**1.2. Apocynaceae family**

Apocynaceae is the most important family within this order, with ca 5000 species distributed worldwide. Seventy percent of the genus, and half of the species distributed in the Neotropical region, are found in the native Brazilian flora [31, 33]. Today, five subfamilies are described for the Apocynaceae family: Rauvolfioideae, Apocynoideae, Secamonoideae and Asclepia‐ doideae. The latter is the major subfamily of the Apocynaceae, and comprises approximately 3000 species divided into 172 genera, distributed mainly in Neotropic areas of South America, such as Brazil, where the highest diversity of the species has been found [32, 33, 34].

The iridoids class has significant distribution within Apocynaceae family, but is concentrated in just a few genera. The most representative of these are: *Plumeria*, *Himatanthus*, *Allamanda* and *Cerbera.* According to the traditional classification, the family comprises approximately 87 iridoids, the main ones being plumieride, plumericin and isoplumericin. A review of literature comprising works published on the identification of this class of constituents within Apocy‐ naceae showed, as major natural sources, the following species (numbers in brackets indicate species as shown in Table 1) [36]:

(1). *Plumeria rubra* L. [*P. acuminata* W. T. Aiton; *P. acutifolia* Poir.; *P. bicolor* Ruiz & Pav.]; (2). *P. lancifolia* Müll. Arg.; (3). *P. acutifolia* Poir. [*P. rubra* L.]; (4). *P. alba* L. [*P. alba* var. *jacquiniana* A. DC.; *P. hypoleuca* Gasp.; *P. hypoleuca* var. *angustifólia* Gasp.]; (5). *P. bracteata* A. DC.; (6). *P. obtusifolia* Steud.; (7). *P. obtusa* L. [*P. multiflora* Standl.]; (8). *P. rubra* var. *alba*; (9). *P. multiflora* Standl.; (10). *Allamanda neriifolia* Hook. [*A. cathartica* var. *Schottii* (Pohl) L.H. Bailey & Raffill]; (11). *Allamanda cathartica* L. [*A. grandiflora* (Aubl.) Lam.; *A. schottii* Hook.]; (12). *Alstonia boonei* De Wild. [*A. congensis* Engl.]; (13). *Cerbera. manghas* L.; (14). *Alyxia reinwardtii* Blume; (15). *Alstonia scholaris* (L.) R.Br.; (16). *Himatanthus sucuuba* (Spruce ex Müll. Arg.) Woodson [*H. tarapotensis* (K. Schum. Ex Markgr.) Plumel; *Plumeria floribunda* Müll. Arg.; *P. tarapotensis* K. Schum. ex Markgr.]; (17). *Vinca* sp. L.; (18). *Thevetia peruviana* (Pers.) K. Schum. [*T. neriifolia* Juss. ex Steud.]; (19). *Himatanthus. phagedaenicus* (Mart.) Woodson [*Plumeria floribunda* var. *crassipes* Müll. Arg.; *P. lancifolia* var. *major* Müll. Arg.; *P. phagedaenica* Mart.]; (20). *Plumeria bicolor* Seem.; (21). *Plumeria acuminata* W.T. Aiton [*P. rubra* L.]; (22). *Cerbera odollam* Gaertn.; (23). A*llamanda. schottii* Pohl [*A. brasiliensis* Schott ex Pohl; *A. cathartica* Schrad; *A. neriifolia* Hook.]; (24). *Himatanthus articulatus* (Vahl) Woodson [*H. rigidus* Wild. Ex Roem. & Schult.; *Plumeria articulata* Vahl; *P. drastica* Mart.; *P. microcalyx* Standl.]; (25). *Rauwolfia grandiflora* Mart. Ex A. DC.; (26). *Plumeria inodora* Jacq. [*P. alba* L.; *P. alba* var. *fragrans* Kunth; *P. alba* var. *fragrantissima* G. Don; *P. alba* var. *inodora* (Jacq.) G. Don]; (27). *Himatanthus bracteatus* (A. DC.) Woodson; (28). *Himatanthus stenophyllus* Plumel; (29). *Himatanthus fallax* (Müll. Arg.) Plumel [*Plumeria fallax* Müll. Arg.]; (30). *Himatanthus obovatus* (Müll. Arg.) Woodson; (31). *Allamanda doniana* Müll. Arg.; (32). *Catharanthus roseus* (L.) G. Don; (33). *Nerium indicum* Mill. [*N. oleand‐ er* L.]; (34). *Alstonia macrophylla* Wall. ex G. Don; (35). *Winchia calophylla* A. DC.


