**6. Gastritis and esophagitis**

Gastritis and esophagitis are among the more commonly seen gastrointestinal complications in the CTS patient population [32]. In addition to clinical symptoms and history, endoscopy is the most commonly utilized diagnostic modality [33, 34]. Although esophagitis is often as‐ sociated with gastro-esophageal reflux (GER), the most pressing concern for post-CTS pa‐ tients with GER is the potential for pulmonary aspiration and associated complications [35]. The etiology of gastritis is multi-factorial, with major contributing elements including mu‐ cosal hypoperfusion, previous history of gastric mucosal disorder, and the use of non-steroi‐ dal anti-inflammatory drugs [36, 37]. Management includes avoidance of hypotension and hypoperfusion, and aggressive management with H2-receptor blockers or proton pump in‐ hibitors. For postoperative patients with GER and high pulmonary aspiration risk, the main‐ tenance of 45 degree head-of-bed elevation is an important preventive measure [38].
