**2. Materials and methods**

#### **2.1. The characterization of study area**

The area of the North Bohemian region and North Moravian region is presented in Figure 1. The area of North Bohemian region is 3,184.65 km2 and the area of North Moravian Region is 1,834.25km2 .

#### *2.1.1. North Bohemian region*

#### *2.1.1.1. Districts*

The region comprises 5 districts (NUTS 5 level): Decin, Usti nad Labem, Teplice, Most and Chomutov.

District Decin is situated on the north of region and its area is 908.58km2 . In the district live 132,718 inhabitants in 52 municipalities, 14 of which are classified as towns. The capital of district is the town Decin.

The density of population is 146 inhabitants/km2 in the district. The agricultural land covers 40.1% of the district area and the ratio of arable land is 32.94%, it means 13.21% of the dis‐ trict area. The other land covers 59.9% of district area and the ratio of forest is 82.25%, this is 49.27% of district area. There are 4 geomorphologic formations in district area, Decin Up‐ land (north-western and central part), Central Bohemian Uplands (south and south-western part), Luzicke Mountains (eastern part) and Sluknov Downs (northern part). The highest point (Penkavci vrch) has the altitude of 792 m.a.s.l. and the lowest point (the Elbe river bank in Hrensko on the border with Germany) that is the lowest point of the Czech Republic also has the altitude of 115 m.a.s.l. The Elbe river (the biggest Czech river) traverses in the west part of the district.

District Usti nad Labem is situated in south-west direction from the Decin district and its area is 404,45km2 . In the district live 118,194 inhabitants and 84.44% of them live in towns. The capital of district is Usti nad Labem. The density of population has value of 292 inhabi‐ tants/km2 in the district. The agricultural land covers 45.66% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 29.33%, it means 13.39% of district area. The other land covers 54.34% of dis‐ trict area and the ratio of forest is 57.72%, this is 31.37% of district area. There are 2 most important geomorphological formations, Central Bohemian Uplands (south-western and western part) and the Ore Mountains (northern part along the border with Germany). The Elbe river flows through the district.


biphenyls (PCBs) and DDTs (DDT, DDE and DDD). Although PCBs and DDTs have not been used in Europe since eighties, the load of soil by both groups of pollutants is still increased.

The area of the North Bohemian region and North Moravian region is presented in Figure 1.

The region comprises 5 districts (NUTS 5 level): Decin, Usti nad Labem, Teplice, Most and

132,718 inhabitants in 52 municipalities, 14 of which are classified as towns. The capital of

The density of population is 146 inhabitants/km2 in the district. The agricultural land covers 40.1% of the district area and the ratio of arable land is 32.94%, it means 13.21% of the dis‐ trict area. The other land covers 59.9% of district area and the ratio of forest is 82.25%, this is 49.27% of district area. There are 4 geomorphologic formations in district area, Decin Up‐ land (north-western and central part), Central Bohemian Uplands (south and south-western part), Luzicke Mountains (eastern part) and Sluknov Downs (northern part). The highest point (Penkavci vrch) has the altitude of 792 m.a.s.l. and the lowest point (the Elbe river bank in Hrensko on the border with Germany) that is the lowest point of the Czech Republic also has the altitude of 115 m.a.s.l. The Elbe river (the biggest Czech river) traverses in the

District Usti nad Labem is situated in south-west direction from the Decin district and its

The capital of district is Usti nad Labem. The density of population has value of 292 inhabi‐

arable land is 29.33%, it means 13.39% of district area. The other land covers 54.34% of dis‐ trict area and the ratio of forest is 57.72%, this is 31.37% of district area. There are 2 most important geomorphological formations, Central Bohemian Uplands (south-western and western part) and the Ore Mountains (northern part along the border with Germany). The

. In the district live 118,194 inhabitants and 84.44% of them live in towns.

in the district. The agricultural land covers 45.66% of district area and the ratio of

District Decin is situated on the north of region and its area is 908.58km2

and the area of North Moravian Region

. In the district live

**2. Materials and methods**

.

*2.1.1. North Bohemian region*

district is the town Decin.

west part of the district.

Elbe river flows through the district.

area is 404,45km2

tants/km2

is 1,834.25km2

*2.1.1.1. Districts*

Chomutov.

**2.1. The characterization of study area**

8 Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment

The area of North Bohemian region is 3,184.65 km2

**Table 2.** Proposed preventive limit values of persistent organic pollutants in agricultural soils of Czech Republic 1) 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180 2) value of I-TEQ PCDD/F (ng/kg)

District Teplice is situated in south-western direction from the Usti nad Labem district and its area is 469.27km2 . In the district there live 128,464 inhabitants in 34 municipalities,10 of which are classified as the towns. The urbanization rate reaches 84.08% of inhabitants. The capital of district is the town Teplice. The density of population has value of 274 inhabitants/km2 in the district. The agricultural land covers 34.25% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 52.01%, it means 17.81% of district area. The other land covers 65.75% of district area and the ratio of forest is 55.91%, this is 36.76% of district area. There are two geomorphologic formations in district area, Central Bohemian Uplands (south-western and western part) and the Ore Mountains (northern part along the border with Germany).

