Preface

Chapter 7 **Current Approach to Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell**

Chapter 8 **Controversies in Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for the**

**Transplantation 155**

**VI** Contents

**Leukemia 241**

**Leukemia 273**

Piccaluga

Visani and Felicetto Ferrara

Wan-ming Da and Yong Da

Chapter 14 **Iron Overload and Hematopoetic Stem Cell**

Oluwatoyin Olatundun Ilesanmi

Chapter 15 **Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Stem Cell Therapy (SCT):**

Chapter 16 **Alternative Donor Sources for Hematopoietic Stem Cell**

**Transplantation 305**

**Transplantation 349**

**in Africa 331**

Hugo F. Fernandez and Lia Perez

**Treatment of Multiple Myeloma 195** Bhavana Bhatnagar and Ashraf Z. Badros

Chapter 9 **Proteasome Inhibition and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma 221** Helgi van de Velde and Andrew Cakana

Chapter 10 **Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid**

Chapter 11 **Tumorablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell**

Chapter 12 **Stem Cell Transplantation in Chronic Lymphocytic**

Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Stefania Paolini, Giovanna Meloni, Giuseppe

**Transplantation in the Treatment of High-Risk and Refractory**

Anna Gazzola, Alessandro Broccoli, Vittorio Stefoni and Pier Paolo

**Patients with Refractory or Relapse Hodgkin Lymphoma 289** Leylagül Kaynar, Mustafa Çetin, Ali Ünal and Taner Demirer

Zeynep Arzu Yegin, Gülsan Türköz Sucak and Taner Demirer

**Implications for Psychotherapy and Genetic Counselling**

Francisco Barriga, Nicolás Rojas and Angélica Wietstruck

**Leukemia — New Concepts and Clinical Practice 257**

Chapter 13 **Current Status of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in**

This book documents the increased number of stem cell related research, basic and clinical applications as well as views for the future. The book covers a wide range of issues related to new developments and innovations in cell-based therapies containing basic and clinical chapters from the respected authors involved in stem cell studies and research around the world. It thereby complements and extends the basic coverage of stem cells such as immu‐ nogenetics, neuron replacement therapy, cover hematopoietic stem cells, issues related to clinical problems, advanced HLA typing, alternative donor sources as well as gene therapy that employs novel methods in this field. Clearly, the treatment of various malignancies and biomedical engineering will depend heavily on stem cells, and this book is well positioned to provide comprehensive coverage of these developments.

This book will be the the main source for clinical and preclinical publications for scientists working toward cell transplantation therapies with the primary goal of replacing diseased cells with donor cells of various organs and transplanting those cells close to the injured or diseased target. With the increased number of publications related to stem cells and *Cell Transplantation*, we felt it was important to take this opportunity to share these new develop‐ ments and innovations describing stem cell research in the cell transplantation field with our world-wide readers.

Stem cells have a unique ability; they are able to self renew limitlessly allowing them to re‐ plenish themselves as well as other cells. Another ability of stem cells is that they are able to differentiate to any cell type. A stem cell does not differentiate directly to a specialized cell, however. There are often multiple intermediate stages. A stem cell will first differentiate to a progenitor cell – a progenitor cell is similar to a stem cell, although they are limited in the number of times they can replicate and they are also restricted in which cells they can fur‐ ther differentiate to. Serving as a sort of repair system for the body, they can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or be‐ come another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell or a brain cell.

During this last decade, the number of published articles or books investigating the role of stem cells in cell transplantation or regenerative medicine increased remarkably across all sections of the stem cell related journals. The largest number of stem cell articles was pub‐ lished mainly in the field of clinical transplantation, neuroscience, followed by the bone, muscle, and cartilage and hepatocytes. Interestingly, in recent years, the number of stem cell articles describing the potential use of stem cell therapy and islet transplantation in the dia‐

betes has also slowly been increasing, even though this field of endeavor could have one of the greatest clinical and societal impacts.

