Contents

## **Preface XI**


## **Section 3 Paleoclimate and Geo-Environments 185**

Chapter 7 **Itajuba yansanae Gen and SP NOV of Gnetales, Araripe Basin (Albian-Aptian) in Northeast Brazil 187** Fresia Ricardi-Branco, Margarita Torres, Sandra S. Tavares, Ismar de Souza Carvalho, Paulo G. E. Tavares and Antonio C. Arruda Campos

Preface

parametrizations.

scheme on grid-spacing.

Callado et al. provide an ensemble forecasting using different methods. A brief review is first introduced and then the ensemble prediction systems are described. The uncertainty representation and weather forecasting products show a possible range of ensemble predic‐ tion. The verification of ensemble forecast is also provided to compare the performance us‐ ing two different forecasting models. The predictability associated to any forecasted atmospheric state is always spatially and temporally limited but depending on each fore‐ cast, on the uncertainty magnitude and the particular atmospheric situation. The sources of

Tudor et al. give an overview on weather forecasting using the set-up of the NWP model ALADIN that is used for operational weather forecast in CMHS as an example for opera‐ tional weather forecasting. ALADIN is a state-of-the-art modern NWP model. Using ALA‐ DIN, shortcomings and challenges in modern operational weather forecasting are especially discussed. A high-resolution LAM is intended to predict the sub-synoptic weather features forced by topography or other local characteristics that can be absent in the main synoptic pattern. However, the flaws of the operational suite have encouraged the introduction of the 2 km resolution 24 hour forecast with NH ALADIN set-up using the complete set of physics

Hautiere et al. present two different camera-based systems to estimate the visibility distance. These systems could be integrated in ITS stations to alert drivers as well public authorities in case of fog hazard. The system is dedicated to safety-critical visibility ranges but needs a

Collins et al. provide an overview of different types of grids that are used in numerical weather and climate models. A brief history of model grids starting from the days of L. F. Richardson is included. The relative advantages and disadvantages of rectangular, triangu‐ lar and hexagonal grids are discussed along with a description of horizontal, vertical and time staggering. The authors also briefly discuss some other aspects related to grids, name‐ ly, grid-splitting, nested grids, mesh refinement, and dependence of parameterization

Ren et al. estimates the sea level rise (SLR) from ice sheet melting in a warming climate us‐ ing a new ice dynamics model, called SEFMENT-Ice. This model is superior to the current coupled general circulation models (CGCMs), since they are not coupled with sophisticated land-ice models. The authors document the effects on the SLR from melting of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and due to landslides in west Antarctica. The authors also discuss

the severe societal impacts of SLR on the coastal communities around the world.

errors and uncertainties of the ensemble forecasting are also analyzed.

high-resolution camera along with a simple calibration process.

Chapter 8 **Fractal Nature of the Band-Thickness in the Archean Banded Iron Formation in the Yellowknife Greenstone Belt, Northwest Territories, Canada 207** Nagayoshi Katsuta, Ichiko Shimizu, Masao Takano, Shin-ichi Kawakami, Herwart Helmstaedt and Mineo Kumazawa

Chapter 9 **Trace Elements and Palynomorphs in the Core Sediments of a Tropical Urban Pond 225** Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira, Melina Mara de Souza, Fresia Ricardi-Branco, Paulo Ricardo Brum Pereira, Fabio Cardinale Branco and Renato Zázera Francioso

Chapter 10 **Mapping of Lineaments for Groundwater Targeting and Sustainable Water Resource Management in Hard Rock Hydrogeological Environment Using RS- GIS 235** Pothiraj Prabu and Baskaran Rajagopalan
