**Author details**

Jue Li, Tomi Laurila, Toni T. Mattila, Hongbo Xu and Mervi Paulasto-Kröckel

Department of Electronics, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, Espool, Fin‐ land

## **References**


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growth and recrystallization. A new algorithm for predicting dynamic recrystallization in solder interconnections during thermal cycling tests was presented. The algorithm was real‐ ized by combining a Potts model based Monte Carlo method and a finite element method. The correlation between real time and MC simulation time was established with the help of the in situ test results. Recrystallization with the presence of intermetallic particles in solder matrix was simulated by introducing the energy amplification factors in the particle-affected deformation regions. The algorithm predicts the incubation period of the recrystallization as well as the growth tendency of the recrystallized region, which are in good agreement with the experimental findings. Although the research for the microstructural simulation of sol‐ der interconnections is still at its primary stage, the presented algorithm shows potential for better reliability assessment of solder interconnections used in the electronics industry.

The authors would like to acknowledge Academy of Finland for financial support.

Jue Li, Tomi Laurila, Toni T. Mattila, Hongbo Xu and Mervi Paulasto-Kröckel

Department of Electronics, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, Espool, Fin‐

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**Chapter 4**

**Texturing Tendency in β-Type Ti-Alloys**

Preferred orientation of crystal is an intrinsic feature of metals and has an influence on phys‐ ical properties such as strength, electrical conductivity and wave propagation, particularly in the anisotropy of these properties [1]. For example, in the single crystals of many metals it is well known that the main mechanism of plastic deformation, on a microscopic scale, is a simple shear parallel to certain planes and directions. Slip will occur in a certain direction on a crystallographic plane when the shear stress in that direction attains a critical value [2]. So, the observed strength might depend on the loading direction of the crystal. Some other

On the other hand, in a polycrystalline metal, each grain normally has a crystallographic ori‐ entation different from that of its neighbors resulting in isotropy of the properties of the metal. Considering a polycrystalline as a whole, the orientations of the grains may tend to cluster about some particular orientations. Such polycrystalline is said to have a preferred orientation, or texture, which may be defined simply as anon-random distribution of crystal orientations [3]. In this case, a polycrystalline performs in a way close to the single crystal

The appearance of preferred orientations (or texture) is very common. The texture produced by forming such as wire drawing and rolling, is called a deformation texture. The grains in a polycrystalline metal tend to rotate during plastic deformation, which results in the texture formation. Each grain undergoes slip and rotation in a complex way by the imposed force and by the restriction of slip and rotation of adjoining grains [3]. The preferred orientation also appear when cold-worked metal (show a deformation texture) is annealed. This is the

> © 2013 Gepreel; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

physical properties of the crystal vary depending on the measuring direction.

Mohamed Abdel-Hady Gepreel

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53588

**1. Introduction**

**1.1. Textures**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

depending on the strength of texture formed in it.

so-called recrystallization texture (or annealing texture).
