**Abbreviations and nomenclature**

α–crank angle, [°]

**•** It can be seen that at the end of the combustion process slightly higher temperature in the

The carried-out simulations of the engine working with fuel injection only into the intake

**•** Obtaining with the dual-injection of fuel the same mixture composition, which occurred with indirect injection, requires a slightly larger amount of fuel. This fact points to improve of volumetric efficiency for the engine working with dual-injection in those simulation

**•** The fuel injection into the cylinder during the intake stroke causes intensification of charge motion. The measure of this process is to increase the total angular momentum of the charge in the intake stroke. This advantageous phenomenon has a positive influence on the

**•** It was observed that with dual-injection the whole mass of the fuel evaporates 100° CA before the moment of ignition. The time taken to create as homogenous mixture as it is possible in this case, is therefore comparatively long. This fact explains the slightly increased

**•** For the dual-injection of fuel the combustion peak pressure is higher by about 6% compared to the value of the pressure obtained for the fuel injection only into the intake manifold. The average rate of the pressure rise dpc/dα from the moment of ignition to reach peak pressure at the dual-injection of fuel amounting to 0.16 MPa/° CA is slightly higher than is the case of port fuel injection - 0.15 MPa/° CA. The nature of these differences is quite similar to the

**•** The cycle of the engine with dual-injection of fuel is characterized by higher by about 3% of the value of the indicated mean effective pressure than for the engine with multipoint fuel

In conclusion, the results obtained during the simulations were an important complement to

On the basis of the results of carried out considerations the following conclusions can be

**•** The outcome of computational part of the work are convergent with the experimental research results. This confirms the proper design of the model and indicates the possibility

emission of HC during work with dual-injection of fuel in experimental tests.

cylinder volume is observed in the case of dual-injection of fuel.

manifold and dual-injection of fuel gave the following conclusions:

formation of combustible mixture and on the combustion.

injection. Increase of IMEP was also achieved in experiments.

conditions. The same effect was obtained during the experimental tests,

**4.3. Summary of the simulations results**

78 Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Fuel Technologies

results obtained on the test bench.

the outcome of experimental tests.

**5. Conclusions**

of its further use.

presented:


α10%–angle of 10% Mass Fraction Burned, [º CA] α90%–angle of 90% Mass Fraction Burned, [º CA] αign – angle of ignition, [º CA] Δαo–angle of complete combustion, [º CA] Δαr–angle of flame propagation, [° CA] Δαs–fast burn angle, [° CA] ΔηDI+MPI–increase of the total efficiency, [%] ηthr – thermal efficiency of the engine, [-] ηtot–total efficiency of the engine, [-] ABS – Anti-lock Braking System, BDC – Bottom Dead Centre, BMEP–Brake Mean Effective Pressure, [MPa] BSFC–Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, [g/kWh] BTDC–Before Top Dead Centre,

CA – Crank Angle,

CGI – stratified Charged Gasoline Injection - direct injection system of Daimler,

D-4 – Direct injection 4-stroke gasoline engine - direct fuel injection of Toyota,

D-4S – Direct injection 4-stroke gasoline engine Superior version – dual-injection system of Toyota,

k–kinetic energy of the turbulence,

MFB–Mass Fraction Burned, [-]

n – engine rotational speed, [RPM]

MPI–Multipoint Injection,

– indicated power, [kW]

pc–cylinder pressure, [MPa]

RPM – Revolutions Per Minute,

PC – Personal Computer,

PFI–Port Fuel Injection,

SI–Spark Ignition,

SPI–Single Point Injection,

T – engine torque, [Nm]

TDC – Top Dead Centre,

Vc–cylinder volume, [cm3

**Author details**

[-],

Vss – engine displacement, [dm3

Wd – calorific value of petrol, [kJ/kg]

Bronisław Sendyka and Marcin Noga\*

\*Address all correspondence to: noga@pk.edu.pl

TBI–Throttle Body Injection,

texh–temperature of exhaust gases, [°C]

]

]

xDI – fraction of fuel injected directly into the cylinders of engine in the whole amount of fuel,

Cracow University of Technology, Chair of Combustion Engines, Krakow, Poland

Ni

Ktot–angular momentum of the charge, [g cm2

/s]

Combustion Process in the Spark-Ignition Engine with Dual-Injection System

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54160

81

Nc – heat flux resulting from the combustion of petrol in the engine, [kW]

SCi – Smart Charge Injection - direct injection system of Ford,

DI–Direct Injection

dMFB/dα–speed of combustion of the charge, [% of mass/° CA]

dpc/dα–rate of the pressure rise, [MPa/°]

FSI – Fuel Stratified Injection – direct injection system of Volkswagen,

Ge – fuel consumption, [kg/h]

GDI – Gasoline Direct Injection - direct injection system of Mitsubishi,

HC–fraction of hydrocarbons, [ppm]

HPi – Haute Pression d'Injection - direct injection system of Peugeot – Citroën group,

IDE – Injection Directe Essence - direct injection system of Renault,

IMEP–Indicated Mean Effective Pressure, [MPa]

JTS – Jet Thrust Stoichiometric – direct injection system of Alfa Romeo,

k–kinetic energy of the turbulence,

Ktot–angular momentum of the charge, [g cm2 /s]

MFB–Mass Fraction Burned, [-]

MPI–Multipoint Injection,

α10%–angle of 10% Mass Fraction Burned, [º CA] α90%–angle of 90% Mass Fraction Burned, [º CA]

80 Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Fuel Technologies

Δαo–angle of complete combustion, [º CA]

ΔηDI+MPI–increase of the total efficiency, [%]

BMEP–Brake Mean Effective Pressure, [MPa]

BSFC–Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, [g/kWh]

CGI – stratified Charged Gasoline Injection - direct injection system of Daimler,

D-4 – Direct injection 4-stroke gasoline engine - direct fuel injection of Toyota,

dMFB/dα–speed of combustion of the charge, [% of mass/° CA]

FSI – Fuel Stratified Injection – direct injection system of Volkswagen,

GDI – Gasoline Direct Injection - direct injection system of Mitsubishi,

IDE – Injection Directe Essence - direct injection system of Renault,

JTS – Jet Thrust Stoichiometric – direct injection system of Alfa Romeo,

HPi – Haute Pression d'Injection - direct injection system of Peugeot – Citroën group,

D-4S – Direct injection 4-stroke gasoline engine Superior version – dual-injection system of

ηthr – thermal efficiency of the engine, [-]

ηtot–total efficiency of the engine, [-]

ABS – Anti-lock Braking System,

BTDC–Before Top Dead Centre,

dpc/dα–rate of the pressure rise, [MPa/°]

Ge – fuel consumption, [kg/h]

HC–fraction of hydrocarbons, [ppm]

IMEP–Indicated Mean Effective Pressure, [MPa]

CA – Crank Angle,

DI–Direct Injection

Toyota,

BDC – Bottom Dead Centre,

Δαr–angle of flame propagation, [° CA]

αign – angle of ignition, [º CA]

Δαs–fast burn angle, [° CA]


Ni – indicated power, [kW]

pc–cylinder pressure, [MPa]

PC – Personal Computer,

PFI–Port Fuel Injection,

RPM – Revolutions Per Minute,

SCi – Smart Charge Injection - direct injection system of Ford,

SI–Spark Ignition,

SPI–Single Point Injection,

texh–temperature of exhaust gases, [°C]

T – engine torque, [Nm]

TBI–Throttle Body Injection,

TDC – Top Dead Centre,

Vc–cylinder volume, [cm3 ]

Vss – engine displacement, [dm3 ]

Wd – calorific value of petrol, [kJ/kg]

xDI – fraction of fuel injected directly into the cylinders of engine in the whole amount of fuel, [-],
