Preface

**Section 4 Recrystallization in Ice 175**

**VI** Contents

**Small Molecules 177**

Chapter 7 **Ice Recrystallization Inhibitors: From Biological Antifreezes to**

Chantelle J. Capicciotti, Malay Doshi and Robert N. Ben

Recrystallization is a phenomenon that is moderately well documented in the geological and metallurgical literature. This book provides a timely overview of the latest research and methods in a variety of fields where recrystallization is studied and is an important factor. Perhaps the main advantage of a new look at these fields is the rapid increase in modern techniques, such as TEM, spectrometers and modeling capabilities which are providing us with far better images and analysis than ever previously possible.

Section 1 includes two chapters giving a general overview of state of the art in research and techniques involving recrystallization. In Chapter 1 Lee and Han discuss the process where‐ by recrystallization takes place through nucleation and growth. Nucleation during recrystal‐ lization can be defined as the formation of strain-free crystals, in a high energy matrix, that are able to grow under energy release by a movement of high-angle grain boundaries. They argue though that the definition is broad and that crystallization of amorphous materials is called recrystallization by some people and can be confused with the abnormal grain growth. They present a theory which is able to determine whether grains surviving defor‐ mation can act as nuclei.

In Chapter 2 Quan gives us an overview of microstructures of alloys and grain boundary migration. Metals and alloys have properties of importance including high strength, rela‐ tively good ductility and good corrosion resistance. The author describes how optimization of the thermo-mechanical process can be achieved through an understanding of the entire forming process and the metallurgical variables affecting the micro-structural features oc‐ curring during deformation.

He concludes that at a fixed temperature, as deformation strain rate increases, the micro‐ structure of the billet becomes more and more refined due to increasing migration energy stored in grain boundaries and decreasing grain growth time.

Section 2 consists of a variety of chapters generally related to recrystallization in metals and alloys. In Chapter 3 Li et al. look at solder joints from the perspective of recrystallization. Solder alloys are widely used bonding materials in the electronics industry and issues with reliability for solder interconnections are rising, with the increasing use of highly integrated components in portable electronic products. They discuss how recrystallization is a source of deformation and thermomechanical stress in the solder interconnection.

In Chapter 4 Gepreel gives an in-depth look at β-type titanium alloys. Typically they have high strength, low density, good cold-workability, heat treatability and corrosion resistance. In this chapter, results from studies of different groups of β-type Ti-alloys with different lev‐ el of β-phase stability containing different alloying elements are discussed. A strategy to de‐ sign alloys and how to control the phase's stability are also discussed. Chapter 5, Cho and Kang provide an in-depth look at magnesium alloys. They present the evolution of texture and microstructure during deformation and recrystallization in various magnesium alloys. Both of these two chapters and work will be invaluable to workers trying to produce stron‐ ger and lighter alloys.

Section 3 deals with recrystallization in real environmental situations and in Chapter 6 Taitel-Goldman gives us wonderful insight into iron oxides found in sand dunes, soils, sediments and the like. This chapter introduces a fascinating look at recrystallization in places not com‐ monly considered by workers in the field.

The final Section and Chapter 7 by Capicciotti and co-workers provides a thorough and very timely look at recrystallization in water-ice. Recrystallization in ice is often defined as the growth of large ice crystals, or grains, at the expense of small ones. The industrial signifi‐ cance and the benefits of preventing this process have been realized for hundreds of years, in areas such as glaciology, food preservation and cryo-medicine. The authors give us a very clear overview of the state of the art in what is known about inhibiting recrystallization in ice, including a very nice look at inhibition by biological antifreeze proteins, novel synthetic peptides, glycopeptides, polymers and small molecules. The chapter concludes with a sum‐ mary of the role of ice recrystallization in cryo-injury.

> **Peter W. Wilson** Professor, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba Japan

**Section 1**

**General Topics in Recrystallization**

**General Topics in Recrystallization**

sign alloys and how to control the phase's stability are also discussed. Chapter 5, Cho and Kang provide an in-depth look at magnesium alloys. They present the evolution of texture and microstructure during deformation and recrystallization in various magnesium alloys. Both of these two chapters and work will be invaluable to workers trying to produce stron‐

Section 3 deals with recrystallization in real environmental situations and in Chapter 6 Taitel-Goldman gives us wonderful insight into iron oxides found in sand dunes, soils, sediments and the like. This chapter introduces a fascinating look at recrystallization in places not com‐

The final Section and Chapter 7 by Capicciotti and co-workers provides a thorough and very timely look at recrystallization in water-ice. Recrystallization in ice is often defined as the growth of large ice crystals, or grains, at the expense of small ones. The industrial signifi‐ cance and the benefits of preventing this process have been realized for hundreds of years, in areas such as glaciology, food preservation and cryo-medicine. The authors give us a very clear overview of the state of the art in what is known about inhibiting recrystallization in ice, including a very nice look at inhibition by biological antifreeze proteins, novel synthetic peptides, glycopeptides, polymers and small molecules. The chapter concludes with a sum‐

> **Peter W. Wilson** Professor,

> > Japan

University of Tsukuba

Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences,

ger and lighter alloys.

VIII Preface

monly considered by workers in the field.

mary of the role of ice recrystallization in cryo-injury.

**Chapter 1**

**Recrystallization Textures of Metals and Alloys**

Recrystallization (Rex) takes place through nucleation and growth. Nucleation during Rex can be defined as the formation of strain-free crystals, in a high energy matrix, that are able to grow under energy release by a movement of high-angle grain boundaries. The nucleus is in a thermodynamic equilibrium between energy released by the growth of the nucleus (given by the energy difference between deformed and recrystallized volume) and energy consumed by the increase in high angle grain boundary area. This means that a critical nucleus size or a critical grain boundary curvature exists, from which the newly formed crystal grows under energy release. This definition is so broad and obscure that crystallization of amorphous materials is called Rex by some people, and Rex can be confused with the abnormal grain growth when grains with minor texture components can grow at the expense of neighboring grains with main texture components because the minor-component grains can be taken as nuclei. Here we will present a theory which can determine whether grains survived during deformation act as nuclei and which orientation the deformed matrix is destined to assume

Rex occurs by nucleation and growth. Therefore, the evolution of the Rex texture must be controlled by nucleation and growth. In the oriented nucleation theory (ON), the preferred activation of a special nucleus determines the final Rex texture [1]. In the oriented growth theory (OG), the only grains having a special relationship to the deformed matrix can pref‐ erably grow [2]. Recent computer simulation studies tend to advocate ON theory [3]. This comes from the presumption that the growth of nuclei is predominated by a difference in

> © 2013 Lee and Han; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Dong Nyung Lee and Heung Nam Han

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54123

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

after Rex. A lot of Rex textures will be explained by the theory.

**2. Theories for evolution of recrystallization textures**