It will be exciting and interesting for our readers to follow the recent developments in the field of basic and clinical aspects of stem cells and cell transplantation. Although we are close to finding pathways for stem cell therapies in many medical conditions, scientists need to be careful how they use stem cells ethically and should not rush into clinical trials with‐ out carefully investigating the side effects. Focus must be on Good Manufacturing Proce‐ dures (GMP) and careful monitoring of the long-term effects of transplanted stem cells in the host.

In conclusion, *Cell Transplantation* is bridging cell transplantation research in a multitude of disease models as methods and technology continue to be refined. The use of stem cells in many therapeutic areas will bring hope to many patients awaiting replacement of malfunc‐ tioning organs or repair of damaged tissue. We hope that this book will be an important tool and reference guide for all scientists worldwide who work in the field of stem cells and cell transplantation, and that it will shed light upon many important debatable issues in this field.

I would like to thank all authors who contributed to this book with excellent and up-todate chapters relaying the recent developments to our readers in the field of stem cell trans‐ plantation. I would like to give a special thanks to Ana Pantar, Publishing Process Manager, and all InTech staff for their valuable contribution in making this book available.

> **Taner DEMİRER, MD, FACP** Professor of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Dept. of Hematology Ankara University Medical School Ankara, TURKEY

**Section 1**

**Basic Aspects of Stem Cell Transplantation**

**Basic Aspects of Stem Cell Transplantation**

betes has also slowly been increasing, even though this field of endeavor could have one of

It will be exciting and interesting for our readers to follow the recent developments in the field of basic and clinical aspects of stem cells and cell transplantation. Although we are close to finding pathways for stem cell therapies in many medical conditions, scientists need to be careful how they use stem cells ethically and should not rush into clinical trials with‐ out carefully investigating the side effects. Focus must be on Good Manufacturing Proce‐ dures (GMP) and careful monitoring of the long-term effects of transplanted stem cells in

In conclusion, *Cell Transplantation* is bridging cell transplantation research in a multitude of disease models as methods and technology continue to be refined. The use of stem cells in many therapeutic areas will bring hope to many patients awaiting replacement of malfunc‐ tioning organs or repair of damaged tissue. We hope that this book will be an important tool and reference guide for all scientists worldwide who work in the field of stem cells and cell transplantation, and that it will shed light upon many important debatable issues in this field. I would like to thank all authors who contributed to this book with excellent and up-todate chapters relaying the recent developments to our readers in the field of stem cell trans‐ plantation. I would like to give a special thanks to Ana Pantar, Publishing Process Manager,

and all InTech staff for their valuable contribution in making this book available.

**Taner DEMİRER, MD, FACP**

Ankara University Medical School

Dept. of Hematology

Ankara, TURKEY

Professor of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology

the greatest clinical and societal impacts.

the host.

VIII Preface

**Chapter 1**

**Immunogenetics of**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54281

**1. Introduction**

failure and cancer [1].

row infusions [4].

ease (GVHD) [5].

**Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation**

There are few hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow of adult mammals; these are required throughout life to replenish the short-lived mature blood cells of specific hema‐ topoietic lineages. HSCs have several biological functions including homeostasis control, re‐

The regenerative potential of human HSCs is best illustrated by successful stem cell trans‐ plantation in patients with a variety of genetic disorders, acquired states of bone marrow

The first bone marrow transplantation took place in 1949 with studies that demonstrated the protection provided to the spleen of mice given a dose of irradiation that would otherwise be lethal. In 1960, studies in dogs provided important information about bone marrow transplantation in exogamic species, results that are applicable to humans. It was demon‐ strated that dogs could bear 2-3 times the lethal dose of total body irradiation with an infu‐

At the same time that animal experiments were being carried out, a number of attempts were made to treat humans with chemotherapy or irradiation associated with bone mar‐

The first successful allogeneic bone marrow graft was achieved in a patient with leuke‐ mia, although the patient died due to the complications of chronic graft-versus-host dis‐

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Vansan Marangon et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

generation, immune function and response to microorganisms and inflammation.

sion of bone marrow cells collected and cryopreserved before irradiation [2,3].

Amanda Vansan Marangon, Ana Maria Sell,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Daniela Maira Cardozo and Jeane E. L. Visentainer

## **Chapter 1**