The other land covers 58.07% of district area and the ratio of forest is 63.41%, this is 36.82% of district area. There are 2 geomorphologic formations in district area, Central Bohemian Uplands (south-western and western part) and the Ore Mountains (North part on the border

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11

Tectonic depression takes the area of the districts Teplice, Most and Chomutov (Figure 2). The coalfield is the relict of the Tertiary sedimentary basin filled in Miocene [13]. The layer of clay, sand and organic materials of 500 m thickness was lodged in the period of 17-22 mil‐ lions years ago. The brown coal bed was developed from the peat layers laid in Tertiary marsh on the majority of basin area. The sedimentation of clay and sand prevailed in the estuary areas of rivers entering the marsh [14]. The bed is filled by river or delta sediments in these places completely. The brown coal bed was developed relatively evenly in the thick‐ ness of 25 – 45 m in the other part of the basin. The area of current rests of brown coal field

with Germany).

has 870 km2

*2.1.1.2. North Bohemian coal field*

. The average altitude is 272 m.a.s. l.

**Figure 1.** The area of North Bohemian Region and North Moravian Region in the Czech Republic

The mining activities have been running since 19th century and changed originally flat or downs surface relief. The process was accelerated after 1948 when the opencast mining tech‐ nology on wide areas was elected. The mining is still continuing in opencast mines Bilina and Libus. The mine Bilina is the deepest mine of North Bohemian coal field with the depth of 200 m (the lowest point has the altitude of 35 m.a.s. l.). The total mining reserves were estimated at 165 millions tons in the beginning of the year 2012. The average content of ash is 26.9% and of total sulphur is 1.03% of dry matter of the coal. The open mine Libus is the largest mine of North Bohemian coal field and the total mining reserved were estimated at

District Most is situated in South West direction from Teplice district and its area is 467.16km2 . In the district live 114 795 inhabitants in 26 municipalities 6 of which are classi‐ fied as towns. 88.71% of inhabitants live in the towns. The capital of district is Most. The density of population has value of 246 inhabitants/km2 in the district.

The agricultural land covers 29.27% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 69.98%, it means 20.48% of district area. The other land covers 70.73% of district area and the ratio of forest is 46.85%, this is 33.14% of district area. There are two geomorphologic formations in the district area, the Central Bohemian Uplands (south-western and western part) and the Ore Mountains (northern part on the border with Germany). The coal-field area is situated under the Ore Mountaims and the active open mines still exist in south-western part of the region. Large opencast mine closed in the 80s of 20th century is spread close to the Most town on the area of the former Most old town (destroyed before mining). This land is under reclamation in present time (artificial lake).


**Table 3.** Proposed indication limit values of persistent organic pollutants in Czech agricultural soils 1) The sum of 16 individual PAHs (EPA) 2) The sum of 7 PCB congeners (28+52+101+118 +138+153+180) 3) ng/kg I-TEQ PCDDs/Fs

District Chomutov is situated in south-western direction from the Most district and its area is 935.3km2 . In the district live 125,758 inhabitants in 44 villages, 8 of which are classified as towns. 86.43% of inhabitants live in towns. The capital of district is Chomutov. The density of population has value of 134 inhabitants/km2 in the district. The agricultural land covers 41.93% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 60.72%, it means 25.46% of district area. The other land covers 58.07% of district area and the ratio of forest is 63.41%, this is 36.82% of district area. There are 2 geomorphologic formations in district area, Central Bohemian Uplands (south-western and western part) and the Ore Mountains (North part on the border with Germany).

#### *2.1.1.2. North Bohemian coal field*

geomorphologic formations in district area, Central Bohemian Uplands (south-western and western part) and the Ore Mountains (northern part along the border with Germany).

