**Meet the editor**

Dr. Bradley received his B.S. and M.S in Applied Biology from the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA. He received his Ph.D. in physiological ecology from the University of South Carolina in 1991. He has been a Research Scientist with the United States Geological Survey since 1988 and an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Caroli-

na since 1991. He has published over 150 journal articles and book chapters focused on the hydrology and ecology of pristine and contaminated groundwater and surface-water systems. His current research focuses on fate and transport of mercury and contaminants of emerging concern in surface-water and shallow groundwater environments.

Contents

**Preface VII**

**Applications 57**

Mathew K. Landon

**Section 1 Contaminant Hydrology: Surface Water 1**

**Wastewater-Impacted Streams 3** Paul M. Bradley and Dana W. Kolpin

Prem B. Parajuli and Ying Ouyang

**Section 2 Contaminant Hydrology: Groundwater 81**

**Occurrence and Mobility 83** Julia L. Barringer and Pamela A. Reilly

Chapter 1 **Managing the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in**

Chapter 2 **Environmental Factors that Influence Cyanobacteria and Geosmin Occurrence in Reservoirs 27**

Chapter 3 **Watershed-Scale Hydrological Modeling Methods and**

Chapter 4 **Arsenic in Groundwater: A Summary of Sources and the**

Chapter 5 **Occurrence and Mobility of Mercury in Groundwater 117** Julia L. Barringer, Zoltan Szabo and Pamela A. Reilly

> **Groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley, California 151** Francis H. Chapelle, Bruce G. Campbell, Mark A. Widdowson and

Zulfiqar Ahmad, Arshad Ashraf, Gulraiz Akhter and Iftikhar Ahmad

Chapter 6 **Modeling the Long-Term Fate of Agricultural Nitrate in**

Chapter 7 **Groundwater and Contaminant Hydrology 169**

Celeste A. Journey, Karen M. Beaulieu and Paul M. Bradley

**Biogeochemical and Hydrogeologic Factors Affecting Arsenic**

## Contents

## **Preface XI**


Chapter 7 **Groundwater and Contaminant Hydrology 169** Zulfiqar Ahmad, Arshad Ashraf, Gulraiz Akhter and Iftikhar Ahmad

#### **X** Contents

## **Section 3 Water Resources Sustainability 197**

Chapter 8 **Geospatial Analysis of Water Resources for Sustainable Agricultural Water Use in Slovenia 199** Matjaž Glavan, Rozalija Cvejić, Matjaž Tratnik and Marina Pintar

Preface

the world.

Limitations on the availabilityof water resourcesareamong the greatest challenges facing modern society, despite the fact that roughly 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water. Human society depends on liquid freshwater resources to meet drinking, sanitation and hy‐ giene, agriculture, and industry needs.Roughly 97% of the earth's surface and shallow sub‐ surface water is saline and about 2% is frozen in glaciers and polar ice. The remaining 1% is liquid freshwater present to some extent as surface waterin lakes and streams but predomi‐ nantlyoccurring as groundwater in subsurface aquifers.Improved management of these lim‐

Limitations on useable freshwater are driven by water quantity and quality, both of which are inextricably linked with population growth and, consequently, are expected to worsen in the foreseeable future.In 2005,approximately 35% of the world's population was estimat‐ ed to inhabit areas with chronic water limitations affecting survival and quality of life. The estimated world human population in 2005 was 6.5 billion. By the end of 2012, the world's population reached the 7 billion mark and is expected to exceed 9 billion circa 2050.Water quantity concernsreflectthe availability of freshwater relative to current and future use and, thus, increase with population size.Agriculture and industry dominant water quantity needs are estimated to represent more than 90% of current freshwater use. Anthropogenic environmental contamination further limits freshwater resources when concentrations ex‐ ceed water quality standards for drinking water and other human health applications.

Improved resource monitoring and better understanding of the anthropogenic threats to freshwater environments are critical to efficient management of these freshwater resources and ultimately to the survival and quality of life of the global human population.This book helps address the need for improved freshwater resource monitoring and threat assessment by presentingcurrent reviews and case studies focused on the fate and transport of contami‐ nants in the environment and on the sustainability of groundwater and surface-water re‐ sources. The book is divided into three sections, which address surface-water contaminant hydrology, groundwater contaminant hydrology and water resources sustainability around

The first section, "Contaminant Hydrology: Surface Water," includes threechapters. Chapter 1 addresses the risk of environmental endocrine disruption posed by the release of numer‐ ous wastewater and personal care product contaminants throughout the world. Chapter 2 is a case studyin South Carolina, USA that illustrates the complex eco-hydrological interac‐ tions that can lead to accumulation of nuisance and toxic cyanobacteria-derived compounds in surface-water impoundments. Chapter 3 reviews currently available surface-water hy‐

ited freshwater resources is a global environmental priority.

