**Author details**

Miguel R. Rodríguez Pulido1 , Francisco Sobrino1 , Belén Borrego2 and Margarita Sáiz1\*


2 CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain

#### **References**


[8] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity. Immunity. 2011;34(5) 637-650.

**Acknowledgements**

reagents and helpful discussion.

Miguel R. Rodríguez Pulido1

\*Address all correspondence to: msaiz@cbm.uam.es

206 Current Issues in Molecular Virology - Viral Genetics and Biotechnological Applications

2 CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain

**Author details**

**References**

394-397.

The work on FMDV discussed in this chapter was supported by grants BIO2008-04487-C03-01, AGL2011-24509 and BIO2011-24351 and by the ICTS program from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. We also thank Francisco Mateos, Nuria de la Losa and Lourdes Peña for their assistance in mice experiments. We are also grateful to Encarna Martínez-Salas for

, Belén Borrego2

and Margarita Sáiz1\*

, Francisco Sobrino1

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1 Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain

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**Chapter 9**

**Gene Constellation of Influenza Vaccine Seed Viruses**

The Age of Enlightenment is the period in time when the method of reasoning known as the Scientific Method was developed. This revolution in science began with the description of the sun as the center of our solar system rather than the earth. Natural phenomena previously explained by spiritualists were now described by science. Given our still evolving under‐ standing of influenza, it is perhaps no coincidence that we describe the combined effects of the influenza virus gene segments with the word 'constellation', which has astrological roots describing the position of the stars. Interestingly, the name influenza also has astrological roots: it was borrowed from the Italian word *influenza* in the mid-17th century which, in turn, was derived from the Medieval Latin word *influentia*, a 14th century term that refers to the influence of the stars. The scientific rational to describe the influence of the influenza gene constellation on virus phenotype is currently being resolved. Here we try to shine some light on the subject by providing the reader with background information, recent experimental results and

Influenza is a common infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses. The host range of these viruses can include birds, humans and other mammals. Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and are almost globally ubiquitous. They cause significant morbidity and mortality each year yet some infected persons remain asymptomatic. Influenza is typically transmitted by aerosols produced by coughing or sneezing. Although virus particles on contaminated surfaces can be easily inactivated, the virus is still able to spread easily and rapidly. Vaccination is the recommended approach to prevent disease because of the possible

Vaccines are produced each year to counter the currently circulating seasonal strains. The influenza vaccine seed viruses used to produce the immunogenic proteins are reassortant viruses. That is, they contain a mix of gene segments from different viruses. The genomes of

> © 2013 Plant and Ye; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Ewan P. Plant and Zhiping Ye

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55289

emergence of drug resistance.

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

provide a framework for questions that remain unanswered.