District Most is situated in South West direction from Teplice district and its area is

fied as towns. 88.71% of inhabitants live in the towns. The capital of district is Most. The

The agricultural land covers 29.27% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 69.98%, it means 20.48% of district area. The other land covers 70.73% of district area and the ratio of forest is 46.85%, this is 33.14% of district area. There are two geomorphologic formations in the district area, the Central Bohemian Uplands (south-western and western part) and the Ore Mountains (northern part on the border with Germany). The coal-field area is situated under the Ore Mountaims and the active open mines still exist in south-western part of the region. Large opencast mine closed in the 80s of 20th century is spread close to the Most town on the area of the former Most old town (destroyed before mining). This land is under

> Benzo(a) pyrene 2.0 sum PAHs 1) 30.0 sum PCB 2) 1.0 DDT and metabolites 4.0 HCH (α, β, γ) 0.1 HCB 0.1 PCDDs/Fs 3) 20.0 Benzene 0.5 Ethylbenzene 5.0 Toluene 10.0 Xylene 10.0 hydrocarbons C10-C40 500

**Table 3.** Proposed indication limit values of persistent organic pollutants in Czech agricultural soils 1) The sum of 16 individual PAHs (EPA) 2) The sum of 7 PCB congeners (28+52+101+118 +138+153+180) 3) ng/kg I-TEQ PCDDs/Fs

District Chomutov is situated in south-western direction from the Most district and its area

towns. 86.43% of inhabitants live in towns. The capital of district is Chomutov. The density

41.93% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 60.72%, it means 25.46% of district area.

. In the district live 125,758 inhabitants in 44 villages, 8 of which are classified as

in the district. The agricultural land covers

density of population has value of 246 inhabitants/km2

10 Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment

reclamation in present time (artificial lake).

**POPs**

of population has value of 134 inhabitants/km2

. In the district live 114 795 inhabitants in 26 municipalities 6 of which are classi‐

in the district.

**Indication value (mg/kg of dry matter)**

467.16km2

is 935.3km2

Tectonic depression takes the area of the districts Teplice, Most and Chomutov (Figure 2). The coalfield is the relict of the Tertiary sedimentary basin filled in Miocene [13]. The layer of clay, sand and organic materials of 500 m thickness was lodged in the period of 17-22 mil‐ lions years ago. The brown coal bed was developed from the peat layers laid in Tertiary marsh on the majority of basin area. The sedimentation of clay and sand prevailed in the estuary areas of rivers entering the marsh [14]. The bed is filled by river or delta sediments in these places completely. The brown coal bed was developed relatively evenly in the thick‐ ness of 25 – 45 m in the other part of the basin. The area of current rests of brown coal field has 870 km2 . The average altitude is 272 m.a.s. l.

**Figure 1.** The area of North Bohemian Region and North Moravian Region in the Czech Republic

The mining activities have been running since 19th century and changed originally flat or downs surface relief. The process was accelerated after 1948 when the opencast mining tech‐ nology on wide areas was elected. The mining is still continuing in opencast mines Bilina and Libus. The mine Bilina is the deepest mine of North Bohemian coal field with the depth of 200 m (the lowest point has the altitude of 35 m.a.s. l.). The total mining reserves were estimated at 165 millions tons in the beginning of the year 2012. The average content of ash is 26.9% and of total sulphur is 1.03% of dry matter of the coal. The open mine Libus is the largest mine of North Bohemian coal field and the total mining reserved were estimated at 240 millions tons in the beginning of the year 2012. The average content of ash is 36.8% and of total sulphur is 2.7% of dry matter of the coal. The coal is used for the production of ener‐ getic combustible mixtures. The environment is under influence of petrochemical industry in the Most district where the factory is located in Zaluzi u Mostu.

*2.1.2. North Moravian region*

in the district.

ulation has value 738 inhabitants/km2

part of the Ostrava-Karvina coal field.

basin situated under mountainous area.

*2.1.2.2. Ostrava-Karvina coal field*

The region has 3 districts: Ostrava, Karvina and Frydek-Mistek.

geomorphologic formation shaped by the Ostrava basin a Karvina basin.

District Ostrava is situated in north-western part of the region and has the area of

fied as towns. The urbanization rate stands at 95%, indicating agglomeration character of the region. The capital of district is the Ostrava city. The density of population is 995 inhabi‐

The agricultural land covers 40.17% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 62.72%, it means 25.19% of district area. The other land covers 59.83% of district area and the ratio of forest is 18.18%, this is 10.88% of district area. The Ostrava-Karvina coal field is the part of

District Karvina is situated in north-eastern part of the region and its area is 356.24km2

the district 263,075 inhabitants live in 17 municipalities, 7 of which are classified as towns. 88.93% of inhabitants live in the towns. The capital of district is Karvina. The density of pop‐

district area and the ratio of arable land is 68.82%, it means 34.94% of district area. The other land covers 49.23% of district area and the ratio of forest is 28.56%, this is 14.06% of district area. The district relief is shaped by geomorphologic formation of the Karvina basin as the

District Frydek-Mistek is situated in south-eastern part of the region and its area is 1

fied as towns. The urbanization rate amount to 57.2% of inhabitants living in towns. The capital of district is Frydek-Mistek. The density of population has valuereaches 175 inhabi‐

arable land is 48.95%, it means 19.28% of district area. The other land covers 60.62% of dis‐ trict area and the ratio of forest is 81.43%, this is 49.36% of district area. There are two impor‐ tant geomorphologic formations, the Moravskoslezske Beskydy Mountains and the Beskydy

The Ostrava-Karvina coal field is Czech part of so called Upper Silesian coal pan spread on the area of Poland and partially of the Czech Republic that comprises coal fields in the Kar‐ vina, Ostrava and Beskydy basins. Ostrava-Karvina coal field is the largest coal field in the Czech Republic where black coal is extracted by deep mining technology. The Ostrava-Kar‐ vina coal field is separated in south part from the Beskydy basin by the Bludovicky break and has two parts (the Ostrava and Karvina basin) divided by the Orlová fault structure.

