June 1996), pp. 85-108, ISSN 0376-7388

Vol. 10, No. 1 (February 2009), pp. 1-5, ISSN 1229-9197

2009), pp. 630-642, ISSN 0021-8995

2009), pp. 322-331, ISSN 0376-7388

No. 2, (December 2008), pp. 206-212, ISSN 1383-5866

114, ISSN 0376-7388

0376-7388

ISSN 0160-564X

189, ISSN 0376-7388

ISSN 1001-0742

pp. 879-888, ISSN 0033-4545

surface of polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane by dynamic method. *Journal of Environmental Sciences-China*, Vol. 17, No.3 (March 2005), pp. 465-468,

vitro and in vivo. *Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine*, Vol. 19, No. 2

for microdialysis sampling. *Pure and Applied Chemistry*, Vol. 76, No. 4 (April 2004),

from cell culture supernatants, plasma, and blood. *Therapeutic Apheresis*, Vol. 6, No.

Membranes: A Review. *Journal of Applied Polymer Science*, Vol. 114, No. 1, (October

prepared from NMP/alcohol solvent systems. *Journal of Membrane Science*, Vol. 115,

polyethersulfone membrane by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone. *Fibers and Polymers*,

polyethersulfone and soybean phosphatidylcholine blend ultrafiltration membranes. *Journal of Membrane Science*, Vol. 270, No. 1-2 (February 2006), pp. 108-

membranes based on streaming potential measurements. *Journal of Biomaterials Science-Polymer Edition*, Vol. 7, No. 1, (January 1995), pp. 61-76, ISSN 0920-5063 Xu XC, et al. (2009). Non-invasive monitoring of fouling in hollow fiber membrane via

UTDR. *Journal of Membrane Science*, Vol. 326, No. 1 (January 2009), pp. 103-110, ISSN

hydrophilizing agents on phase inversion polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes for hemofiltration. *Journal of Membrane Science*, Vol. 326, No. 2 (January

ultrafiltration fouling and resistance. *Separation and Purification Technology*, Vol. 64,

by Animal Experiment. *Artificial Organs*, Vol. 25, No. 1, (January 2001), pp. 60-63,

immobilization. *Journal of Membrane Science*, Vol. 214, No. 2 (April 2003), pp. 179-


Leng YX, et al. (2003). Mechanical properties and platelet adhesion behavior of diamond-like

Liu ZB, et al. (2009). BSA-Modified Polyethersulfone Membrane: Preparation,

Mansourpanah Y, et al. (2009). The effect of non-contact heating (microwave irradiation) and

Moachona N, et al. (2002). Influence of the charge of low molecular weight proteins on their

Mockel D, Staude E & Guiver MD. (1999). Static protein adsorption, ultrafiltration behavior

Morgera S, et al. (2005). Regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous hemodialysis–acid-

Mosqueda-Jimenez DB, Narbaitz RM & Matsuura T. (2006). Effects of preparation

Nakatsuka S, Nakate I & Miyano T. (1996). Drinking water treatment by using ultrafiltration

Okpalugo TIT, et al. (2004). Platelet adhesion on silicon modified hydrogenated amorphous

Peng JM, et al. (2009). Separation of oil/water emulsion using Pluronic F127 modified

Phillips DR, et al. (1988). The platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. *Blood*, Vol.

Qian BS, Fang BH & Zhao CS. (2009). Preparation and characterization of pH-sensitive

Samtleben W, et al. (2003). Comparison of the new polyethersulfone high-flux membrane

Schiffl H & Lang SM. (2010). Effects of Dialysis Purity on Uremic Dyslipidemia. *Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis*, Vol. 14, No. 1 (February 2010), pp. 5-11, ISSN 1744-9979

*Science*, Vol. 344, No. 1-2 (November 2009), pp. 297-303, ISSN 0376-7388 Qin JJ, et al. (2004). The use of ultrafiltration for treatment of spent solvent cleaning rinses

