**Author details**

Yasser M. Moustafa\* and Rania E. Morsi

\*Address all correspondence to: ymoustafa12@yahoo.com

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, EPRI, Cairo, Egypt

### **References**


[12] Zakaria P., Bloomfield C., Shellie R. A, Haddad P. R & Dicinoski G. W. Determina‐ tion of bromate in sea water using multi-dimensional matrix-elimination ion chroma‐ tography. Journal of Chromatography A 2011; 1218(50) 9080-9085.

compounds. As examples of organic acid separation and detection using ion chromatography, the analysis of hippuric acid, amines and its derivatives and phenolic compounds were

[1] Handbook of Ion Chromatography Third, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition,

[2] Tswett M. S., Khromofilly v Rastitel'nom i Zhivotnom Mire (Chromophylls in the

[4] Basic principles of Ion chromatography: IC Module Navigation, The University of

Plant and Animal World). Karbasnikov Publishers, Warsaw (1910).

[6] Ion chromatography, Hamish Small, online book, Springer, Amazon.com

[7] Ion exchange chromatography: Principles and Methods, Amersham Bioscience.

[8] Chromatography: a laboratory handbook of chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques Heftman, E. (Ed.), Van Noostrand Rheinhold Co., New York (1975).

[9] Giddings J. C. & Keller R. A. Dynamics of chromatography, Part 1, Principles and

[10] Amin M., Lim L. W & Takeuchi T. Determination of common inorganic anions and cations by non-suppressed ion chromatography with column switching. Journal of

[11] Grguric G., Trefry J. H & Keaffaber J. J. Ozonation products of bromine and chlorine

[3] Gjerde D. T. & Fritz J. S. Ion Chromatography (2000). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.

mentioned.

28 Column Chromatography

**Author details**

Yasser M. Moustafa\*

**References**

Joachim Weiss (2004).

MACHIAS at MACHIAS.

and Rania E. Morsi

\*Address all correspondence to: ymoustafa12@yahoo.com

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, EPRI, Cairo, Egypt

[5] Theory of Ion Chromatography, Mterohm, UK, LTD.

theory (1965). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Chromatography A 2008; 1182 (2) 169-175.

in seawater aquaria. Water Research 1994; 28 (5) 1087-1094.


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**Chapter 2**

**Ion-Exchange Chromatography and Its Applications**

Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) is part of ion chromatography which is an important analytical technique for the separation and determination of ionic compounds, together with ion-partition/interaction and ion-exclusion chromatography [1]. Ion chromatography separa‐ tion is based on ionic (or electrostatic) interactions between ionic and polar analytes, ions present in the eluent and ionic functional groups fixed to the chromatographic support. Two distinct mechanisms as follows; ion exchange due to competitive ionic binding (attraction) and ion exclusion due to repulsion between similarly charged analyte ions and the ions fixed on the chromatographic support, play a role in the separation in ion chromatography. Ion exchange has been the predominant form of ion chromatography to date [2]. This chromatog‐ raphy is one of the most important adsorption techniques used in the separation of peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and related biopolymers which are charged molecules in different molecular sizes and molecular nature [3-6]. The separation is based on the formation of ionic bonds between the charged groups of biomolecules and an ion-exchange gel/support carrying the opposite charge [7]. Biomolecules display different degrees of interaction with charged

The earliest report of ion-exchange chromatography date back to 1850, Thompson studied the adsorption of ammonium ions to soils [9-11]. Spedding and Powell published a series of papers describing practical methods for preparative separation of the rare earths by displacement ionexchange chromatography in 1947. Beginning in the 1950s, Kraus and Nelson reported numerous analytical methods which are used for metal ions based on separation of their chloride, fluoride, nitrate or sulfate complexes by anion chromatography [12]. In order to separate proteins an ion exchange chromatographic method was reported by Peterson and Sober in 1956. In modern form ion exchange chromatography was introduced by Small, Stevens and Bauman in 1975 [3]. Gjerde et al. published a method for anion chromatography in 1979 and this was followed by a similar method for cation chromatography in 1980 [12]. Ion-

> © 2013 Acikara; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 Acikara; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Özlem Bahadir Acikara

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55744

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

chromatography media due to their varying charge properties [8].

