**5.3. Dyes**

As Rosales and co-workers noted [48 ], vast amounts of chemical dyes (around 106 tons) are made annually worldwide [ 49]. Dye-containing effluents can make their way into runoff and wastewater, eventually settling in the soil. As these workers noted [48], with textile industries, as much as 50% of the dyes can be lost and disposed in effluents [50]. These dyes can have adverse effects on the environment and ecosystems they pollute. Previous extraction methods have had limited success in removal from soil, and a recent approach involved the use of Fenton's reagent with electrochemistry[48] testing removal of Lissamine Green (Figure 9) from a pseudo-soil matrix (kaolin).

Martin and Nabar [51] noted that previous studies [39] had demonstrated the ability to remove Lissamine Green from aqueous solutions, using column chromatography with Octolig® so it might be cheaper to extract Lissamine Green from soil using hot water, then remove the Lissamine by column chromatography with Octolig®. They were successful with kaolin and montmorillonite, but discovered that mixtures of clay and peat were less successful depending on the amount of peat present, then success of extraction decreasing linearly with the concen‐ tration of peat present. accordingly, the two step procedure would save same on electricity, depending on the availability of hot water and the type of soil present.

**Figure 9.** Structure of Lissamine Green
