**Author details**

Maria Lucia Seidl-de-Moura1 , Rafael Vera Cruz de Carvalho1 and Mauro Luís Vieira2


### **References**


[3] Brazil, IBGE (2012). *População nos censos demográficos segundo as grandes regiões, as uni‐ dades da federação e a situação do domicílio (1960/2010)* [Population in the demographic census, according to regions, federation units and the situation of the domicile]. Re‐ trieved from http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=8&uf=00

We believe that the findings reviewed in this chapter not only present evidence supporting Kağitçibaşi's theoretical model, and contribute to the understanding of aspects of Brazilian developmental contexts. They can also contribute to developmental science and the relation between universal characteristics and the cultural forms they present. We also think that Brazilian childrearing beliefs and practices including autonomy and relatedness, can aid putting into practice Kağitçibaşi's (2012) integrative synthesis proposal. This author has discussed how the development of related-autonomy and social-cognitive development can be universal and desired healthy developmental goals. Although understanding cultural orientation towards interdependency in rural or traditional groups, and aware of tendencies for autonomy goals in urban educated contexts, we can aim at developing persons who have the best of both tendencies. They would have the benefits of formal education, the opportu‐ nities for self-maximization, and, at the same time, would be able to relate and to be close to others, to cooperate. Thus, as shown, we support the hypothesis that autonomy and related‐ ness are not mutually exclusive and they seem to be two faces of the parenting models from

The authors are grateful to the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq), FAPERJ (Funda‐ ção Carlos Chagas Filho), from the State of Rio de Janeiro, the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (ISSBD) and Jacobs Foundation (JF) for support received.

, Rafael Vera Cruz de Carvalho1

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[2] Biasoli-Alves, Z. M. M. (1997). Famílias Brasileiras do século XX: Os valores e as prá‐ ticas de educação [Brazilian families in the 20th century: educational values and

and Mauro Luís Vieira2

We also thank Ç. Kağitçibaşi for her ideas and inspiration.

2 Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

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1 University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

all over this large country.

12 Parenting in South American and African Contexts

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**

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Maria Lucia Seidl-de-Moura1


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**Chapter 2**

**Child-Rearing Practices of Brazilian Mothers and Fathers:**

The chapter is divided into three parts, which highlight various issues related to child-rearing practices that were investigated by the Brazilian Center for Children and Families/NUDIF (www.ufrgs.br/nudif), to which the authors belong. The first issue we discuss is the predictors of child-rearing practices related to cultural differences, parental values, socialization goals, and social class. The second issue refers to the predictors related to the individual character‐ istics of the parents (their experiences with their own caregivers and the parents' gender) and the children (age, temperament, illness and birth order). Finally, the third issue concerns the impact of parental child-rearing practices on children's social competence and behavior

**2. Child-rearing practices related to cultural and social contexts**

In the first part of the chapter we present and discuss some of the studies carried out in our group that show that child-rearing practices are closely linked to the cultural and social context

Variations in cultural contexts can coexist even within the same country, such as in Brazil, with a recent history, a large territory, much social inequality, and a strong presence of immigrants. In developed countries, which have much more consolidated histories, it is sometimes easier to establish the prevailing cultural patterns and their relation to specific child-rearing practices. In contrast, in a developing country such as Brazil, this is more difficult to grasp, in part due

> © 2013 Piccinini et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Predictors and Impact on Child Development**

Cesar Augusto Piccinini, Patricia Alvarenga and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Angela Helena Marin

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57242

**1. Introduction**

problems of the children.

in which families are included.
