**Author details**

mice following intravenous challenge with virulent *M. tb*; however, such a difference has not been observed following infection by the aerosol route. *γ/δ* T cells constitute a whole system of functionally specialized subsets that have been implicated in the innate responses against tumors and pathogens, the regulation of immune responses, cell recruitment and activation, and tissue repair [47]. Human alveolar macrophages and monocytes can serve as antigen presentation cells (APCs) for *γ/δ* T cells. Furthermore, the predominance of V*γ*9V*δ*2 T cells in TB disease has been confirmed [48]. When MTB-activated CD4+ and *γ/δ* T cells from healthy tuberculin-positive donors were analyzed for cytokine production in response to MTBinfected monocytes, both groups secreted large amounts of IFN-*γ* [49]. Previous studies have also demonstrated an increased proliferative activity of V*γ*9V*δ*2 T cells from patients with TB [50], but reduced production of IFN-*γ*, compared with that of healthy tuberculin-positive donors [51]. Additionally, Dieli *et al.* reported that decrease of V*γ*9V*δ*2 T cell effector functions involves not only IFN-*γ* production but also expression of granulysin [52]. Fig. 3 shows

**Figure 3.** Cytokine and cellular network in tuberculosis +. Production of cytokine, ‐. No production of cytokine.

Tuberculosis is an international public health problem. It is becoming evident that *M. tb* infection is a dynamic state with a wide spectrum of pathology. An improved understanding

interaction of cells and cytokines involved in tuberculosis.

134 Tuberculosis - Current Issues in Diagnosis and Management

neutrophil

**7. Conclusion**

Ruiru Shi1 and Isamu Sugawara2

1 Sino-US Tuberculosis Research Center and Clinical Laboratory Department of Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

2 Center of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