More than 300 km2 is used for mining in Czech part of the Upper Silesian field and next 400 km2 are considered to be perspective. The coal bearing layers in the rest of field area are not

. In the district 211,853 inhabitants live in 72 municipalities, 6 of which are classi‐

in the district. The agricultural land covers 39.38% of district area and the ratio of

in the district. The agricultural land covers 50.77% of

. In the district 329,961 inhabitants live in 13 municipalities, 4 of which are classi‐

The Comparison of Soil Load by POPs in Two Major Imission Regions of the Czech Republic

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. In

13

*2.1.2.1. Districts*

331.53km2

tants/km2

208.49km2

tants/km2

The North Bohemian coal field is impaired by strong anthropogenic activity when mining pits and mining depressions filled by water mining wastes in the form of table humps can be seen. The reclamations are done after landscape devastation.

#### *2.1.1.3. The environmental data on the North Bohemian region*

The area can be classified as the zone with high density of population and high concentra‐ tion of the industry with increased level of imission pollutants. Following the information of Czech Hydrometeorological Institute [15] the concentration of dusty aerosol particles under 10μm (PM10) were monitored on 27 localities in the region in 2009. The exceeding of 24 hours limit was observed on 7 localities. The maximum value was 63times higher than a dai‐ ly limit value of 50μg/m3 . Nevertheless, there was oberverd no exceeding of year limit value in the region.

The values of dusty aerosol particles under 2,5μm (PM2,5) were monitored on 6 localities in region. The highest value of annual concentration 19μg/m3 is under limit value of European Direction 2008/50/EC [16].

The concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in the air was observed on 5 localities in the region and only 1 exceeding of target imission limit for annual concentration was detected in urban area of the city Usti nad Labem.

**Figure 2.** The North Bohemian coal field. The area in red. (the source: http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosteck %C3%A1\_p%C3%A1nev)

#### *2.1.2. North Moravian region*

#### *2.1.2.1. Districts*

240 millions tons in the beginning of the year 2012. The average content of ash is 36.8% and of total sulphur is 2.7% of dry matter of the coal. The coal is used for the production of ener‐ getic combustible mixtures. The environment is under influence of petrochemical industry

The North Bohemian coal field is impaired by strong anthropogenic activity when mining pits and mining depressions filled by water mining wastes in the form of table humps can

The area can be classified as the zone with high density of population and high concentra‐ tion of the industry with increased level of imission pollutants. Following the information of Czech Hydrometeorological Institute [15] the concentration of dusty aerosol particles under 10μm (PM10) were monitored on 27 localities in the region in 2009. The exceeding of 24 hours limit was observed on 7 localities. The maximum value was 63times higher than a dai‐

The values of dusty aerosol particles under 2,5μm (PM2,5) were monitored on 6 localities in

The concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in the air was observed on 5 localities in the region and only 1 exceeding of target imission limit for annual concentration was detected in urban

**Figure 2.** The North Bohemian coal field. The area in red. (the source: http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosteck

. Nevertheless, there was oberverd no exceeding of year limit value

is under limit value of European

in the Most district where the factory is located in Zaluzi u Mostu.

be seen. The reclamations are done after landscape devastation.

*2.1.1.3. The environmental data on the North Bohemian region*

12 Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment

region. The highest value of annual concentration 19μg/m3

ly limit value of 50μg/m3

Direction 2008/50/EC [16].

%C3%A1\_p%C3%A1nev)

area of the city Usti nad Labem.

in the region.

The region has 3 districts: Ostrava, Karvina and Frydek-Mistek.

District Ostrava is situated in north-western part of the region and has the area of 331.53km2 . In the district 329,961 inhabitants live in 13 municipalities, 4 of which are classi‐ fied as towns. The urbanization rate stands at 95%, indicating agglomeration character of the region. The capital of district is the Ostrava city. The density of population is 995 inhabi‐ tants/km2 in the district.