### **1.3. Iridoids of Apocynaceae family**

Iridoids are derived from isoprene units¸ which are considered the universal building blocks of all terpenoids, formed through intermediates of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway in the citosol, and the novel 2-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids of plant cells [2, 5, 6]. The participation of two pathways in iridoid biosynthesis has not yet been clarified, but recent analyses have described the major role of the MEP in the yield of the source for the iridoid isoprene units when compared with the MVA pathway [7, 8, 9]. Iridoid biosynthesis shows two pathways, called route I and II, in which secoiridoids and carboxylated or decarboxylated iridoids are formed, respectively. Route I, considered the main pathway, is responsible for yielding the precursor of the carboxylic iridoids, from iridodial which is oxidized a iridotrial and subsequently converted to a series the iridoids, as occurs in loganin, secologanin, derived secoiridoids, and complex indole alkaloids. In route II, the presence of 8 epi-iridodial, 8-epi-iridotrial and 8-epi-deoxyloganic acid have been reported, forming a source of decarboxylated carbocyclic iridoids such as aucubin and catalpol [10, 3, 11, 12].

Iridoids have shown a broad range of biological activities, such as an antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidative, antiprotozoal and anti-insect properties [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. *In vitro* activities inhibiting the hepatitis C virus, the differentiation of the adipocyte, and PPARα activation activities have

The distribution of iridoids in the Eudicotyledoneae has potential usefulness in the taxonomy of the families, related to their presence in a restricted number of families. Iridoid are considered good chemotaxonomic markers of different taxononomic groups, and can be used, in combination with order, tribe and family, to establish the phylogenetic

According to an update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APGIII) [28,29], the presence of iridoids has been reported in approximately fifty plant families, and can be considered as one of the synapomorphies of the Asterid clade. It is divided into Lamiids, which presents iridoids of the Gentianales, Garryales and Lamiales orders, and Campanulids, which presents secoiridoids of the Asterales and Dipsacales orders. The Gentianales order comprises five families: Apocynaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae (APG III,

Apocynaceae is the most important family within this order, with ca 5000 species distributed worldwide. Seventy percent of the genus, and half of the species distributed in the Neotropical region, are found in the native Brazilian flora [31, 33]. Today, five subfamilies are described for the Apocynaceae family: Rauvolfioideae, Apocynoideae, Secamonoideae and Asclepia‐ doideae. The latter is the major subfamily of the Apocynaceae, and comprises approximately 3000 species divided into 172 genera, distributed mainly in Neotropic areas of South America,

The iridoids class has significant distribution within Apocynaceae family, but is concentrated in just a few genera. The most representative of these are: *Plumeria*, *Himatanthus*, *Allamanda*

such as Brazil, where the highest diversity of the species has been found [32, 33, 34].

2009), highlighted for the diversity of their iridoids [11, 29, 30].

been also described [20, 21].

150 Column Chromatography

relationship [22, 23, 10, 3, 24, 25].

**1.2. Apocynaceae family**


deglucosylplumieride 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10:stem 10: [39] dehydrogardenoside-10 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10: leaves 10: [39] 10-dehydrogeniposide 13: *Cerbera manghas* 13:leaves 13: [56]; 13: [61]

*acutifolia* 1,3:root

epiplumeridoid C 1: *Plumeria rubra* 1: stem bark 1: [48]

gardenoside 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10:stem;10:leaves 10: [39] isoallamandicin 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10:stem 10: [39]; 10: [40]

13: *Cerbera manghas;* 22: *C.*

1: *Plumeria rubra;*16:

1: *Plumeria rubra*; 3: *P. acutifolia*; 4: *P. alba*; 7: *P. obtusa*; 16: *Himatanthus sucuuba*

1: *Plumeria rubra;* 3: *P.*

1: *Plumeria rubra;* 16:

13: *Cerbera manghas;* 22: *C.*

1: *Plumeria rubra* L., 3: *P*. *acutufolia, 5*: *P. bracteata*, 8: *P. rubra* var*. alba;* 21: *P. acuminata;* 16: *Himatanthus sucuuba*

β-dihydroplumericinic acid 1: *Plumeria rubra* 1:root

champalinin ([ (*E*)-*p*methoxycinnamoyloxy] plumieride)

cyclocerberidol

cyclocerberidol-3-*O*-β-Dglucoside

15-demethylisoplumieride

15-demethylplumieride

13-deoxyplumieride

β-dihydroplumericin

epoxycerberidol

epoxycerberidol-3-*O*-β-Dglucoside

fulvoplumierin

cerbinal 13: *Cerbera manghas* 13:bark; 13:cortex 13: [56]; 13: [67]; 13:

7: *Plumeria obtusa* 7:leaves; 7:stem bark 7: [43]; 7: [69]

13: *Cerbera manghas* 13:leaves 13: [56]; 13: [62]

*Himatanthus sucuuba* 1,16:bark; 16:latex 1: [43]; 1,16: [53]; 1,16:

1,16:bark; 3,4:leaves; 4:root; 7:aerial parts; 16:latex

*Himatanthus sucuuba* 1,16:root; 1:stem bark 1: [38]; 1: [42]; 1: [43]; 1:

13: *Cerbera manghas* 13:leaves 13: [56]; 13: [62]

1,3,8,21:stem bark; 1,16:bark ; 1:root, 1:descorticated stem, 3:rind, 5:root cortex

*odollam* 13,22:leaves 13: [40]; 13: [56]; 13,22:

*odollam* 13,22:leaves 13: [40]; 13: [56]; 13,22:

A General Description of Apocynaceae Iridoids Chromatography

[68]

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55784

153

[55]

[70]; 16: [51]

1: [44]; 1,4: [43]; 3: [71]; 7: [72]; 16: [51]; 16: [73]

1: [65]; 3: [38]; 3: [40]; 3: [43]; 3: [66]

1: [38]; 1: [42]; 1: [43]; 1: [74]

[48]; 1: [74]; 16: [51]

[55]

1: [43]; 1: [48]; 1: [65]; 1: [74]; 1: [75]; 1: [76]; 1: [77]; 1,3,5,8: [38]; 1,3,21: [44]; 3: [78]; 3: [79]; 3: [80]; 3,8: [42]; 3,8: [83]; 5: [81]; 8: [82]; 16: [51]


allamanoid 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10:aerial parts 10: [52]; 10: [53]

allamcidin B β-D-glucose 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10:stem 10: [39]; 10: [40]

allamdin 11: *Allamanda cathartica* 11:root 11: [41]; 11: [42] allaneroside 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10:leaves 10: [40]; 10: [54]

alstonoside 15: *Alstonia scholaris* 15:stem 15: [57]; 15: [58]

*acutifolia* 1,3:root

cerberic acid 13: *Cerbera manghas* 13:bark 13: [40]; 13: [56]; 13:

cerberinic acid 13: *Cerbera manghas* 13:bark 13: [40]; 13: [56]; 13:

10-carboxyloganin 13: *Cerbera manghas* 13: leaves 13: [56]; 13: [62]

10-*O*-benzoyltheveside 13: *Cerbera manghas* 13:leaves 13: [56]; 13: [61]

*Allamanda neriifolia* 1:bark; 10:leaves 1: [43]; 1: [44]; 10: [39];

*Allamanda neriifolia* 1:bark; 10:leaves 1: [43]; 1: [44]; 10: [39];

1:stem bark; 10:leaves; 23: stem

*odollam* 13,22:leaves 13: [40]; 13: [56]; 13,22:

*odollam* 13,22:leaves 13: [40]; 13: [56]; 13,22:

*odollam* 13,22:leaves 13: [40]; 13: [56]; 13,22:

*odollam* 13,22:leaves 13: [40]; 13: [56]; 13,22:

*Alstonia scholaris* 14:leaves; 15:bark 14: [59]; 15: [60]

*Thevetia peruviana* 13,18:leaves 13: [56]; 13,18: [62]

*Rauwolfia grandiflora* 12: root; 25:bark 12: [40]; 12: [63]; 12:

*odollam* 13,22:leaves 13: [40]; 13: [56]; 13,22

11: [42]; 16: [50]; 16: [51]; 19: [45]; 19: [46]; 23: [47]

10: [40]

10: [40]

1: [43]; 1: [44]; 1: [48]; 10: [39]; 10: [40]; 23: [47]

[55]

[55]

[55]

[55]

[64]; 25: [1]

1: [65]; 3: [38]; 3: [40]; 3: [43]; 3: [66]

[67]

[55]

[67]

23: *A. schottii;*16: *Himatanthus sucuuba;*19: *H. phagedaenicus;*

1: *Plumeria rubra;*10:

1: *Plumeria rubra;* 10:

1: *Plumeria rubra;*10: Allamanda neriifolia; 23: A. schottii

13: *Cerbera manghas;* 22: *C.*

13: *Cerbera manghas*; 22: *C.*

13: *Cerbera manghas*; 22: *C.*

13: *Cerbera manghas*; 22: *C.*

14: *Alyxia reinwardtii;* 15:

13: *Cerbera manghas;* 18:

12: *Alstonia boonei; 25:*

1: *Plumeria rubra;* 3: *P.*

13: *Cerbera manghas;* 22: *C.*

allamcidin A

152 Column Chromatography

allamcidin B

allamcin

3,10-bis-*O*-allosylcerberidol

3-*O*-allosylcerberidol

3-*O*-allosylcyclocerberidol

3-*O*-allosylepoxycerberidol

alyxialactone

10-*O*-benzoyltheviridoside

boonein

13-*O*-caffeoylplumieride

cerberidol


plumeridoid A 1: *Plumeria rubra* 1: stem bark 1: [48] plumeridoid B 1: *Plumeria rubra* 1: stem bark 1: [48]

plumiepoxide 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10:stem; 10:leaves 10: [39]; 10: [40]

1,10,11,16,23:leaves; 1,16,20,24:bark; 1:fruits; 16:latex

A General Description of Apocynaceae Iridoids Chromatography

*Himatanthus sucuuba* 1,16: stem bark 1: [48]; 16: [103]

1,2,7,8:stem bark, 1,3,4,8:root, 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,10,11,16,27 ,28:leaves, 1,8:stem wood, 1,2,3,5:wood, 1,4,7:seed, 1,2,3,4,5,7:flowers, 1:descorticated stem, 2,3,5:root cortex, 2,3,5:pith, 2,3,4,5:cortex, 3:rind; 10,20,23,26,29: stem; 16,20,24,27,28: bark; 16,23,27,28: latex

1:bark; 1,3,4,7,11:root; 1,4,7:stem; 1,4,7,10: leaves; 1,7: flowers; 1,3: wood

1,3,4,11:root; 1,3:wood, 4,7,10:stem; 4,7,10:leaves; 4,7:flowers; 1:bark

1,21: [44]; 4,7: [84]; 5: [81]; 8: [82]; 9: [99]; 10: [39]; 11: [49]; 11,29,30,31: [89]; 16: [50]; 16: [51]; 16: [88]; 16: [90]; 16: [91]; 16: [92]; 16: [100]; 19: [45]; 19: [46]; 20: [86]; 20: [101]; 23: [47]; 23: [102]; 24: [87]; 33: [84]; 33: [130]

155

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55784

1: [42]; 1: [48]; 1: [65]; 1: [75]; 1: [76]; 1: [77]; 1: [82]; 1: [84]; 1: [105]; 1: [111]; 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,: [38]; 1,4,7,20: [86]; 1,3: [85]; 1,8: [104]; 2: [81]; 3: [66]; 3: [80]; 3: [81]; 3: [106]; 3: [107]; 4: [84]; 4: [108]; 4: [109]; 5: [81]; 6: [110]; 7: [84]; 8: [105]; 10: [39]; 11: [49]; 11: [112]; 16: [51]; 16: [73]; 16,27,28: [95]; 20: [114]; 23: [102]; 24: [87]; 24: [115]; 26: [113]; 29: [89]

1: [44]; 1,3: [85]; 1,3,4,7: [38]; 1,3,4,7: [43]; 1,4,7: [84]; 3: [66]; 7: [37]; 10: [39]; 11: [89]; 11: [116]

1,3: [85]; 1,3,4,7: [38]; 1,4,7: [43]; 1,4,7: [84]; 1,7,11: [118]; 3: [66]; 10: [39]; 10: [40]; 10: [116]; 10: [117]; 11: [89]

8: *P. rubra* var. *alba,* 9: *P. multiflora;*20: P. bicolor; 21: *P. acuminata*;10: *Allamanda neriifolia*;11: *A. cathartica*; 23: *A. schottii*; 31: *A. doniana*;16: *Himatanthus sucuuba*;19: *H. phagedaenicus*; 24: *H. articulatus*; 29: *H. fallax*; 30: *H. obovatus*; 33: *Nerium indicum*

1: *Plumeria rubra*; 16:

1: *Plumeria rubra* L.*,* 2: *P. lancifolia*, 3: *P. acutifolia,* 4: *P. alba,*5: *P. bracteata,* 6: *P. obtusifolia*, 7: *P. obtusa,*8: *P. rubra var. alba;* 20: *P. bicolor;* 26: *P. inodora;*10: *Allamanda neriifolia;*11: *A. cathartica;* 23: *A. schottii;* 16: *Himatanthus sucuuba;* 24: *H. articulatus;* 27: *H. bracteatus;* 28: *H, stenophyllus;* 29: *H. fallax*

1:*Plumeria rubra*; 3: *P acutifolia;* 4: *P. alba*; 7: *P. obtusa;* 10: *Allamanda neriifolia;*11: *A. cathartica*

1: *Plumeria rubra*; 3: *P. acutifolia*; 4: *P. alba*, 7: *P. obtusa;* 10: *Allamanda neriifolia*; 11: *A. cathartica*

plumieride *p*-*Z*-coumarate 7: *Plumeria obtusa* 7:leaves 7: [37]; 7: [38]

plumeridoid C

plumieride

plumieride coumarate (13-*O*coumaroylplumieride; plumieride *p-E*-coumarate)

plumieride coumarate glucoside (protoplumericin A; 13-*O*-*p*-*O*-glucosylcoumaroyl plumieride)


*Rauwolfia grandiflora* 15,25:bark 15: [60]; 25: [1]

1,16,20: stem bark; 1,4,7,16,30,31:root; 1,3: wood; 10,19,23,29:stem; 11,16:leaves; 16,24:bark; 16:latex

> 1,3:root; 16,27,28:leaves; 16,27,28:bark; 16,27,28:latex

32: *Catharanthus roseus* 25: bark; 32:seed 25: [1]; 32: [4]

12,13,17:leaves; 15,25:bark; 32:seed; 35:stem bark

1: [42]; 1: [48]; 1: [58]; 1: [74]; 1: [75]; 1: [84]; 1,3: [85]; 1,4,7: [38]; 1,4,7: [43]; 4,7: [84]; 10: [39]; 11: [49]; 11,29,30,31: [89]; 16: [51]; 16: [88], 16: [90]; 16: [91]; 16: [92]; 19: [45]; 19: [46]; 20: [86]; 23: [47]; 24: [87]; 30,31: [93]; 30,31: [94]

1: [65]; 3: [38]; 3: [40]; 3: [43]; 3: [66]; 16: [51]; 16: [73]; 16,27,28: [95]

12: [64]; 13: [46]; 13: [56]; 13; [61]; 13: [62]; 15: [60]; 17: [42]; 17: [96]; 25: [1]; 32: [4]; 35: [129]

1: [65]; 3: [38]; 3: [40]; 3: [43]; 3: [66]

1: [42]; 1: [48]; 1: [58]; 1: [74]; 1: [75]; 1: [82]; 1: [98]; 1,3: [85]; 1, 4, 7: [43]; 1,4,5,7,8,9: [38];

15: *Alstonia scholaris;* 25:

1: *Plumeria rubra*, 3: *P. acutifolia;* 4: *P. alba,* 7: *P. obtusa;*20: *P. bicolor;* 10: *Allamanda neriifolia;*11: *A. cathartica;* 23: *A. schottii;* 31: *A. doniana;* 16: *Himatanthus sucuuba;*19: *H. phagedaenicus;* 24: *H. articulatus;* 29: *H. fallax*; 30: *H. obovatus*;