*Edition*, Vol. 20, No. 3, (March 2009), pp. 377-397, ISSN 0920-5063

*Science*, Vol. 158, No. 1-2 (June 1999), pp. 63-75, ISSN 0376-7388

Vol. 101, No. 4 (September 2005), pp. 211-219, ISSN 1660-2110

Vol. 66, No. 3 (May 2009), pp. 591-597, ISSN 1383-5866

Vol. 170, No. 2 (October 2004), pp. 169-175, ISSN 0011-9164

71, No. 4 (April 1988), pp. 831-843, ISSN 0006-4971

Vol. 531, No. 2 (May 2003), pp. 177-184, ISSN 0039-6028

(July 2009), pp. 8395-8402, ISSN 0169-4332

2006), pp. 2978-2988, ISSN 0021-8995

2003), pp. 2382-2386, ISSN 0931-0509

0142-9612

ISSN 0011-9164

carbon films synthesized by pulsed vacuum arc plasma deposition. *Surface Science*,

Characterization and Biocompatibility. *Journal of Biomaterials Science-Polymer* 

contact heating (annealing process) on properties and performance of polyethersulfone nanofiltration membranes. *Applied Surface Science* Vol. 255, No. 20

efficacy of filtration and/or adsorption on dialysis membranes with different intrinsic properties. *Biomaterials*, Vol. 23, No. 3 (February 2002), pp. 651-658, ISSN

and cleanability of hydrophilized polysulfone membranes. *Journal of Membrane* 

base and electrolyte balance at an increased dose of dialysis. *Nephrol Clin Practice*,

conditions on the surface modification and performance of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes. *Journal of Applied Polymer Science*, Vol. 99, No. 6, (March

hollow fiber membranes. *Desalination*, Vol. 106, No. 1-3 (August 1996), pp. 55-61,

carbon films. *Biomaterials*, Vol. 25, No. 2 (January 2004), pp. 239-245, ISSN 0142-9612

polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes. *Separation and Purification Technology*,

polyethersulfone hollow fiber membrane for flux control. *Journal of Membrane* 

from nickel-plating operations: membrane material selection study. *Desalination*,

DIAPES® HF800 with conventional high-flux membranes during on-line haemodiafiltration. *Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation*, Vol. 18, No. 11, (November


**5** 

**The Evolution of Biocompatibility:** 

Maria Chiara Deregibus4 and Emanuele Gatti1,6\*

**From Microinflammation to Microvesiscles** 

Ciro Tetta1,2, Stefano Maffei3, Barbara Cisterna4, Valentina Fonsato4, Giorgio Triolo3, Giuseppe Paolo Segoloni5, Giovanni Camussi4,5,

Haemodialysis (HD) is a life-saving treatment for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5. CKD persists as a chronic worldwide epidemic and HD is the more frequently (70%) adopted treatment modality. Exponential growth trend continues on a global scale. The HD population becomes every year increasingly older (average age: 75 yrs) and sicker due to the associated co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary heart disease, and peripheral vascular disease), diabetes, hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease. Most of the complications associated with HD involve the cardiovascular system (Go et al., 2004; Culleton et al., 1999, Goodkin et al., 2003, Foley 2004; Barret, 2002). The evolution in the history of HD technology has greatly helped to make the HD procedure a safe and more biocompatible extracorporeal therapy. However, it must be admitted that despite significant improvements in HD technology and in the management of patients due to a better understanding of uremia toxicity, improvements in dialysis technology, better correction of anaemia and metabolic abnormalities, implementation of best practice guidelines, no significant improvement has been achieved in patient survival over the last decade (Rayner et al., 2004). The extracorporeal circuit offers a large surface of contact of the blood with foreign materials, namely the dialysis membrane, the tubings and the large volumes of the dialysate. The concept of biocompatibility has greatly evolved in the last two decades. Initially, numerous studies focused on the blood-dialyzer membrane interaction, leading to the activation of plasma systems (complement, coagulation, fibrinolysis). These studies helped in the understanding of some unknown effects occurring in the early stages of the HD session leading to pulmonary sequestration of leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) that explained the profound neutropenia associated with the cuproammonium membranes. The availability of reliable testing of complement-activated

\**1Biologics Research, Intl Research and Development, Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany. 2Doctoral School of Biotechnology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.* 

*3Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, CTO Hospital, Torino, Italy. 4Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Molecular Biotechnology and Centre for Research in Experimental* 

*5Chair of Nephrology and Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, University of Torino, Italy 6Danube University, Center for Biomedical Technology, Krems, Austria.*

**1. Introduction** 

*Medicine (CeRMS), Torino, Italy.* 

