**Author details**

Koichi Kaneda1,2,3\*, Yuji Ohgi1 , Mark Mckean4 and Brendan Burkett4

\*Address all correspondence to: koichi@sfc.keio.ac.jp koichikaneda.japan@gmail.com

\*Address all correspondence to: kkaneda@sea.it-chiba.ac.jp

1 Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Ja‐ pan

2 Education Center of Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan

3 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan

[12] Mercer, J.A., Groh, D., Black, D., Gruenenfelder, A. (2005). Technical note: Quantify‐ ing muscle activity during running in the water. Aquatic Fitness Research Journal

Underwater Electromyogram for Human Health Exercise

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55115

235

[13] Rainoldi A, Cescon C, Bottin A, Casale R, Caruso I. Surface EMG alterations induced by underwater recording. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 2004;14(3)

[14] Pinto SS, Liedtke GV, Alberton CL, da Silva EM, Cadore EL, Kruel LF. Electromyo‐ graphic signal and force comparisons during maximal voluntary isometric contrac‐ tionin water and on dry land. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2010;110(5)

[15] Carvalho RG, Amorim CF, Perácio LH, Coelho HF, Vieira AC, Karl-Menzel HJ, Szmuchrowski LA. Analysis of various conditions in order to measure electromyog‐ raphy of isometric contractions in water and on air. Journal of Electromyography

[16] Silvers WM, Dolny DG. Comparison and reproducibility of sEMG during manual muscle testing on land and in water. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

[17] Evans BW, Cureton KL, Purvis JW. Metabolic and circulatory responses to walking

[18] Gleim GW, Nicholas JA. Metabolic costs and heart rate responses to treadmill walk‐ ing in water at different depths and temperatures. American Journal of Sports Medi‐

[19] Kaneda K, Ohgi Y, Tanaka C. Gender differences in metabolic responses during wa‐ ter walking. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education 2010;5(4)

[20] Kaneda K, Wakabayashi H, Sato D, Nomura T. Lower extremity muscle activity dur‐ ing different types and speeds of underwater movement. Journal of Physiological

[21] Kato T, Sugagima Y, Koeda M, Fukuzawa S, Kitagawa K. Electromyogram activity of leg muscles during different types of underwater walking. Advances in Exercise and

[22] Nakazawa K, Yamamoto S, Yano H. Muscle activation patterns during walking in water. In: Taguchi K, Igarashi M, Mori S. (ed.) Vestibular and Neural Front. Amster‐

[23] Miyoshi T, Nakazawa K, Tanizaki M, Sato T, Akai M. Altered activation pattern in synergistic ankle plantarflexor muscles in a reduced-gravity environment. Gait and

and jogging in water. Research Quarterly 1978;49(4) 442-449.

2005;2(1) 9-15.

325-331.

1075-1082.

2011;21(1) 95-101.

cine 1989;17(2) 248-252.

Anthropology 2007;26(2) 197-200.

Sports Physiology 2002;8(2) 39-44.

dam: Elsevier Science; 1994. p255-258.

Posture 2006;24(1) 94-99.

421-431.

and Kinesiology 2010;20(5) 988-993.

4 Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast,

Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
