Contents

#### **Preface XI**


Chapter 9 **The Bond We Share: Experiences of Caring for a Person with Mental and Physical Health Conditions 199** Sharon Lawn, Jeannette Walsh, Anne Barbara, Margaret Springgay and Patricia Sutton

Chapter 10 **Working on Adolescent's Motivation to Improve the Outcome Within a Multimodal Treatment 231** Gatta Michela, Testa C. Paolo, Del Col Lara, Spoto Andrea, Dal Zotto Lara, De Sauma Maxim and Battistella Pier Antonio

Preface

world.

In Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives an international and multicultural array of experts provide cutting edge empirical and theoretical contributions to the scientific understanding of psychopathology. The range of genres is wide, from qualitative studies to tightly-controlled randomized trials. Every important theme in this broad field is at least touched upon, both breaking new ground and analyzing and critiquing perennial themes. Chapters cover depression, somatization, schizophrenia, pediatric psychiatry, and issues related to care giving, just to name a few. The authors assembled are a distinguished international group from diverse disciplines and different cultures. Many of the chapters present material that is appearing in the literature for the first time. The volume will edify students, practitioners, and researchers and will constitute a welcome addition to any library of scholars who wish to stay abreast of cutting edge developments in experimental psychopathology and both pharmacological and psychosocial treatment. Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical perspectives is a book that will leave readers not only better informed about particular issues, but also more aware of the scope of the mental health field as it exists in our continually changing, multicultural

Editor:

USA

Co-editor: **Lesley Allen**

**Prof. Robert Woolfolk**

Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

Princeton University/Rutgers University,


## Preface

Chapter 9 **The Bond We Share: Experiences of Caring for a Person with Mental and Physical Health Conditions 199**

Chapter 10 **Working on Adolescent's Motivation to Improve the Outcome**

Lara, De Sauma Maxim and Battistella Pier Antonio

Chapter 11 **Parent-Child Attachment, Parental Depression, and Perception of Child Behavioural/Emotional Problems 255**

Chapter 12 **Current Advances in the Treatment of Major Depression: Shift**

Chapter 13 **The Characteristics of Nicotine Addiction Among Patients with**

Chapter 14 **Post Traumatic Eco-Stress Disorder (PTESD): A Qualitative Study**

Chapter 15 **The Association Between Tinnitus and Mental Illnesses 349**

Chapter 16 **Attention – Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Psychiatry**

Arabinda N. Chowdhury, Ranajit Mondal, Mrinal K Biswas and

Ashok Kumar Jainer, Rajkumar Kamatchi, Marek Marzanski and

**Within a Multimodal Treatment 231**

**Towards Receptor Specific Drugs 269**

Ewa Wojtyna and Agnieszka Wiszniewicz

**from Sundarban Delta, India 309**

Adeyi A. Adoga and Taiwo J. Obindo

Crístia Rosineiri Gonçalves Lopes Corrêa

Chapter 17 **Quality in Delivery of Mental Health Services 389**

**and Psychoanalysis 371**

and Patricia Sutton

**VI** Contents

Lawrence T. Lam

Bettahalasoor Somashekar

**Schizophrenia 289**

Arabinda Brahma

Mary Ditton

Sharon Lawn, Jeannette Walsh, Anne Barbara, Margaret Springgay

Gatta Michela, Testa C. Paolo, Del Col Lara, Spoto Andrea, Dal Zotto

In Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives an international and multicultural array of experts provide cutting edge empirical and theoretical contributions to the scientific understanding of psychopathology. The range of genres is wide, from qualitative studies to tightly-controlled randomized trials. Every important theme in this broad field is at least touched upon, both breaking new ground and analyzing and critiquing perennial themes. Chapters cover depression, somatization, schizophrenia, pediatric psychiatry, and issues related to care giving, just to name a few. The authors assembled are a distinguished international group from diverse disciplines and different cultures. Many of the chapters present material that is appearing in the literature for the first time. The volume will edify students, practitioners, and researchers and will constitute a welcome addition to any library of scholars who wish to stay abreast of cutting edge developments in experimental psychopathology and both pharmacological and psychosocial treatment. Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical perspectives is a book that will leave readers not only better informed about particular issues, but also more aware of the scope of the mental health field as it exists in our continually changing, multicultural world.

> Editor: **Prof. Robert Woolfolk** Princeton University/Rutgers University, USA

> > Co-editor: **Lesley Allen** Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

**Chapter 1**

**Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia:**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Despite significant progress in the treatment of schizophrenia in recent decades, the evolution of a large rate of patients suffering from this mental disorder is little influenced by treatment [1]. The management of these patients, so-called treatment resistant, constitutes a public health problem. Indeed, these very symptomatic patients often require long periods of hospitalization [2], and their care consumes a disproportionately large share of total cost management of

Following the renewed interest in clozapine since 1988, thanks to the baseline study on the neuroleptic Kane and al [4], and the development in this period of several explicit criteria defining treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), like those of Kane [4], Dencker and al [5] and

The large number and variety of risk factors associated with poor prognosis or poor response to treatment, reported in the literature, suggest that several pathophysiological mechanisms

In this work, we tried to shed light on the prevalence of this concept, as well as its risk factors,

In our literature review, we conducted a literature search in two databases MEDLINE and PUBMED. We used the following keywords: treatment-resistant, refractory, schizophrenia,

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Dammak; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Brenner and al [6], some studies have subsequently estimated its prevalence.

may contribute to the emergence of resistance.

through a critical review of the literature.

**Prevalence and Risk Factors**

Mohamed Dammak

**1. Introduction**

schizophrenia [3].

**2. Methodology**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52430

### **Chapter 1**