The agricultural land covers 40.17% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 62.72%, it means 25.19% of district area. The other land covers 59.83% of district area and the ratio of forest is 18.18%, this is 10.88% of district area. The Ostrava-Karvina coal field is the part of geomorphologic formation shaped by the Ostrava basin a Karvina basin.

District Karvina is situated in north-eastern part of the region and its area is 356.24km2 . In the district 263,075 inhabitants live in 17 municipalities, 7 of which are classified as towns. 88.93% of inhabitants live in the towns. The capital of district is Karvina. The density of pop‐ ulation has value 738 inhabitants/km2 in the district. The agricultural land covers 50.77% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 68.82%, it means 34.94% of district area. The other land covers 49.23% of district area and the ratio of forest is 28.56%, this is 14.06% of district area. The district relief is shaped by geomorphologic formation of the Karvina basin as the part of the Ostrava-Karvina coal field.

District Frydek-Mistek is situated in south-eastern part of the region and its area is 1 208.49km2 . In the district 211,853 inhabitants live in 72 municipalities, 6 of which are classi‐ fied as towns. The urbanization rate amount to 57.2% of inhabitants living in towns. The capital of district is Frydek-Mistek. The density of population has valuereaches 175 inhabi‐ tants/km2 in the district. The agricultural land covers 39.38% of district area and the ratio of arable land is 48.95%, it means 19.28% of district area. The other land covers 60.62% of dis‐ trict area and the ratio of forest is 81.43%, this is 49.36% of district area. There are two impor‐ tant geomorphologic formations, the Moravskoslezske Beskydy Mountains and the Beskydy basin situated under mountainous area.

#### *2.1.2.2. Ostrava-Karvina coal field*

The Ostrava-Karvina coal field is Czech part of so called Upper Silesian coal pan spread on the area of Poland and partially of the Czech Republic that comprises coal fields in the Kar‐ vina, Ostrava and Beskydy basins. Ostrava-Karvina coal field is the largest coal field in the Czech Republic where black coal is extracted by deep mining technology. The Ostrava-Kar‐ vina coal field is separated in south part from the Beskydy basin by the Bludovicky break and has two parts (the Ostrava and Karvina basin) divided by the Orlová fault structure.

More than 300 km2 is used for mining in Czech part of the Upper Silesian field and next 400 km2 are considered to be perspective. The coal bearing layers in the rest of field area are not situated in accessible mining depths. Majority of mining activities runs in the Ostrava-Karvi‐ na coal field and only the Paskov mineone mine (Paskov) is open in the Beskydy coal field. There were udentified has two major coal layers in the Ostrava-Karvina coal field: Ostrava with general thickness of 2,880 m and Karvina with general thickness of 1,200 m. The aver‐ age bed thickness of the Ostrava layer is 73 cm, whereas the most average thickness has the coal bed Prokop (2-4 m) with maximum more than 12 m. The average coal seam thickness of the Karvina layer is 180 cm and the most average thickness (504 cm) has also the coal bed Prokop with maximum up to 15m. The total amount of already extracted coal in the Ostra‐ va-Karvina coal field is estimated at about 1,7 billions tons. In Czech part of the Upper Sile‐ sian field operate four deep mines and one mine stays in preserved regime at present time.

**2.2. Terrain works methodology**

districts.

Principle

stations) as well as the base meteorological data.

**2.3. Persistent organic pollutants analysis**

*BTEX (benzene, e-benzene, toluene and xylene)*

Method used: EPA Method 8260 B [19]

The plan of soil sampling was done first using map sources. The systematic soil sampling scheme based on the equidistance net of sampling points was prepared to maximally main‐ tain the regular character of sampling. However the study targeted only agricultural soils and thus forest soils, urban soils and mining areas were excluded from sampling plan. The numbers of samples in individual districts of the North Bohemian and North Moravian imission regions are presented in table 4. The samples were taken out in the period of 2000 – 2005. The intensity of sampling was, on average, 1 sample/km2 depending on the area of the district, number of samples and presence of forest and urban soils and mining areas. The po‐ tential sources of contamination were determined (industrial zones, mining zones, power

The Comparison of Soil Load by POPs in Two Major Imission Regions of the Czech Republic

The soil samples were taken out from humic horizons of agricultural soils. The depth of the soil layer for sampling was between 5 and 15 cm. Each sample was collected from 10 partial samples on the locality. The sampling was done in minimal distance of 50 m from road. The

transport. Every locality was described and geographic coordinates were assessed using GPS. The determined soil characteristics, including soil type, soil subtype and soil sort (soil texture), pH value [17] and the content of Corg [1518], were compared with the contents of

> **North Bohemian imission region North Moravian imission region** 179 106

Decin Usti n/L Teplice Most Chomutov Ostrava Karvina Frydek-Mistek 27 33 47 39 33 40 33 33

**Table 4.** The numbers of soil samples taken out in the North Bohemian and North Moravian regions and in individual

The soil samples are extracted by methanol and defined volume of extract is dosed into re‐ distilled water after 24 hours. The final solution is analyzed by the system GC/MS using Headspace dozer. The individual substances are defined on the base of comparison of reten‐ tion time and mass spectrum of analyzed substance considering mass spectrum of standard.

