**Atherogenesis: Diseases that May Affect the Natural History "Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection"**

Carlos Teixeira Brandt , Emanuelle Tenório A. M. Godoi, André Valença, Guilherme Veras Mascena and Jocelene Tenório A. M. Godoi

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54018

**1. Introduction**

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Atherosclerosis is an endothelial dysfunction induced by elevated and modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL), free radicals, infectious microorganisms, shear stress, hypertension, tox‐ ins after smoking or combinations of these and other factors[1], which is characterized by decreased nitric oxide synthesis, local oxidation of circulating lipoproteins and their entry into the vessel wall[2]. Intracellularreactive oxygen species similarly induced by the multi‐ ple atherosclerosis risk factors lead to enhanced oxidative stress in vascular cells and further activate intracellular signaling molecules involved in gene expression[3].

Up regulation of celladhesion molecules facilitates adherence of leukocytes to the dysfunc‐ tional endothelium and their subsequent transmigration into the vessel wall.The evolving inflammatory reaction is instrumental in the initiation of atherosclerotic plaques and their destabilization. There are evidence[4] supporting a pathophysiological role of T cells, B cells and macrophages in the development of atherosclerosis in general[5].
