Contents

#### **Preface XI**


Chapter 8 **Use of RNA Domains in the Viral Genome as Innate Immunity Inducers for Antiviral Strategies and Vaccine Improvement 193** Miguel R. Rodríguez Pulido, Francisco Sobrino, Belén Borrego and Margarita Sáiz Chapter 9 **Gene Constellation of Influenza Vaccine Seed Viruses 213** Ewan P. Plant and Zhiping Ye Chapter 10 **Vaccines and Antiviral Agents 239** Hongxuan He Chapter 11 **Viral Counter Defense X Antiviral Immunity in Plants:**

Preface

Viruses are essentially itinerating genomes conveniently packaged in protein shell struc‐ tures, sometimes surrounded by lipid membranes derived from the host cells they highjack in order to reproduce. In fact, being able to introduce a discrete number of genes in a cell, viruses made their enormous contribution to the exploration of mechanisms of genome rep‐ lication and gene expression long before the advent of recombinant DNA technology. Stud‐ ies on phages that infect bacteria built a significant body of knowledge in the early years of molecular biology. In parallel, active research was oriented at viruses that cause diseases in humans, other animals and plants (one chapter of this book deals with citrus tristeza virus). In particular, medical virology has been by far the preeminent area of interest. Efforts have been made aimed at curing and preventing viral diseases that caused large numbers of vic‐ tims long before their viral etiology was recognized. In Europe 400,000 people died annually of smallpox in the 18th century. Based upon observation and empirical trials a vaccination procedure was devised to prevent this dreadful infection that caused high morbidity and mortality. Vaccination was likely practiced in Africa, India, and China long before the 18th century, when it was introduced to Europe. Edward Jenner's work represented the first sci‐ entific attempt to control an infectious disease by the deliberate use of vaccination. Strictly speaking, he did not discover vaccination but was the first person to confer scientific status

Biological sciences have gone a long way since then. Molecular biology of viruses (after all, viruses are more or less complex associations of macromolecules) and studies on virus-host interactions have provided a wealth of knowledge that helps designing different prevention strategies aimed at innate and adaptive immune responses. Several chapters of this book focus on viral protein complexes, gene expression, nucleotide sequences and genetic conste‐ lations in viral populations related with the design and production of new immunogens,

Drifting away from the human victims of viral diseases, it is worth mentioning that the prosperous silk industry in China drove attention to an economically relevant viral infection of the silk worm (Bombyx mori) starting a chase for the pathogen that affected the silk pro‐ duction. Three chapters in this book deal with viruses that belong to the family responsible for the economical losses of the silk industry: Baculoviridae. The studies on baculoviruses range from pathogenesis to viral genomics and gene expression, and most of the members are regarded more as friends than threats; the biology of baculoviruses has been harnessed for diverse applications such as microbial pest control, protein expression and gene trans‐ duction. Alternative gene transduction strategies are dealt with in the chapter summarizing different gene delivery systems. Advances in molecular virology have paved the way to al‐

on the procedure and to pursue its scientific investigation.

ternative novel vaccine and gene therapy strategies.

and establishment of vaccination schemes to prevent viral diseases.
