**List of main symbols**

ingly focusing on control strategy optimisation in *high-degree-of-freedom* engines, continues to

be of paramount importance.

**List of acronyms and abbreviations**

46 Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Fuel Technologies

ATDC After Top Dead Centre BDC Bottom Dead Centre

BTDC Before Top Dead Centre CA Crank Angle (degree) COV Coefficient Of Variability

EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation

EOC End Of Combustion EVC Exhaust Valve Closing EVO Exhaust Valve Opening FDA Flame Development Angle IC Internal Combustion (Engine) I-EGR Internal-Exhaust Gas Recirculation IMEP Indicated Mean Effective Pressure

IVC Inlet Valve Closing IVO Inlet Valve Opening

MFB Mass Fraction Burned PFI Port-Fuel Injection RBA Rapid Burning Angle

VVA Variable Valve Actuation

SI Spark-Ignition ST Spark Timing TDC Top Dead Centre

MBT Maximum Brake Torque (Spark Timing)

TI-VVT Twin Independent-Variable Valve Timing

VVT Variable Valve Timing – Variable Valve Phasing

BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

E-EGR External-Exhaust Gas Recirculation

