**Author details**

Márcia Quinhones Pires Lopes1\*, Raquel Lima de Figueiredo Teixeira1 , Antonio Basilio de Miranda2 , Rafael Santos Pinto1 , Lizânia Borges Spinassé1 , Fernanda Carvalho Queiroz Mello3 , José Roberto Lapa e Silva3 , Philip Noel Suffys1 and Adalberto Rezende Santos1

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\*Address all correspondence to: mqlopes@yahoo.com.br

1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria – Oswaldo Cruz Institute – Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

2 Laboratory of Computational and Systems Biology – Oswaldo Cruz Institute – Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3 Medical School - Hospital Complex HUCFF-IDT - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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**Author details**

Antonio Basilio de Miranda2

Adalberto Rezende Santos1

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Fernanda Carvalho Queiroz Mello3

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**Chapter 6**

**Tuberculosis Pharmacogenetics: State of The Art**

The interindividual variability in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drug response is extensive and many factors are involved with this variation including genetic composition, gender, age, co-administration of medication, individual physiology, pathophysiology and presence of

To produce their therapeutic effects, the drug must be present in appropriate concentrations at its site of action. Although the therapeutic concentrations are dependent on the given dose, they will also depend on the magnitude and rate of absorption, distribution, biotransforma‐ tion, and excretion. Pharmacokinetics studies the course and distribution of drug and its metabolites in different tissues, covering the mechanisms of absorption, transport, metabolism and excretion. In addition, pharmacodynamics concentrates on the biochemical and physio‐ logical effects of drugs and their mechanism of action. Proteins involved in drug effects are defined as target molecules and include not only (direct) receptors, but also proteins associated

After its administration, a drug is absorbed and then distributed throughout the body, requiring the coordinated functioning of various proteins, including metabolic enzymes, trafficking proteins, receptor proteins, and others. Medication can enter the body as ei‐ ther active drugs or as inactive prodrugs. Most drugs are metabolized in the liver to make them more soluble for subsequent elimination through the kidneys or intestines. Prodrugs require metabolic conversion, also called biotransformation, to liberate the ac‐ tive compound. Complete biotransformation of any one drug typically requires several different enzymes. [2]. Genetic variability has been described to have effect on drug ab‐ sorption and metabolism and its interactions with the receptors. This forms the basis for

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Teixeira et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

other environmental factors (alcohol consumption, smoking, eating habits).

with mechanism of action such as e.g. signal transducer proteins [1].

Raquel Lima de Figueiredo Teixeira,

Philip Noel Suffys and Adalberto Rezende Santos

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Márcia Quinhones Pires Lopes,

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54984

**1. Introduction**
