**7. Study 4 [26]**

**6. Study 3 [25]**

**6.1. Participants and procedure**

88 Parenting in South American and African Contexts

parenting style measure.

**Parenting Styles**

Permissive 11 1.9 Authoritarian 13 2.3

Permissive & Authoritarian 19 3.4 Permissive & authoritative **37** 6.5

Undifferentiated 20 3.5 Total 565 100

\* (Note: Chi-square table values are: (x2 =1.96 P<.05); Extracted from [25]

**Table 5.** Distribution of parenting styles and their hybrids in the Sample

Authoritative **79** 14 **3.92\***

Authoritarian & Authoritative **273** 48.3 **8.54\*** Permissive/Authoritarian/Authoritative **113** 20.0 **4.75\***

From table 5 above, out of 565 participants 273 or 48.3% of the children reported being brought up under the authoritative/authoritarian parenting style hybrid. The chi-square (x2) value for this proportion is 8.54 and it is significant at P<.05. Similarly out of 565 children studied 79 of them or 14% reported being brought up under authoritative parenting style. The chi-square (x2) value for this proportion is 3.92 and it is also significant at P<.05. In addition out of the 565 children who participated in this study, 113 or 20% of them reported being brought up under the permissive/authoritative/authoritarian parenting style hybrid. The chi-square (x2) value for this proportion is 4.75 and it is also significant at P<.05. These results further confirm that a significant number of Nigerian parents as perceived by their children, practice the authori‐ tarian/authoritative parenting style hybrid. In addition the children in this study perceived a

Results:

567 primary school children aged between 7 and 16 years selected from four primary schools in Yaba and Surulere areas of Lagos mainland in Lagos State participated in the study. Lagos State is located in the South Western part of Nigeria. The participants were made up of 275 male and 292 females. Three instruments namely, parenting style scale, children social anxiety scale and performance anxiety scale were administered to the children after ensuring that they understood the instructions and what they were expected to do. Below are the results for the

> **No/ Parenting style**

**% X2**

#### **7.1. Participants and procedure**

668 primary and junior secondary school children aged between 7 and 13 years selected from three primary and three junior secondary schools on Lagos mainland in Lagos State partici‐ pated in the study. Lagos State is one of the States situated in the South Western part of Nigeria. The participants were made up of 281 males and 387 females. The children were administered five measuring instruments namely, parenting style scale, Nigerian Children's self concept scale, self esteem scale, locus of control scale, and sense of competence scale. The measures were administered to the children after ensuring that they understood the instructions and what they were expected to do. In addition the children were guided while responding to the measures by four research assistants employed to assist in carrying out the study. Below are the results for the parenting style measure.


**Table 6.** Distribution of Parenting styles and their hybrids in the sample

From the results in table 6 above 410 or 61.38% of the children reported being brought up under the authoritarian/authoritative parenting style hybrid, 122 or 18.26% reported being brought up under authoritative parenting, and 84 or 12.57% reported being brought up under the hybrid combination of the three parenting styles. The chi-square values for these three proportions were significant at P<.05. The results in table 6 again confirm that Nigerian parents do regularly practice the parenting styles significantly represented in the sample.

It is necessary to note at this point that some consistencies have been recorded in the outcome of the studies. For example in the first two studies (study 1 and study 2) where the participants were adolescents and young people, the highest proportion of them ( e.g. 45.3%, 61.1%), reported being brought up under authoritative parenting. This was followed by the authori‐ tarian/authoritative parenting style proportion of (29.8%, 29.8%) respectively. In study 3 and study 4 where the children that participated in the research were younger, the highest proportion of them reported being brought up under the authoritarian/authoritative parenting style hybrid (e.g. 48.3%, 61.38%) respectively. The next higher proportion in study 3 is the hybrid that combines the three single parenting styles which is (20%), and this is followed by the proportion for the authoritative parenting style (14%). For study 4 the next higher propor‐ tion is for the authoritative parenting which is (18.26%), and which is followed by the propor‐ tion of the combination of the three single parenting styles hybrid. One deduction that can be made from these results is that for Nigerian children when they are young dominantly perceive their parents' parenting styles as a combination of authoritarian and authoritative parenting style. As they grow older they begin to see their parents as more authoritative and less authoritarian. The next study reported below compares the parenting styles of Nigerian parents with that of Cameroonian parents.
