**1. Introduction**

Renal cell cancer is the third most common genitourinary tumour and the seventh most common cancer. It accounts for about 3% of all malignancies. After prostate cancer and bladder can‐ cer it is the third most common urological tumour. Among urological cancers it shows the highest mortality [1]. Its incidence has geographic, ethnic and age differences, however over the last two decades there has been a rising incidence of renal cell carcinoma particularly of early-stage tumours leading to a paradigm shift in the therapeutic management.

An increased risk of disease is described with a positive family history and the following diseases: Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, polycystic renal degener‐ ation, chronic renal insufficiency, dialysis and condition after renal transplantation, arterial hypertension, adiposity and diabetes mellitus. Other risk factors are drugs (phenacetinabu‐ sus, diuretics) and a number of environmental factors such as asbestos, lead, arsenic, cadmi‐ um and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. Previous described as typical triad of flank pain, hematuria and palpable flank tumour (Virchow`s triad) is nowadays rarely seen in far ad‐ vanced tumour stages [2]. The same is true for B symptoms, which is usually a sign of meta‐ stasis already existing.

The increased availability and advances in diagnostic imaging (ultrasound, computed tomog‐ rahy and magnetic resonance imaging) (Fig.1) with an increase in the incidental diagnosis of renal tumours [3] and an improved understanding of the basic biology of renal cell carcino‐ ma, led in recent years to an improvement in survival rates, however, in approximately one third of all patients when diagnosed there are metastasis [4] (mainly locoregional lymph nodes, lung, skeletal system, brain and liver) with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%.

© 2013 Hach et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2013 Hach et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

techniques, energy ablative techniques and active surveillance have been progressively used as an alternative option towards open radical nephrectomy which was the historical gold standard approach. Partial nephrectomy has demonstrated an equivalent oncologic outcome with an improved renal function and reduction of cardiovascular events. Over the past years laparoscopic and robot-assisted procedures gained in importance showing similar re‐

**Feature Score**

T1a 0 T1b 2 T2 3 T3-4 4

pNx/pN0 0 pN1-2 2

G1-2 0 G3 1 G4 3

< 10cm 0 > 10cm 1

No 0 Yes 1 ª According to the 2002 American Joint Committee in Cancer staging system

**survival after 3 years**

Low risk 0-2 98% 92.5% Intermediate risk 3-5 80% 64% High risk >6 37% 24%

**Table 1.** Mayo-Scoring-System (Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Cheville JC et al. Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. Cancer 2003;

**Estimated metastasis-free survival after 10 years**

Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53778 73

**Risk group Score Estimated metastasis-free**

sults in terms of oncologic control.

**Pathologic T stageª**

**Nuclear grading**

**Tumour size**

97:1663-1671)

**Histologic tumour necrosis**

**Regional lymph node statusª**

**Figure 1.** Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Renal tumour of the left upper pole: suspected renal cell carcinoma

Furthermore a third of patients that have been treated for a locally limited renal cell carcino‐ ma (Fig. 2a,b,c) in the course show recurrence or metastasis. A tool to assess the risk of meta‐ stasis after a nephrectomy is the Mayo Scoring System (Tab.1).

**Figure 2.** (a) Locally limited renal cell carcinoma of the upper pole; (b) Locally limited renal cell carcinoma in the lateral convexity; (c) Locally limited renal cell carcinoma with suppression of pelvicocaliceal system

Of crucial prognostic importance is therefore the question of the presence of a locally de‐ fined or metastatic renal cell carcinoma with a median survival of about 50% one year after the diagnosis of metastasis. This underlines the importance of early detection. Because of lack of radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity of renal cell carcinoma surgical treatment (nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy) remains the only curative treatment option for locally confined tumours. Partial nephrectomy/nephron-sparing nephrectomy, minimally invasive techniques, energy ablative techniques and active surveillance have been progressively used as an alternative option towards open radical nephrectomy which was the historical gold standard approach. Partial nephrectomy has demonstrated an equivalent oncologic outcome with an improved renal function and reduction of cardiovascular events. Over the past years laparoscopic and robot-assisted procedures gained in importance showing similar re‐ sults in terms of oncologic control.


