**Author details**

**4. Discussion and conclusions**

18 Advances in Biomaterials Science and Biomedical Applications

rearrangements.

Studying the homogeneous chains, like the hydrogen atom chain, exposed to low energies we observed clusterization. It is important to stress that this is truly self-organization phenomenon induced by an external excitation. The chains utilize the excitation energy to initialize nonlinear oscillations and redistribute the energy throughout the chain, which leads to the pattern formation. In the case of multiple impacts on randomly chosen atoms (so-called plasma processing) the atom displacements are by an order higher than in the case of single impact. Thus, the plasma treatment leads to more active self-organization processes and atom

In the cases of inhomogeneous chains containing H and O atoms another type of structures is developed. The shrinkage of chains is so significant that we can say about the collapsed structures. This collapse is observed irrespective of the choice of the atom interaction poten‐

To conclude, the performed simulations demonstrated that the system nonlinearity is, in fact, the main reason for the development of self-organization processes leading to significant

In experiments with water and biological objects processed in GDP significant biotrophic effects were detected. The crop seeds and yeast processed directly or indirectly (being immersed in the water processed in GDP) showed markedly greater metabolic activity compared to the control samples. Using the water and the physiological solutions processed in GDP we observed significant therapeutic effects in the test treatments of cardiovascular, oncologic and other diseases. The obtained results suggest the use of discovered phenomena for direct corrections of pathological states by shifting a body state towards its homeostasis.

Next part of this study is devoted to experiments with the titanium alloys and stainless steel exposed to GDP. The experiments with titanium samples reveal an increase in the density of flattened (to the sample surface) cells as well as in the cell amount in compari‐ son with the control sample. These are nothing but preparatory step to the cell amoe‐ boid mobility. Indeed, adhesion and flattening of cells to the base layer always precede their locomotion. According to the results, best adhesion and most prolific cell attach‐ ment correspond to the samples that were exposed to GDP for maximum time at mini‐ mum voltage. Similar results were obtained in the experiments with stainless steel samples: the morphology of leukocytes and lymphocytes, which were adhered to the irradiated material, indicated the expressed amoeboid mobility. The results with the blood nucleus of person who suffers from several diseases revealed some deviations in the morphology of adhered cells compared to the healthy blood. Thus, the nature of adhesion of cells to the base layer depends on both the physico-chemical state of this base layer and the state of organism, the owner of cells. This circumstance determines even more stringent

tials, whereas the collapsed chain patterns are found to depend on the latter.

Understanding the mechanisms of the latter will be our next priority.

modifications even in case of low-energy impacts.

requirements for the material of the implants.


4 Department of Physical Methods of Control, Belarusian-Russian University, Mogilev, Belarus

### **References**


[25] Williams, D. F. Titanium for medical applications. In: Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Tex‐ tor M, Thomsen P, editors. Titanium in Medicine. Berlin: Springer; (2001). , 13-24.

[10] Keutsch, F. N, & Saykally, R. J. Water clusters: untangling the mysteries of the liquid,

[11] Galamba, N. Cabral BJC. The changing hydrogen-bond network of water from the bulk to the surface of a cluster: a Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics study. J.

[12] Luck, W. A. The importance of cooperativity for the properties of liquid water. J.

[13] Shelton, D. P. Collective molecular rotation in water and other simple liquids. Chem.

[14] Lobyshev, V. I, Shikhlinskaya, R. E, & Ryzhikov, B. D. Experimental evidence for in‐

[15] Park, J. B, & Lakes, R. S. Biomaterials: An Introduction. New York: Plenum; (1992).

[16] Ratner, B. D, Hoffman, A. S, Schoen, F. J, & Lemons, J. E. editors. Biomaterials Sci‐ ence: Introduction to Materials in Medicine. New York: Academic; (1996).

[17] Abidzina, V, Deliloglu-gurhan, I, Ozdal-kurt, F, Sen, B. H, Tereshko, I, Elkin, I, Bu‐ dak, S, Muntele, C, & Ila, D. Cell adhesion study of the titanium alloys exposed to

[18] Mandl, S, & Rauschenbach, B. Improving the biocompatibility of medical implants

[19] Lopez-heredia, M. A, Legeay, G, Gaillard, C, & Layrolle, P. Radio frequency plasma treatments on titanium for enhancement of bioactivity. Acta biomater. (2008). , 4,

[20] Blank, M, & Goodman, R. Stimulation of stress response by low frequency electro‐ magnetic fields: possibility of direct interaction with DNA. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

[21] Binhi, V. N, & Savin, A. V. Effects of weak magnetic fields on biological systems:

[22] Betskii, O. V, Devyatkov, N. D, & Kislov, V. V. Low intensity millimeter waves in

[23] Gorchakov, A. M, & Karnaukhov, V. N. Melenets YuV, and Gorchakova FT. Identifi‐ cation of pathological conditions by luminescence analysis of immunocompetent

[24] Hermawan, H, & Ramdan, D. Djuansjah JRP. Metals for biomedical applications. In: Fazel R, editor. Biomedical Engineering- From Theory to Applications. Rijeka: In‐

one molecule at a time. PNAS (2001). , 98(19), 10533-10540.

Am. Chem. Soc. (2008). , 130, 17955-17960.

20 Advances in Biomaterials Science and Biomedical Applications

trinsic luminescence of water. J. Mol. Liquids (1999).

glow discharge. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B. (2007). , 261, 624-626.

physical aspects. Physics- Uspekhi (2003). , 46(3), 259-291.

medicine and biology. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. (2000).

blood cells. Biophysics (1999). , 44(3), 550-555.

with plasma immersion ion implantation. Surf. Coat. Technol. (2002).

Mol. Struct. (1998).

Phys. Lett. (2000).

1953-1962.

(2000). , 28, 168-172.

Tech; (2011). , 411-430.