C after the

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/ 53332

15

samples were stored and transported in jars and frozen by the temperature –18 0

POPs. The POPs analysis was realised in accredited commercial laboratories.

The methodology of POPs analysis is following for individual groups.

Equipment: Gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer (GC/MS)

The mine CSM has the total area of 22.12km2 and estimated activity will run to 2028.

The mine Karvina has the total area of 32.21km2 .

The mine Darkov has the total area of 25.9km2 .

The mine Paskov has the total area of 105.68km2 including preserved mine Frenstat (63.17km2 ).

The North Bohemian coal field is impaired by strong anthropogenic activity, especially the land subsidence is one of the most common and risky effects of the mining industry having impact on the regional environment. Other environmental hazards are connected to remain‐ ing existence of lagoon of by-products after black coal processing. The reclamations are run‐ ning in the region at present time.

#### *2.1.2.3. The environmental data on North Moravian region*

The region can be characterised as the zone with high density of population (especially in the Ostrava and Karvina aglomeration) and with the presence of industrial activities mainly metallurgy. Following the information of Czech Hydrometeorological Institute [15] the con‐ centration of dusty aerosol particles under 10μm (PM10) in the region is the highest in the Czech Republic. The exceeding of limit values was detected on most of measured localities in the Ostrava and Karvina districts. It was observed that the concentrations of pollutants in the air rapidly increase during cold period of year influencing annual average value of pol‐ lution. The daily limit of PM10 concentration was exceeded more than 100 days a year on the most loaded localities in the Ostrava district. The target value for annual average concentra‐ tion of dusty aerosol particles under 2.5μm (PM2.5) given by European Directive 2008/50/ES (25μg/m3 ) was exceeded on all observed localities in the North Bohemian region in 2009.

The limit concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (1ng/m3 ) is permanently exceeded on most area of the North Bohemian region and multiple exceeding were observed on most localities. The maximum was detected in the Ostrava region (nine multiple of the limit).

#### **2.2. Terrain works methodology**

situated in accessible mining depths. Majority of mining activities runs in the Ostrava-Karvi‐ na coal field and only the Paskov mineone mine (Paskov) is open in the Beskydy coal field. There were udentified has two major coal layers in the Ostrava-Karvina coal field: Ostrava with general thickness of 2,880 m and Karvina with general thickness of 1,200 m. The aver‐ age bed thickness of the Ostrava layer is 73 cm, whereas the most average thickness has the coal bed Prokop (2-4 m) with maximum more than 12 m. The average coal seam thickness of the Karvina layer is 180 cm and the most average thickness (504 cm) has also the coal bed Prokop with maximum up to 15m. The total amount of already extracted coal in the Ostra‐ va-Karvina coal field is estimated at about 1,7 billions tons. In Czech part of the Upper Sile‐ sian field operate four deep mines and one mine stays in preserved regime at present time.

.

.

The North Bohemian coal field is impaired by strong anthropogenic activity, especially the land subsidence is one of the most common and risky effects of the mining industry having impact on the regional environment. Other environmental hazards are connected to remain‐ ing existence of lagoon of by-products after black coal processing. The reclamations are run‐

The region can be characterised as the zone with high density of population (especially in the Ostrava and Karvina aglomeration) and with the presence of industrial activities mainly metallurgy. Following the information of Czech Hydrometeorological Institute [15] the con‐ centration of dusty aerosol particles under 10μm (PM10) in the region is the highest in the Czech Republic. The exceeding of limit values was detected on most of measured localities in the Ostrava and Karvina districts. It was observed that the concentrations of pollutants in the air rapidly increase during cold period of year influencing annual average value of pol‐ lution. The daily limit of PM10 concentration was exceeded more than 100 days a year on the most loaded localities in the Ostrava district. The target value for annual average concentra‐ tion of dusty aerosol particles under 2.5μm (PM2.5) given by European Directive 2008/50/ES

) was exceeded on all observed localities in the North Bohemian region in 2009.

of the North Bohemian region and multiple exceeding were observed on most localities. The

maximum was detected in the Ostrava region (nine multiple of the limit).

and estimated activity will run to 2028.

including preserved mine Frenstat

) is permanently exceeded on most area

The mine CSM has the total area of 22.12km2

14 Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment

The mine Karvina has the total area of 32.21km2

The mine Darkov has the total area of 25.9km2

(63.17km2

(25μg/m3

).

ning in the region at present time.

