**5. Conclusion**

from the column to perform the electrochemical conversion to enhance the fluorescence signal.

26 Column Chromatography

Polymer-based stationary phases (e.g. divinylbenzene/ ethylvinylbenzene, DVB/EVB) in IC

dominate most of the applications due to their wide pH tolerance (0–14). Since the polymer-

based column can work well in alkaline solution (e.g., pH ~10). The choice of alkaline eluent

matching with the downstream fluorescence detection will not be a barrier if the phenols could

be well separated by IC. Based on these considerations, a method to determine phenols, where

their separation is performed using IC combined with online post-column, electrochemical

derivatization and fluorescence detection (IC/ED/FD), has been developed [31] Six model

phenols including 4-methylphenol (pMP), 2,4-dimethylphenol (DMP), 4-tert-butylphenol

(TBP), 4-hydroxylphenolacetic acid (pHPA), 4-acetamidophenol (pAAP), and phenol (P) were

well separated on an anion-exchange column under ion exchange mode using NaOH with

small amount of acetonitrile added as eluent (as shown in Figure 15). The separation of phenols

was carried out in the anion exchange column with basic eluent and the electro-oxidation of

phenols is performed using a laboratory-made electrolytic cell (EC) consisting of porous

titanium electrode and cation exchange membrane (CEM) which allows the oxidation products

that are strongly fluorescent to be detected by the fluorescence detector. NaOH eluent used in

the present method matches well with the maximal fluorescence intensity obtained at alkaline

condition for oxidized phenols, thus the addition of specific buffer solution after oxidation

could be eliminated. This method leads to a simplified procedure and eliminates the use of

additional setup and greatly simplifies the operating procedures. The proposed method was

sensitive to the limits of detection in the range of 0.4 µg/L and 3.8 µg/L and the limits of

quantification between 1.2 µg/L and 13 µg/L due to the strong electro-oxidation capacity of

porous titanium electrode, as well as the implementation of time-programmed potential over

EC. The linear ranges were 2.0–1.0 × 104 µg/L for pAAP and DMP, and 10–1.0 × 104 µg/L for P,

pMP, pHPA, and TBP, respectively. The relative standard deviations range from 0.9% to 4.8%.

The utilization of the method was demonstrated by the analysis of real samples.

This chapter deals with ion exchange chromatography, IC, as a subset of liquid chromatogra‐ phy. Due to the continuous growth, chromatography became one of the most widely used methods in different branches of science encompassing chemistry, physical chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry and cutting through different fields of analytical proposes.

Discovery and historical background on IC were mentioned. Steps of ion chromatography process were intensively discussed in addition to instrumental components of typical IC instrument including: pump, injector, column, suppressor, detector and recorder or data system.

The chapter emphasizes the superior analytical power of ion chromatography so that it can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of common cations, anions and halides in their different forms and matrices in trace and ultra-trace concentrations. Heavy metals separation and detection was also mentioned as well as hydrogen cyanide as an example of inorganic compounds. As examples of organic acid separation and detection using ion chromatography, the analysis of hippuric acid, amines and its derivatives and phenolic compounds were mentioned.

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