**Author details**

Lília Iêda Chaves Cavalcante1 and Celina Maria Colino Magalhães1,2

1 Program in Behavior Theory and Research, Federal University of Pará, Brazil

2 CNPq Research Productivity - Level 2, Brazil

### **References**


including other regions of Brazil. Hence, the cultural models of parenthood of Brazilian parents may be better understood, as well as important aspects of the child development context that are built nowadays, enabling the comparison to the results from other cultures. In addition, other similar studies may stimulate more contextualized investigations, therefore, open new

Another aspect to be mentioned is the disclosure of the thoughts of caretakers of children who were withdrawn from the family living, their belief systems and moral standards, expectations or socialization goals that mothers and grandmothers have about how their children and grandchildren are and/or how they are going to be in the future. These pieces of information are important to the authorities, managers, technicians and educators that work in the shelter institution field, for they help to understand about the quality of care and possible influences

and Celina Maria Colino Magalhães1,2

[1] Bandeira, T. A. T., Seidl-de-Moura, M. L.,Vieira, M. L. (2009). Metas de socialização de pais e mães para seus filhos. Journal of Human Growth and Development, , 19 (3),

[2] Barroso, R. G. & Machado, C. (2011). Definições, dimensões e determinantes da pa‐

[3] Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: experiments by na‐

[4] Cavalcante, L.I.C., Magalhães, C.M.C., Costa, L. N. (2012). Caretaking behavior among siblings in children's shelters. *Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica* (UFRGS. Impresso),

[5] Diniz, P.K.C. & Salomão, N.M.R. (2010). Metas de socialização e estratégias de ação

[6] Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância – UNICEF. (2012). *Situação mundial da in‐ fância. Crianças em um mundo urbano*. (B&C Revisão de Textos, SP, Trad.). Brasília: Au‐

1 Program in Behavior Theory and Research, Federal University of Pará, Brazil

paths for the research of cultural dimensions on the human development.

on the child development.

126 Parenting in South American and African Contexts

Lília Iêda Chaves Cavalcante1

2 CNPq Research Productivity - Level 2, Brazil

rentalidade. *Psychologica*, 52, 211–230.

paternas e maternas. *Paidéa,* 20 (46), 145-154

ture and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

**Author details**

**References**

445-456

25 (1), 165-173.

tor.


[20] Moura, M. L., Soares, I., Gomes, A., & Bornstein, M. (2003). Socioeconomic status in Brazilian psychological research: II. Socioeconomic status and parenting knowledge. *Estudos de Psicologia*, 8, 385-392.

**Chapter 8**

**Emotion, Affection and**

Luciana Fontes Pessôa

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57337

**1. Introduction**

**Maternal Speech in Parental Care**

Deise Maria Leal Fernandes Mendes and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

international research and current evidence of Brazilian studies.

**2. Development trajectories in different eco-cultural contexts**

Evolutionary and cultural approaches in psychology, taken from a complementary and integrated way, provide us a powerful theoretical synthesis for a broader understanding of

> © 2013 Fernandes Mendes and Fontes Pessôa; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This chapter discusses the role of emotions and affective communication in practices of care and the relevance of these components in children development. The importance of consider‐ ing the different development trajectories as a result of different parental practices that arises from the culture is also discussed. Affection and emotion are considered crucial dimensions of parental care with consequences in childdevelopmentthroughdaily practices, parental beliefs, and expectations that guide the way to raise and to educate children. In the first year of life, children's participation in mother-infant´s interactions, as the free-play situations, involving emotional expressions and vocalizations, is considered a prominent factor for the develop‐ ment of affection, attention, communication and cognitive functioning. Evidence accumulat‐ ed in recent decades has highlighted the role of affective exchanges between parent and their children for a healthy development. Also, mothers´ affective speech and the process by which the language development is constructed or acquired in this interactional context has been subject of various theoretical formulations and gave rise to a diverse literature of empirical investigation.The formulationofmodels andassumptions abouthumandevelopmentrequires an understanding of these processes and the factors associated with them. So, we discuss here these mechanisms in the early stages of ontogeny. Arguments are based on results of some

