**Author details**

in regard to planning of activities or elaboration and evaluation of health programs for the community. Veneklasen and colleagues have said [44]: "True rights-based participation requires programs that enable people to be active, informed and critical agents and citizens, rather than objects of charity". In this sense, the International Labor Organization, Conven‐ tion 169 [45] stresses that health services shall, to the extent possible be, "planned and administered in co-operation with the peoples concerned and take into account their economic, geographical, social and cultural conditions as well as their traditional preventive

**•** The lack of accountability in health programs, which in addition are usually not evaluated. In this sense, the fact that a person is not treated appropriately by the health services, which in itself constitutes a violation of his right to health, should also imply a right to compen‐ sation by the State, which could take the form of restoration of his health, economic compensation, satisfaction or guarantees that the situation will not be repeated. On the other hand, if it is true that more resources are needed, they must be spent in such a way as to foster self-sufficiency and reduce inequities. Greater health care expenditure does not

**•** This dimension is also related to the enactment and enforcement of laws to provide sanctions for gender based violence or sexual abuse of women patients by health personnel, as well as people affected by mistrust. In addition, a legal framework must be adopted to opera‐ tionalize the protection of patient human rights in the health services, establishing mecha‐ nisms for monitoring their compliance. The figure of a human rights ombudsman is a good example for monitoring, to investigate and sanction perpetrators in cases of abuse or

**•** The lack of multi-sectorial strategies. Governmental programs should not compete among themselves, but rather be designed inter alia to promote health services, improve adequate dwelling conditions, education, work, and adequate nutrition. Until this happens, the plight of marginalized populations will persist. In the last instance, violations of the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights occur "when a state fails to satisfy a minimum core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at very least, minimum essential levels of the rights" [46].

**•** The lack of access to health information. Social participation and monitoring are impossible without access to information. This implies that governments should collect data on a disaggregated basis (by ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status, language, among other aspects) and this information, together with the methodologies used, must be readily available to the public. Of course, it also includes the right of TB patients to see their medical records, to give informed consent in all procedures, and to confidential management of their

The performance of patchwork studies has allowed us to identify, evaluate and measure the situation of marginalized population groups in three different contexts (Chiapas, Mexico; Chine, Cotopaxi, Ecuador and Lima, Peru). Our findings revealed the poor quality of diagnosis and treatment of TB patients. Our data can be useful not only in the studied regions, but also in other countries with similar socioeconomic inequalities, if they are taken into account by

care healing practices and medicines".

462 Tuberculosis - Current Issues in Diagnosis and Management

necessarily reduce inequalities [5].

disease.

malpractice and medical negligence claims [6].

Héctor Javier Sánchez-Pérez1 , Olivia Horna–Campos2,3, Natalia Romero-Sandoval4 , Ezequiel Consiglio1,5 and Miguel Martín Mateo2

\*Address all correspondence to: hsanchez@ecosur.mx

\*Address all correspondence to: ohornac@yahoo.es

\*Address all correspondence to: natalia.romero.15@gmail.com

\*Address all correspondence to: econsiglio\_ar@hotmail.com

\*Address all correspondence to: miquel.martin@uab.es

1 Society, Culture and Health Academic Area, The College of the Southern Border (ECO‐ SUR), San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, The Africa and Latin America Research Groups Network (GRAAL)-ECOSUR, Mexico

2 The Africa and Latin America Research Groups Network (GRAAL). Faculty of Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Barcelona Autonomous University, Bellaterra, Spain

3 Barcelona Public Health Agency, Epidemiology Service, Barcelona, Spain

4 School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, The Africa and Latin America Research Groups Network - GRAAL-ECUADOR, Ecuador

5 University Institute of Health, National University of La Matanza, San Justo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
