**5. Biological antifreezes as inhibitors of ice recrystallization**

The first biological antifreezes were reported in the late 1950s. [51,52] Given their ability to prevent cryoinjury upon exposure to cold temperatures, [53-55] they have attracted a great deal of interest in the scientific and industrial communities. [56] Biological antifreezes are a complex class of compounds with dramatically different structures, making it difficult to understand how they inhibit ice recrystallization. Nevertheless, this important class of compounds is the foundation upon which all "rationally designed" novel ice recrystallization inhibitors are based, including the more recently reported small molecule inhibitors of ice recrystallization. [57-62]