**Figure 1.** Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Renal tumour of the left upper pole: suspected renal cell

Furthermore a third of patients that have been treated for a locally limited renal cell carcino‐ ma (Fig. 2a,b,c) in the course show recurrence or metastasis. A tool to assess the risk of meta‐

**Figure 2.** (a) Locally limited renal cell carcinoma of the upper pole; (b) Locally limited renal cell carcinoma in the lateral

Of crucial prognostic importance is therefore the question of the presence of a locally de‐ fined or metastatic renal cell carcinoma with a median survival of about 50% one year after the diagnosis of metastasis. This underlines the importance of early detection. Because of lack of radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity of renal cell carcinoma surgical treatment (nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy) remains the only curative treatment option for locally confined tumours. Partial nephrectomy/nephron-sparing nephrectomy, minimally invasive

convexity; (c) Locally limited renal cell carcinoma with suppression of pelvicocaliceal system

stasis after a nephrectomy is the Mayo Scoring System (Tab.1).

carcinoma

72 Renal Tumor


**Table 1.** Mayo-Scoring-System (Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Cheville JC et al. Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. Cancer 2003; 97:1663-1671)

In metastastic renal cell carcinoma the surgical removal of the primary tumour in the sense of reducing the tumour burden and metastasis respectively for palliative reasons or as part of a combined tumour therapy may be required. Through such combined therapy concepts in some cases significant extensions of survival times can be achieved. Integration of surgery and systemic therapy is essential in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The ear‐ liest possible diagnosis and careful selection of surgical procedure for each patient is the ba‐ sis with the goal of curation and the best possible quality of life.

by use of sub- or intercostal incision, transabdominal or thoracoabdominal. There seems to

Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53778 75

The laparoscopic nephrectomy (transperitoneal, retroperitoneal or "hand-assisted") is an‐ other method. This frequently surgical technique is especially used in T1 (up to 7cm tumour size) and T2 tumours (tumour larger 7cm, limited to the kidney). The surgical steps are basi‐ cally those of the conventional open surgical approach. Comparable oncological results with

The advantages of laparoscopic nephrectomy are reduction in postoperative pain symptoms with less pain medication and earlier mobilization. Furthermore faster recovery and better cosmetic results are mentioned. The frequently discussed risk of implantation metastasis in the abdominal puncture trocar has only been reported casuistic. A tumour cell spread by the

The third and most recent method to be mentioned is the robotic-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy. Major advantages of this method are the three-dimensional view for the sur‐ geon, up to a 10-fold magnification of the surgical field, a suppression of tremor of the sur‐ geon`s hands through a so-called tremor filter and the free movement of the instruments which are equivalent to those of the human wrist (so-called "endo wrist instruments"). Ro‐ bot-assisted two approaches are possible: transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approach.

Specific complications of the nephrectomy, regardless of the surgical approach are mainly injuries to neighbouring organs in particular pleural lesions, spleen, pancreas and duodenal injuries and bleeding complications. Frequently occurring transient postoperative creatinine level elevation usually shows a rapid compensation with a healthy contralateral kidney.

As mentioned earlier, in recent years by increasing the availability and development of radi‐ ological examination techniques, there has been an increase of incidentally detected T1 renal tumours. After the first partial nephrectomy was done in 1887 by Vincenz Czerny at the University of Heidelberg, it is established today for tumours ≤ 4cm as the gold standard as well as for tumours up to 7cm in selected patients [7]. Becker et al. showed with the neph‐ rectomy comparable oncologic results and low complication rates in tumours > 4cm [8] or ≥ 7cm [9] in selected patients. The 5- year tumour-free survival in this process is over 95%, the rate of local recurrence is < 1% [10], even though interestingly in section statistics up to 20% multifocal tumours are detected. A reason for this may lie in a different biological behaviour of tumours with a different aggressiveness. Whether the multifocal renal cell carcinoma is a primary multifocal tumour initiation or a secondary intrarenal metastasis is currently un‐ known. Careful preoperative imaging therefore is essential. Aim of the organ-preserving technique is a complete resection of the tumour with an optimal preserved renal function.

**Tumour size 5-year cancer specific survival rate 10-year cancer specific survival rate**

< 4cm (T1a) 96% 90% > 4cm (T1b) 86% 66%

**Table 4.** 5-year and 10-year cancer-specific survival after partial nephrectomy depending on tumour size (Hafez KS, Fergany AF, Novick AC. Nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: impact of tumour size on patient

survival, tumour recurrence and TNM staging. J Urol 1999; 162:1930-1933)

be no difference in terms of oncological results.

applied pneumoperitoneum is not known.

open nephrectomy are seen in large tumours as well. [6].