The mine Paskov has the total area of 105.68km2

*2.1.2.3. The environmental data on North Moravian region*

The limit concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (1ng/m3

The plan of soil sampling was done first using map sources. The systematic soil sampling scheme based on the equidistance net of sampling points was prepared to maximally main‐ tain the regular character of sampling. However the study targeted only agricultural soils and thus forest soils, urban soils and mining areas were excluded from sampling plan. The numbers of samples in individual districts of the North Bohemian and North Moravian imission regions are presented in table 4. The samples were taken out in the period of 2000 – 2005. The intensity of sampling was, on average, 1 sample/km2 depending on the area of the district, number of samples and presence of forest and urban soils and mining areas. The po‐ tential sources of contamination were determined (industrial zones, mining zones, power stations) as well as the base meteorological data.

The soil samples were taken out from humic horizons of agricultural soils. The depth of the soil layer for sampling was between 5 and 15 cm. Each sample was collected from 10 partial samples on the locality. The sampling was done in minimal distance of 50 m from road. The samples were stored and transported in jars and frozen by the temperature –18 0 C after the transport. Every locality was described and geographic coordinates were assessed using GPS. The determined soil characteristics, including soil type, soil subtype and soil sort (soil texture), pH value [17] and the content of Corg [1518], were compared with the contents of POPs. The POPs analysis was realised in accredited commercial laboratories.


**Table 4.** The numbers of soil samples taken out in the North Bohemian and North Moravian regions and in individual districts.

#### **2.3. Persistent organic pollutants analysis**

The methodology of POPs analysis is following for individual groups.

*BTEX (benzene, e-benzene, toluene and xylene)*

Method used: EPA Method 8260 B [19]

Equipment: Gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer (GC/MS)

Principle

The soil samples are extracted by methanol and defined volume of extract is dosed into re‐ distilled water after 24 hours. The final solution is analyzed by the system GC/MS using Headspace dozer. The individual substances are defined on the base of comparison of reten‐ tion time and mass spectrum of analyzed substance considering mass spectrum of standard.

#### *PAHs – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons*

Method used: methodology TNV 75 8055 [20]

Equipment: High-performance liquid chromatograph with fluorescence detector (HPLC)

The dry sample is extracted by dichlormethane using intensive shaking and after volatiliza‐ tion is transferred into n-hexan. 1μl of the extract is dozed into gas chromatograph where the separation on capillary column and the detection on ECD detector are processed. The software identifies individual substances on the base of comparison of retention times in

The Comparison of Soil Load by POPs in Two Major Imission Regions of the Czech Republic

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/ 53332

17

The data were processed by the use of elementary statistical methods (Microsoft Excel) and geographic information systems (ESRI ArcGIS 9.2) was used for visualisation of soil load by sum of PAHs and benzo(a)pyrene in agricultural soils. The map outputs are based on the existence of contour lines connecting the points with identical concentration of observed substances. The Inverse Distance Weighting function was used for spatial interpolation. The areas of graduated concentrations connected with the other map layers (base geographical

The comparison of regional load by PAHs shows very clear conclusion: The load of the North Moravian region by PAHs is demonstrably higher. The fundamental statistical data of soil load by sum of PAHs show table 5 (North Bohemian region) and table 6 (North Moravi‐ an region). The most loaded district is the Ostrava district with longterm metallurgical tradi‐ tion where 85% of soil samples overcome preventive limit (1mg/kg) for sum of PAHs in Czech agricultural soils (reflecting background value). The observed maximal values differ ten times between the regions. The differences could be also found from the viewpoint of structural characteristics of contamination. While the participation of toxic beno(a)pyrene in total load by PAHs reaches about 7% in the North Bohemian region, its participation in the load reaches almost 17% in the North Moravian region (table 7). The load of individual dis‐ trict by PAHs can be documented by the comparison of number of exceeding of proposed indication limit for benzo(a)pyrene and sum of PAHs [12]. There was observed only one limit overrun among the North Bohemian samples, the exceeding was distinctive for ben‐ zo(a)pyrene and sum of PAHs (table 8). In the North Moravian region (table 9), there were documented seven localities exceeding indication limit for benzo(a)pyrene or sum of PAHs. Only two localities show exceeding for both indicators and maximum observed value is generally ten times higher than in the North Bohemian region. On the other hand must be accepted that soil load by PAHs was caused by floods on three localities (Stara Karvina) in the North Moravian region. Nevertheless, the problems with increased load by carcinogenic

benzo(a)pyrene in the North Moravian region also follow from this comparison.

calibrated solutions and samples.

map etc.) create the map output.

