**5. Study 2 [13]**

In table 1, the highest number of participants perceived their parenting style as authoritative (381 or 45.3%). This is followed by the hybrid combination of authoritarian/ authoritative style ( 248 or 29.8%). Undifferentiated parenting style hybrid followed with (81 or 9.0%), and then authoritarian parenting style with (72 or 8.1%). The chi-square values for these proportions are significant at P<.05. These are the parenting styles that had over 5% representation in the sample studied. These results indicate that adolescents and young people brought up under authoritative parenting style and the hybrid combination of authoritarian and authoritative

parenting styles are significantly represented in the sample studied in this research.

**Parenting Styles (Yoruba) No = 585 (Efik) No = 267**

Permissive 7 0.90 8 0.70 Authoritarian 44 4.90 28 3.10 Authoritative 289 34.3 92 11.00 Permissive & Authoritarian 5 0.70 6 0.70 Permissive & Authoritative 4 0.40 9 0.90 Authoritarian & Authoritative 157 18.50 91 11.30

Undifferentiated 60 6.60 21 2.40 Total 585 68.66 267 31.34

**Table 2.** Number & Percentages of Participants under each Parenting Style by Ethnic Groups (Extracted from [14])

Authoritarian 18.73 4.52 17.57 4.89 3.29\*\* Authoritative 31.52 7.28 33.07 7.05 - 2.94\*\* Permissive 11.04 3.87 9.97 3.41 4.09\*\*

**Table 3.** Means & Standard Deviations for Participants' scores on Parenting Styles by Ethnic groups df = 849 \*\*P<.01

Results in table 2 under the ethnic groups indicate that more participants of Yoruba decent perceived their parenting style as authoritarian, authoritative, and the hybrid combination of authoritarian/authoritative than participants of Efik decent. The results are: authoritarian: Yoruba – 44 or 4.9%, Efik– 28 or 3.10%; authoritative: Yoruba- 289 or 34.3%, Efik- 92 or 11%;

authoritarian/authoritative combination: Yoruba- 157 or 18.5%, Efik- 91 or 11.3%.

**Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation "t"**

**Parenting Styles Cross River (Efik) No = 267 Oyo State (Yoruba) No = 585**

Permissive/ Authoritarian/

86 Parenting in South American and African Contexts

(Extracted from [14])

Authoritative

**No % No %**

19 2.10 12 1.40

#### **5.1. Participants and procedure**

Participants in this study were made up of 352 students from a Private University in Ogun State, and a Federal University in Lagos State, both from the South Western part of Nigeria. The students from both universities were sampled on the basis of availability. They were undergraduate students studying psychology, and they were selected from 100 to 400 level. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 32 years. 144 of the participants were males and 208 were females. All the participants were full time students in their respective universities. The participants completed a written questionnaire that contained biographical information section and measures of parenting style, and some selected personality variables. Below are the results for the parenting style measure.

Results:


\* Note: Critcal X2 = 1.645, P<.05 Extracted from [13]

#### **Table 4.** Distribution of parenting styles and their hybrid

In table 4 above, the highest number of participants (215, or 61.10%) fell under authoritative parenting style. This is followed by the hybrid combination of authoritarian and authoritative parenting style (105, or 29.80%). The next in number is authoritarian parenting style (32, or 9.10%). The chi-square values for these proportions were significant at P<.05. From this result, participants brought up under the three parenting styles were significantly represented in the sample studied. This result therefore validates an earlier documentation of the practice of the authoritarian and authoritative parenting style hybrid by Nigerian parents.
