**Acknowledgements**

The author would like to thank Prof. Emeritas Kiyotaka Chinzei, Dr. Tohru Danhara, Dr. Hideki Iwano and Dr. Shunji Moriya for past collaboration and thoughtful discussion. The author also acknowledges fruitful discussions in rifting processes and tectonics of the Eastern Japan Sea Rift System by Dr. Osamu Takano, Dr. Masahiko Yagi and Prof. Atsushi Yamaji. The review comments by the editor Dr. Yasuto Itoh and tolerant editing by Ana Pantar greatly benefited the chapter.