1: *Plumeria rubra;*3: *P. acutifolia;* 16: *H. sucuuba;* 27: *H. bracteatus;* 28: *H. stenophyllus*

25: *Rauwolfia grandiflora*;

12: *Alstonia boonei;*15: *A. scholaris;* 13: *Cerbera manghas;*17: *Vinca* sp.*;* 25: *Rauwolfia grandiflora;* 32: *Catharanthus roseus*; 35: *Winchia calophylla*

1: *Plumeria rubra;* 3: *P.*

1: *Plumeria. rubra*, 3: *P. acutifolia;* 4: *P. alba*, 5: *P. bracteat*a, 7: *P. obtusa*,

3-*O*-methylallamancin 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10:leaves 10: [39]; 10: [40] 3-*O*-methylallamcim 10: *Allamanda neriifolia* 10:leaves 10: [39]; 10: [40] naresuanoside 34: *Alstonia macrophylla* 34:stem 34: [128] obtusadoid A 7: *Plumeria obtusa* 7:aerial parts 7: [72] obtusadoid B 7: *Plumeria obtusa* 7:aerial parts 7: [72]

*acutifolia* 1,3:root

plumericidine 1: *Plumeria rubra* 1: flowers 1: [97]

24: *Himatanthus articulata* 24:bark 24: [87]

1,16,20:stem bark; 1,4,7,8,9,16,33:root; 1,3:wood; 5,8,16:root cortex; 1,19,23,29:stem;

isoboonein

154 Column Chromatography

isoplumericin

isoplumieride

loganic acid

loganin

plumenoside (βdihydroplumericinic acid glucosylester)

plumeric acid 1-β-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl

plumericin


**2. Extracts preparation and iridoids isolated**

**SOLVENT/ EXTRACTION METHOD**

MeOH/ Percolation

MeOH/

EtOH/ Hot extraction

MeOH/ Hot extraction

MeOH and CHCl3/ Not described

MeOH and CHCl3/ Soxhlet apparatus

EtOAc/ Not

EtOH/ Maceration

Apocynaceae.

**SPECIES / PLANT MATERIAL**

*Allamanda neriifolia* Hook./ stem and leaves

*A. neriifolia* Hook./ aerial parts

*A. neriifolia* Hook./ stem

*A. cathartica* L*.* / root bark

*A. cathartica* L. /root

*A. cathartica* L. / root bark

*A. cathartica* L./ root (inner part)

*A. cathartica* L. / leaves

*Alstonia macrophylla* Wall. ex G. Don / stem

*A. scholaris* (L.) R. Br./ bark

Table 2 illustrates the extraction methods and the iridoids isolated of some genera of

**ISOLATED IRIDOIDS REF.**

A General Description of Apocynaceae Iridoids Chromatography

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55784

157

scopoletin, pinoresinol [47]

coumarate, plumieride coumarate glucoside [116]

coumarate, plumieride coumarate glucoside [84]

isoboonein, alyxialactone, loganin [60]

isoplumericin [41]

glucoside [84]

[39]

Isoallamandicin, allamcin, 3-*O*-methylallamcin, allamancin, 3-*O*-methylallamancin, allamcidin, plumericin, isoplumericin, allamandin, allamandicin, plumieride 13-*O*-acetate, deglucosylplumieride, 13-*O*-coumaroylplumieride, allamcidin B β-D-glucoside, plumiepoxide, protoplumericin B, plumieride, protoplumericin A, gardenoside, 10 dehydrogardenoside

EtOH/ Maceration Allamanoid, plumieride, protoplumericin, nicotiflorin [52]

Percolation Plumericin, plumieride, protoplumericin [117]

Allamandin, allamandicin, allamdin, plumericin,

Isoplumericin, plumericin, plumieride, plumieride

Plumericin, isoplumericin, plumieride, plumieride

Plumieride, plumieride coumarate, plumieride coumarate

Scholarein A, scholarein B, scholarein C, scholarein D,

described Isoplumericin, plumericin [89]

EtOH/ Maceration Sweroside, naresuanoside [128]

*A. schottii* Pohl/ stem EtOH/ Maceration Allamandin, allamcin, plumericin, isoplumericin, scoparone,

**Table 1.** Iridoids found in Apocynaceae family.
