**Author details**


2 Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland

### **References**


[9] Christensen K, Dyreborg U, Andersen JF, Nissen HM. The value of transvascular em‐ bolization in the treatment of renal carcinoma. *J Urol* 1985; 133: 191–3

**5. Summary and conclusions**

**Author details**

H. Zielinski1

106 Renal Tumor

**References**

cours the complex therapeutic process in patients with RC.

, T. Syrylo1\* and S. Szmigielski2

\*Address all correspondence to: tsyrylo@wp.pl

noma. *Am J Clin Oncol* 2000; 23: 6–12

*Interv Radiol* 2000; 11: 677–81

cell carcinoma. *J Urol* 1984; 131: 641–6

In summary, the present authors conclude that patients with advanced RC benefit from RAE with longer survival. RAE applied prior to nephrectomy facilitates surgery and additionally prolongs survival. Additionally, RAE appears to be a potent immunostimulatory agent. It is our strong feeling that in specialistic urologic centers RAE is a safe procedure which suc‐

1 Department of Clinical Urology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland

[1] Zielinski H, Szmigielski S, Petrovich Z. Comparison of preoperative embolization followed by radical nephrectomy with radical nephrectomy alone for renal cell carci‐

[2] Lalli AF, Peterson N, Bookstein JJ. Roentgen-guided infarctions of kidney and lungs:

[3] Almgard LE, Fernström I, Haverling M, Ljungqvist A. Treatment of renal adenocarci‐ noma by embolic occlusion of the renal circulation. *Br J Urol* 1973; 45: 474-9

[4] Kadir S, Marshall FF, White RI Jr, Kaufman SL, Barth KH. Therapeutic embolization

[5] Nakano H, Nihira H, Toge T. Treatment of renal cancer patients by transcatheter em‐ bolization and its effects on lymphocyte proliferative responses. *J Urol* 1983; 130: 24–7

[6] Keller FS. Interventional radiology: new paradigms for the new millennium. *J Vasc*

[7] Teasdale C, Kirk D, Jeans WD, Penry JB, Tribe CT, Slade N. Arterial embolization in

[8] Kaisary AV, Williams G, Riddle PR. The role of preoperative embolization in renal

of the kidney with detachable silicone balloons*. J Urol* 1983; 129: 11–3

renal carcinoma: a useful procedure? *Br J Urol* 1982; 54: 616–9

2 Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland

a potential therapeutic technique. *Radiology* 1969;93:434–5.


[23] Flanigan RC. The failure of infarction and/or nephrectomy in stage IV renal cell can‐ cer to influence survival or metastatic regression. *Urol Clin North Am* 1987;14:757–62.

**Chapter 7**

**Paraneoplastic Glomerulopathy**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Akihiro Tojo

**1. Introduction**

nephrotic.

renal cell carcinoma.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53534

**Associated with Renal Cell Carcinoma**

Renal cell carcinoma is often associated with paraneoplastic syndromes caused by the secretion of tumor cell products such as hormones, cytokines, growth factors and tu‐ mor antigens, which show manifestations including impaired glucose metabolism, hy‐ percalcemia, hypertension, Cushing syndrome, polycythemia, thrombosis, eosinophilia, leukemoid reactions and amyloidosis [1]. It has been reported that 10-40% of patients with renal cell carcinoma present paraneoplastic symptoms [1]. However, paraneoplas‐ tic glomerulonephritis associated with renal cell carcinoma has often been overlooked, for the urinary abnormalities including proteinuria and hematuria are often interpreted as clinical manifestations of the tumor itself, especially when the proteinuria is non-

The term of paraneoplastic glomerulopathy was first described by Galloway in 1922 in a case of nephrotic syndrome associated with Hodgkin's disease [2]. Hodgkin's lym‐ phoma is associated with minimal change nephrotic syndrome, while solid carcinomas including lung cancer and carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract frequently develop membranous nephropathy, which is the most common paraneoplastic glomerulopathy [3,4]. Although renal cell carcinoma is not a frequent cause of paraneoplastic glomerul‐ opathy, recent advances in the study of the molecular mechanism of renal cell carcino‐ ma as a cytokine producing tumor have promoted a better understanding of the mechanism of paraneoplastic nephropathy associated with renal cell carcinoma. In this chapter, I will discuss the mechanisms of paraneoplastic nephropathies associated with

> © 2013 Tojo; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Tojo; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


**Chapter 7**