**3. Results and discussion**

**3.1. Soil load by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)**

**2.4. Results evaluation**

Principle

The solid sample analyse comprises the exsiccation using waterless sulphate and the extrac‐ tion procedure in the acetone solution. The raw extract is analysed without purifying. PAHs are determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (mobile phase – acetonitrile/water). One instrument measured some PAHs portions during isocratic elution under invariable wavelength and the second plant detected the other PAHs portion on equal terms. Two detectors in series assemble the instrument configuration thus two different wavelengths are involved in the detection. Such procedure minimises the diffi‐ culties with the gradient elution and with the alteration of the wavelength setting during an‐ alyse by the division of unpurified samples.

The concentration levels of individual compounds, the sum values of the compounds (the PAHs sum), the sum value of 2-3 nuclei PAHs and of 4-6 nuclei PAHs were used for the assessment of the load of soils and plants. The sum of toxic equivalency factors for PAHs (the TEF PAHs sum) was involved as well to take into account various toxicological charac‐ teristics of individual PAHs compounds. The TEF PAHs sum is defined as the sum of the products of the concentration of each compound multiplied by the toxic equivalent value for carcinogenic compounds. There were used following compounds:

Benzo(a)pyrene and Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene - toxic equivalent value = 1

Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene - toxic equivalent value = 0,1

Benzo(k)fluoranthene - toxic equivalent value = 0,01

*PCB7 – polychlorinated biphenyls, seven indicator congeners (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180)*

Method used: EPA Method 8082 [21]

Equipment: Gas chromatography with ECD detector (GC/ECD)

Principle

Dry soil sample is extracted by n-hexan. Extract is dozed after re-cleaning into gas chroma‐ tograph where the separation on capillary column and the detection on ECD detector are processed. The software identifies individual congeners on the base of comparison of reten‐ tion times in calibrated solutions and samples.

*DDT sum – sum of DDT, DDE and DDD*

Method used: EPA Method 8082

Equipment: Gas chromatography with ECD detector (GC/ECD)

Principle

The dry sample is extracted by dichlormethane using intensive shaking and after volatiliza‐ tion is transferred into n-hexan. 1μl of the extract is dozed into gas chromatograph where the separation on capillary column and the detection on ECD detector are processed. The software identifies individual substances on the base of comparison of retention times in calibrated solutions and samples.

#### **2.4. Results evaluation**

*PAHs – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons*

16 Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment

Principle

value = 0,1

Principle

Principle

Method used: methodology TNV 75 8055 [20]

alyse by the division of unpurified samples.

carcinogenic compounds. There were used following compounds:

Equipment: Gas chromatography with ECD detector (GC/ECD)

Equipment: Gas chromatography with ECD detector (GC/ECD)

Benzo(k)fluoranthene - toxic equivalent value = 0,01

tion times in calibrated solutions and samples.

*DDT sum – sum of DDT, DDE and DDD*

Method used: EPA Method 8082

Method used: EPA Method 8082 [21]

Benzo(a)pyrene and Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene - toxic equivalent value = 1

Equipment: High-performance liquid chromatograph with fluorescence detector (HPLC)

The solid sample analyse comprises the exsiccation using waterless sulphate and the extrac‐ tion procedure in the acetone solution. The raw extract is analysed without purifying. PAHs are determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (mobile phase – acetonitrile/water). One instrument measured some PAHs portions during isocratic elution under invariable wavelength and the second plant detected the other PAHs portion on equal terms. Two detectors in series assemble the instrument configuration thus two different wavelengths are involved in the detection. Such procedure minimises the diffi‐ culties with the gradient elution and with the alteration of the wavelength setting during an‐

The concentration levels of individual compounds, the sum values of the compounds (the PAHs sum), the sum value of 2-3 nuclei PAHs and of 4-6 nuclei PAHs were used for the assessment of the load of soils and plants. The sum of toxic equivalency factors for PAHs (the TEF PAHs sum) was involved as well to take into account various toxicological charac‐ teristics of individual PAHs compounds. The TEF PAHs sum is defined as the sum of the products of the concentration of each compound multiplied by the toxic equivalent value for

Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene - toxic equivalent

Dry soil sample is extracted by n-hexan. Extract is dozed after re-cleaning into gas chroma‐ tograph where the separation on capillary column and the detection on ECD detector are processed. The software identifies individual congeners on the base of comparison of reten‐

*PCB7 – polychlorinated biphenyls, seven indicator congeners (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180)*

The data were processed by the use of elementary statistical methods (Microsoft Excel) and geographic information systems (ESRI ArcGIS 9.2) was used for visualisation of soil load by sum of PAHs and benzo(a)pyrene in agricultural soils. The map outputs are based on the existence of contour lines connecting the points with identical concentration of observed substances. The Inverse Distance Weighting function was used for spatial interpolation. The areas of graduated concentrations connected with the other map layers (base geographical map etc.) create the map output.
