**1. Introduction**

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, representing a major public health problem. Accumulating evidence suggests oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of AF [1-5]. There are several redox signaling pathways that are possibly related to increased oxidative stress in the setting of AF, including mitochondrial DNA damage, increased activity of enzymes such as NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide synthase uncoupling, activation of pro-arrhythmic transcription factors such as peroxi-some proliferator-activated receptor, c-fos and NF-κB. In the past few years experimental data and clinical evidence have tested the concept of antioxidant interventions to prevent AF. Besides statins, ACEIs and/or ARBs, several other interventions with antioxidant properties, such as Vitamin C and E, thiazolidinediones, N-acetylcysteine, probucol, nitric oxide donors or precursors, NADPH oxidase inhibitors, Xanthine oxidase inhibitors have emerged as novel strategies in the prevention and treatment of AF [6-10]. In this chapter, we aim to summarize recent evidence regarding antioxidant therapies in the prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation
