**5. The impact of the operational characteristics on the readability in postal sector**

In this part we show the reality of using RFID technology to identify the letter by specific analysis of the legibility of letters in the crate. The goal was to assess whether it is possible to achieve 100% legibility of letters stored in the crate using a postal RFID technology.

To determine the success of reading measurements were performed on letter mail stored in the actual postal crate using the RFID reader and two antennas from Alien, label affixed to objects and middleware management program. Under review was to create RFID systems and perform test measurements to evaluate the success of the load of letters stored in crates and stored the measurements are properly presented and evaluated in the framework to cre‐ ate web application related to middleware program that is designed to manage RFID reader.

For the purposes of measurement was the technical background of Alien - RFID reader, RFID tags, and two antennas, which was created by the RFID gate. Used middleware pro‐ gram provided by the Italian company Aton, s.p.a. web application was developed in an en‐ vironment with a PHP MySQL database system. Principle of RFID technology is as follows:


#### **5.1. Orientation and location of identifier**

*4.6.4. Mail bag tracking*

430 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

**Figure 15.** RFID tag placed on Mail Bag

**•** Optimization of processes.

**•** Control of Quality of Service.

**•** Customer documentation. Tracking solution is based on:

**•** Hand-held terminals or PDAs.

**•** Bar codes.

**•** Active RFID tags.

**•** Passive RFID tags.

**•** Automatic scanners.

**•** Internal documentation of handovers.

**•** Optimization of routes.

their competitiveness by means of:

Mail bags are widely used all over the world for transporting letters. The use of the mail bags differs between postal operators from transporting standard letters, to added value let‐ ters or to being used in closed customer loops. Each mail bag has a passive RFID tag that contains information about letters, which are inside the bag and some other additional infor‐

Independent of how each postal operator is using the mail bags, tracking them can improve

mation useful for sorting and other postal processes (Figure 15).

Identifiers are polarized as well as antennas. For optimal performance RFID read range and the polarization must be parallel to the polarization of the antenna. For most of the current is the polarization parallel to the longer side. Ideal antenna alignment and location identifier is an identifier in front of the antenna and the longer side oriented parallel to the polariza‐ tion of the antenna. Real but it is virtually impossible to guarantee. In all applications, but it is important to align the antenna with the antenna system identifier reader. Same alignment orientation identifier in phase with the direct model antenna returns optimal results. How‐ ever, the general rule is that the identifier may be disoriented by about 15 ° angle in any di‐ rection with negligible performance degradation. Correct adjustment of the system may allow an even greater tolerance. This tolerance to disorientation system allows you to read the label orientation and angle of presentation changes depending on their trajectory through reading.

Reading range may be affected by pitch, roll or diverting of identifier. In a further assume

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**Scheme 1.** Rotation (roll) the identifier in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction will cause loss of performance. This loss increases with expanding angle of rotation - the optimum approach angle is 90 °. That may be why the orien‐

**Scheme 2.** Inclination or tilt (pitch) of identifier - the rear rotation (*front to back*) around a horizontal axis) affects per‐

tation of the identifier used to avoid reading other remote signals from any recources.

formance only slightly.

that the antenna polarization is parallel to the long side identifier.

**Figure 16.** This is illustration shows the identifier transmitted by antennas around the reader.

This illustration shows the identifier transmitted by antennas around the reader. As shown in figure 17. range reading is weaker if the identifier to a greater angle to the antenna.

**Figure 17.** The optimal position of antenna and tag (identifier)

Reading range may be affected by pitch, roll or diverting of identifier. In a further assume that the antenna polarization is parallel to the long side identifier.

**Scheme 1.** Rotation (roll) the identifier in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction will cause loss of performance. This loss increases with expanding angle of rotation - the optimum approach angle is 90 °. That may be why the orien‐ tation of the identifier used to avoid reading other remote signals from any recources.

**Figure 16.** This is illustration shows the identifier transmitted by antennas around the reader.

432 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

**Figure 17.** The optimal position of antenna and tag (identifier)

This illustration shows the identifier transmitted by antennas around the reader. As shown

in figure 17. range reading is weaker if the identifier to a greater angle to the antenna.

**Scheme 2.** Inclination or tilt (pitch) of identifier - the rear rotation (*front to back*) around a horizontal axis) affects per‐ formance only slightly.

At horizontally aligned storage correspondence can be created as the following positions:

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Other than those specified positions were also carried out tests on unaligned shipments. At vertical alignment shipment is possible to distinguish whether the letter is placed RFID tags glued upward or downward. Depicting the imposition of letters is shown in the following table. In order to determine the optimal storage correspondence tests were performed in all

**Description deposit of letter items Reading success (%)**

As shown in table above the highest percentage was reached at a loading unaligned acciden‐ tally saved letter. Saving is but random, and in greater numbers there is no guarantee that the RFID tags do not overlap more than one shipment. We can assume that for larger num‐

When comparing the measurements of success with storing correspondence RFID tags up and save measurements made with RFID tags can be seen down a significant difference. Greater success is achieved when depositing RFID tag upwards, which is due to greater freedom for the RFID tags. Large differences are visible when you turn the leaf surface ship‐

Aligned vertically toward the surface of the antenna, the tags below 29,03 Aligned vertically toward the surface of the antenna, the tags above 64,98 Aligned vertically, perpendicular to the flat antenna, the tags below 4,15 Aligned vertically, perpendicular to the flat antenna, the tags above 11,98 Horizontally aligned, wider side facing the antenna 26,27 Horizontally aligned, narrow side facing the antenna 11,06 Aligned vertically, rotate the gate about 360 degrees 65,44 Aligned horizontally, rotate the gate about 360 degrees 42,40 Misaligned, randomly placed 85,25

At a vertical aligned correspondence can be created as the following positions:

**•** items stored horizontally narrow side facing the antenna,

**•** items stored horizontally wider side facing the antenna,

**•** items stored horizontally, in the gate rotated 360 degrees.

**•** items stored vertically, perpendicular to the flat antenna

**•** items stored vertically in the gate rotated for about 360 degrees.

**•** Items stored vertically, towards the flat antenna

these positions.

**Table 1.** The impact of the imposition of letters

bers, this percentage declined.

**Scheme 3.** Rotation (yaw) facing each other (end on end) about its vertical axis is for further consideration. As the angle of identifier rotation increases from the antenna, area identifier's internal antenna, which is within the reader field is shrinking. With this reduction is also associated identifier readability.

Differences in surface mounting, the angle and height of placement, as well as changes in the angle of the transition identifier reading area are compensated if allowed a sufficient margin for optimal orientation and alignment

#### **5.2. Evaluation of test success**

The main purpose of making measurements and the creation of applications was to evaluate the success of the measurements and draw conclusions about the most significant and im‐ portant impacts that affect the success of reading. The effects have been studied for meas‐ urements are as follows:


#### *5.2.1. Impact of the imposition of letters*

During performing measurements correspondence can be letters stored in several ways to create a number of test locations. Basis to build positions in the imposition items vertically or horizontally as shown next figure.

At horizontally aligned storage correspondence can be created as the following positions:


At a vertical aligned correspondence can be created as the following positions:


Other than those specified positions were also carried out tests on unaligned shipments. At vertical alignment shipment is possible to distinguish whether the letter is placed RFID tags glued upward or downward. Depicting the imposition of letters is shown in the following table. In order to determine the optimal storage correspondence tests were performed in all these positions.


**Table 1.** The impact of the imposition of letters

**Scheme 3.** Rotation (yaw) facing each other (end on end) about its vertical axis is for further consideration. As the angle of identifier rotation increases from the antenna, area identifier's internal antenna, which is within the reader

Differences in surface mounting, the angle and height of placement, as well as changes in the angle of the transition identifier reading area are compensated if allowed a sufficient

The main purpose of making measurements and the creation of applications was to evaluate the success of the measurements and draw conclusions about the most significant and im‐ portant impacts that affect the success of reading. The effects have been studied for meas‐

During performing measurements correspondence can be letters stored in several ways to create a number of test locations. Basis to build positions in the imposition items vertically

field is shrinking. With this reduction is also associated identifier readability.

margin for optimal orientation and alignment

434 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

**•** save correspondence with the measurements

**5.2. Evaluation of test success**

**•** free storage correspondence,

**•** number of measured items.

*5.2.1. Impact of the imposition of letters*

or horizontally as shown next figure.

urements are as follows:

**•** the use of crates,

As shown in table above the highest percentage was reached at a loading unaligned acciden‐ tally saved letter. Saving is but random, and in greater numbers there is no guarantee that the RFID tags do not overlap more than one shipment. We can assume that for larger num‐ bers, this percentage declined.

When comparing the measurements of success with storing correspondence RFID tags up and save measurements made with RFID tags can be seen down a significant difference. Greater success is achieved when depositing RFID tag upwards, which is due to greater freedom for the RFID tags. Large differences are visible when you turn the leaf surface ship‐ ments towards RFID tag antenna. Compared to the stored correspondence surface perpen‐ dicular to the RFID tag antenna is the difference in the success of loading more than 50%.

*5.2.3. The impact of free scope of stored letter items*

**•** separate correspondence by carton;

**•** the bulk correspondence (classical)

**•** letter correspondence pressed together.

**Table 3.** The impact of free scope of stored letter items

pared to the readability of bulk shipments.

*5.2.4. The impact of other elements*

**Table 4.** The impact of other elements

readability:

By examining the different variations of the deposit of letter mail has proved an important factor affecting the success of slackness between RFID tags glued to the letter. It was had

The table shows that the separation of the carton shipments has a significant impact on the success of loading achieved is 100% readable. Crushed shipments only slightly worse com‐

Unit shipments for the cardboard several measurements were carried out to confirm 100%

**speed of running by gate** 4 sec. 100,00

**antenna distance** 80 cm 100,00

**antenna intensity** 90% 100,00

**optimal storage of letter** 97,24

2 sec. 100,00 quickly 100,00

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60 cm 100,00

75% 100,00 60% 100,00 40% 100,00 20% 95,85

**Studied impact Successful reading (%)**

done testing with the following settings of slackness between the letter post:

**Degree of freedom between the letter items Successful reading (%)**

pressed together 68,66 stored slackness 69,59 separate by carton 100,00

Measurements were carried out with the type of gate in which both antennas are on the sides. Gate type significantly influenced the success of horizontal loading and shipments compared to a vertical were significantly lower. Rotate the trays in the gate 360 degrees slightly increased readability vertically or horizontally stored correspondence. Optimal sol‐ ution in terms of deposit of letters on the measurements is to store:


#### *5.2.2. The impact of the use of containers*

To determine the impact of the imposition of letters in the crate measurements were not made only in the crate, but also in bulk correspondence without containers. With the set‐ tings and save the items in the same position was achieved the following results:


**Table 2.** The impact of the use of containers

The table shows that the use of containers has not a significant impact on the success of im‐ provement or deterioration reading of letter items. When using containers to store the corre‐ spondence is achieved even greater average success on reading. This is probably due to the freer depositing correspondence in containers than in the same position simulations without containers, especially in the upright position. At horizontal position, where it was easy to simulate the same position was achieve slightly higher readability without the use of crates.

#### *5.2.3. The impact of free scope of stored letter items*

By examining the different variations of the deposit of letter mail has proved an important factor affecting the success of slackness between RFID tags glued to the letter. It was had done testing with the following settings of slackness between the letter post:

**•** separate correspondence by carton;

ments towards RFID tag antenna. Compared to the stored correspondence surface perpen‐ dicular to the RFID tag antenna is the difference in the success of loading more than 50%.

Measurements were carried out with the type of gate in which both antennas are on the sides. Gate type significantly influenced the success of horizontal loading and shipments compared to a vertical were significantly lower. Rotate the trays in the gate 360 degrees slightly increased readability vertically or horizontally stored correspondence. Optimal sol‐

To determine the impact of the imposition of letters in the crate measurements were not made only in the crate, but also in bulk correspondence without containers. With the set‐

Imposition of letter items **use crate without crate**

aligned, horizontally placed 82,95 84,79

aligned, vertically, tag surface to side antenna 91,71 63,59

aligned, vertically, tag surface upright to side antenna 53,46 46,08

aligned, vertical rotation 90,32 80,18

aligned, horizontally rotation 83,41 93,09

unaligned, random stored 98,16 96,31

overall 83,35 77,34

The table shows that the use of containers has not a significant impact on the success of im‐ provement or deterioration reading of letter items. When using containers to store the corre‐ spondence is achieved even greater average success on reading. This is probably due to the freer depositing correspondence in containers than in the same position simulations without containers, especially in the upright position. At horizontal position, where it was easy to simulate the same position was achieve slightly higher readability without the use of crates.

**Reading success (%)**

tings and save the items in the same position was achieved the following results:

ution in terms of deposit of letters on the measurements is to store:

**•** vertical,

**•** flat plate toward the RFID antenna,

436 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

*5.2.2. The impact of the use of containers*

**Table 2.** The impact of the use of containers

**•** Implementation in gate turned 360 degrees.



**Table 3.** The impact of free scope of stored letter items

The table shows that the separation of the carton shipments has a significant impact on the success of loading achieved is 100% readable. Crushed shipments only slightly worse com‐ pared to the readability of bulk shipments.

#### *5.2.4. The impact of other elements*

Unit shipments for the cardboard several measurements were carried out to confirm 100% readability:


**Table 4.** The impact of other elements

By separating mail boxes are reaching nearly all settings by 100% readable. Mild impairment occurred only at very low intensity at 20% and save correspondence area perpendicular to the antenna. But even in these cases is very high loading percentage. But the question re‐ mains questionable real use in practice.

**Measurement count Number of reading items Successful reading (%)**

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1 30 96,77 2 29 93,55 3 30 96,77 4 30 96,77 5 24 77,42 6 25 80,65 7 31 100,00 Overall 199 91,71

**Table 5.** Results of measurement

**Figure 19.** Position of mail while reading

#### **5.3. Model 1 – Evaluation of the feasibility of using RFID technology**

At real-saving correspondence to crates are stored in the manner:


**Figure 18.** Postal crate

By a given type of deposit correspondence, the maximum load value of the success achieved in the following settings:


After several performed in those settings with 31 letter items were obtained the following results:


#### **Table 5.** Results of measurement

By separating mail boxes are reaching nearly all settings by 100% readable. Mild impairment occurred only at very low intensity at 20% and save correspondence area perpendicular to the antenna. But even in these cases is very high loading percentage. But the question re‐

By a given type of deposit correspondence, the maximum load value of the success achieved

After several performed in those settings with 31 letter items were obtained the following

**5.3. Model 1 – Evaluation of the feasibility of using RFID technology**

At real-saving correspondence to crates are stored in the manner:

**•** unseparated to each other as shown next figure.

mains questionable real use in practice.

438 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

**•** aligned vertically,

**Figure 18.** Postal crate

in the following settings:

**• freely** save letter items.

results:

**• intensity** of the RFID reader to a maximum value,

**• remain** in the gate at least 2 seconds,

**• type of gate** - one antenna on the side, a top antenna,

**Figure 19.** Position of mail while reading

At horizontally stored correspondence, following positions can be created:


At a vertically stored correspondence, following positions can be created:


Except for those specified positions, tests were also realized on unaligned shipments. Within vertically aligned shipment, it is possible to distinguish whether an RFID tag is placed upward or downward on letter. Depicting the imposition of letters is shown in the following table.

**1st phase** - tracking between the HSS

improvement of measured data.

**Figure 21.** Principle component links

**2nd phase** – tracking between the HSS and OSS.

**3rd phase** – tracking between the OSS and final post office (point of delivery).

at the entrance and output to the processing unit as show next figures.

**Figure 20.** RFID gates at the entrance and output to the processing unit

this technology on next component set configuration:

Because of our basic interest is in the RFID technology we tried to test of readability RFID tags placed on postal items in various situations. Basic assumption is the use of RFID gates

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In order to verify the practical applicability of this technology we have dealt with the prepa‐ ration and implementation of practical activities through which we examined reading RFID tags. The object of these measurements was to determine the statistical characteristics of reading success and reading passive tags, placed on postal items, located in the mail bag. The aim was to provide sufficient information as accurately measured under different con‐ ditions that can occur in a real situation, including a draft measure, which would lead to the

Therefore we try to simulate a real postal process in conditions close to operational and test

In order to determine the optimal storage of correspondence, the tests were performed in all mentioned positions.


**Table 6.** The success of reading the different position of mail

#### **5.4. Model 2 – Test of readability of postal items through the RFID technology**

One of the methods that could significantly make the process of identifying postal items in trans‐ port condition more effective is above mentioned RFID technology. As a wireless technology, without visual contact with the shipment, it tracks and identifies the contents without the need of manual handling from the crate. This allows easier and more efficient handling of supporting documents (creating the list of items, checking the presence of item) of postal sacks/bags and containers. With regard to price and the quantity of items processes, a question arrives: Is RFID technology effective and should be used for all shipment, including letters? As already men‐ tioned - due to the large quantities of letter items and still quite high price of RFID tags - the meth‐ od could be appropriate only for registered letters/mail. The actual implementation design of RFID technology, as shown in Figure 3 could be divided into the following phases:

**1st phase** - tracking between the HSS

At horizontally stored correspondence, following positions can be created:

At a vertically stored correspondence, following positions can be created:

Except for those specified positions, tests were also realized on unaligned shipments. Within vertically aligned shipment, it is possible to distinguish whether an RFID tag is placed upward or downward on letter. Depicting the imposition of letters is shown in the following table.

In order to determine the optimal storage of correspondence, the tests were performed in all

**Description deposit of letter items Success of reading** (%)

Aligned vertically toward the surface of the antenna, tags placed on bottom 29,03 Aligned vertically toward the surface of the antenna, tags placed on top 64,98 Aligned vertically, perpendicular to the flat antenna, tags placed on bottom 4,15 Aligned vertically, perpendicular to the flat antenna, tags placed on top 11,98 Horizontally aligned, wider side facing the antenna 26,27 Horizontally aligned, narrow side facing the antenna 11,06 Aligned vertically, rotate the gate about 360 degrees 65,44 Aligned horizontally, rotate the gate about 360 degrees 42,40 **Misaligned**, randomly placed 85,25

**5.4. Model 2 – Test of readability of postal items through the RFID technology**

RFID technology, as shown in Figure 3 could be divided into the following phases:

One of the methods that could significantly make the process of identifying postal items in trans‐ port condition more effective is above mentioned RFID technology. As a wireless technology, without visual contact with the shipment, it tracks and identifies the contents without the need of manual handling from the crate. This allows easier and more efficient handling of supporting documents (creating the list of items, checking the presence of item) of postal sacks/bags and containers. With regard to price and the quantity of items processes, a question arrives: Is RFID technology effective and should be used for all shipment, including letters? As already men‐ tioned - due to the large quantities of letter items and still quite high price of RFID tags - the meth‐ od could be appropriate only for registered letters/mail. The actual implementation design of

**•** items stored horizontally narrow side facing the antenna, **•** items stored horizontally wider side facing the antenna,

440 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

**•** items stored horizontally, in the gate rotated in 360 degrees.

**•** items stored vertically, surface perpendicular to the antenna

**•** items stored vertically in the gate rotated in 360 degrees.

**•** items stored vertically, surface towards the antenna

**Table 6.** The success of reading the different position of mail

mentioned positions.

**2nd phase** – tracking between the HSS and OSS.

**3rd phase** – tracking between the OSS and final post office (point of delivery).

Because of our basic interest is in the RFID technology we tried to test of readability RFID tags placed on postal items in various situations. Basic assumption is the use of RFID gates at the entrance and output to the processing unit as show next figures.

**Figure 20.** RFID gates at the entrance and output to the processing unit

In order to verify the practical applicability of this technology we have dealt with the prepa‐ ration and implementation of practical activities through which we examined reading RFID tags. The object of these measurements was to determine the statistical characteristics of reading success and reading passive tags, placed on postal items, located in the mail bag. The aim was to provide sufficient information as accurately measured under different con‐ ditions that can occur in a real situation, including a draft measure, which would lead to the improvement of measured data.

Therefore we try to simulate a real postal process in conditions close to operational and test this technology on next component set configuration:

**Figure 21.** Principle component links

When some bundle or bundles placed in a bag entry into the detection field begin to transfer the identification data from the RFID tag to the antennas of gate. The gate extends the data (by add‐ ing date, time, number of particular antenna,…) and send them to system. Thus processed data are transmitted through the wifi router middleware Aton onId into notebook.

Full application part is shown in Figure 22.

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**Figure 22.** Final configuration model based on ATON onID

Figure 21 (figure located in next section) describes the principle of software components and their cooperation - communication between web applications POST ID, MySQL database server and middleware onid Aton.

#### *5.4.1. Description of the model*

There was used a software from Italian company Aton, also known as middleware, which provides the management, organizational and communication operations between different applications. In our case, the firmware Alien Gate and other applications, particularly data‐ base server. Onid Aton itself is not monolithic program, but it is a functional connection Java service console (java server) and the graphic manager called Qflow. Itself Qflow intui‐ tive and easy enabled an interactive creation and administration of custom processes.

Major elements are program elements, called the processor to implement elementary opera‐ tions (reading from the gateway, filtering, record the output, etc..)


Full application part is shown in Figure 22.

When some bundle or bundles placed in a bag entry into the detection field begin to transfer the identification data from the RFID tag to the antennas of gate. The gate extends the data (by add‐ ing date, time, number of particular antenna,…) and send them to system. Thus processed data

Figure 21 (figure located in next section) describes the principle of software components and their cooperation - communication between web applications POST ID, MySQL database

There was used a software from Italian company Aton, also known as middleware, which provides the management, organizational and communication operations between different applications. In our case, the firmware Alien Gate and other applications, particularly data‐ base server. Onid Aton itself is not monolithic program, but it is a functional connection Java service console (java server) and the graphic manager called Qflow. Itself Qflow intui‐

Major elements are program elements, called the processor to implement elementary opera‐

**•** The first step is to enter the configuration data to POST ID. From there shall be deposited directly into database tables. The subject of this storage is data on the number of configu‐

**•** In a second step, after the start of broadcasting alien element and their detection by Inli‐ neProcesor made load measurement numbers, the number of items and the configuration

**•** In third step, the data are extended by the information about time and date using Time‐ Formatter processors. The first two into generators of text and xml files with a resolution by the uniqueness of the registration data. The third way into InsertProcessor, where the data are entered into the database. Fourth way turns itself to LackEvents processor. In the case that in a defined time there is here not recorded any new message from the gateway, it sends a new message to next two processors, which on the basis of the received mes‐ sage (MessageGenerator) to increase the value of measurement number by 1 and this val‐

**•** The second CommandExecutor processor on receipt of a report by running the alarm in‐ dicates the new number of measurements. The measurement consists of setting values in POST ID and physical adjustment of antennas. The effort was to make sure if it was possi‐ ble the most accurate and smoothest possible transition from the beginning to the end of the runway. After making the transition waiting for the time needed for detection of zero, which means the CPU and LackEvents CommandExecutor will sound, indicating the end of measurement and readiness for the next measurement. At the same time processor MessageCounter increased number of first measurement after finishing the sound detec‐ tion is possible again to make the switch between the antennas to the selected track.

tive and easy enabled an interactive creation and administration of custom processes.

tions (reading from the gateway, filtering, record the output, etc..)

number and attach it to information from the antennas.

ue by updating the database InsertProcessorA.

are transmitted through the wifi router middleware Aton onId into notebook.

server and middleware onid Aton.

442 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

*5.4.1. Description of the model*

ration items and numbers.

**Figure 22.** Final configuration model based on ATON onID

#### *5.4.2. Test of readability of postal items*

Measurements carried out in an improvised laboratory in the premises of the computer lab of the University of Žilina. There were measured passive tags placed uniformly on all mail in the mid‐ dle of the upper left corner. Tags were placed so strictly because simulate challenging situation that could occur in real practice, so that all shipments under the labels overlap, the close neigh‐ bours. This arrangement could cause the EM waves emitted by RFID tags will interfere with each other. For each item was then transcribed RFID tag number and serial number marked for later processing easier statistical information. The object of measurement items were deposited into the mail bags, which are grouped into a bundle. To determine the characteristics of reading and expanding sub-measure was introduced by another character, and that is the position of the beam due to the antennas. These positions are defined (according to Figure 23 ):

*Set A Set B Set C*

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**1.** Static transfer through the postal truck or conveyor, also examined the transport unit

**2.** Dynamic hand, respectively manual transfer using human power - move with a rate

All data recorded after the measurement time was subject of evaluation, and because of the large scale of the recorded data was be evaluated only average and cumulative results De‐ termining the accuracy of measurements based on the statistical characteristics - it is a statis‐ tical description, which expresses the degree of statistical variability of the file, it indicates the letter R, It indicates the difference between the largest and smallest value and in some extent we are able to denounce both the large inaccuracies in the measurement occurred. It is expressed by the formula*R* = *X*max − *X*min. In percentage terms inaccuracies modified for‐

Since the evaluation of this quantity of data with the graphic processing is substantially opa‐ que (a sample can be figure 25 with a graphical evaluation, which is a preview of kits de‐ pending on the speed of transition between the antennas) and it is not possible to present all the results of measurements on such a small space of this contribution will sum up only the

The measurement is made clear that that some parameters are irrelevant in terms of reada‐ bility, such as speed of shipments run through the transition zone readers are relatively in‐ dependent (readability in an average of about 76% to 2% deviation, the readers distance is taken with a 77% deviation around 6% use conveyor with 80% deviation around 4%, or

It is interesting that in an evaluation of readability situations of the consignment given the readers runs through the gate (table 1 upper), in some cases is sufficient and relatively uni‐ form (situation 2 and 3 value of 100%), while what for example situation 4 is the readership

volumes, which are in relative peace in terms of positioning items

shocks, which could help to better read the labels in bundles.

Based on this formula was compiled by chart positions inaccuracies sets.

basic results of the measurements and focus only on some important findings.

**Figure 24.** Several set of letter bundles

mula looks as follows:

*Z* =((*X*max − *X*min) / *number* \_*of* \_*items*)\* 100

manual switch (94% with a deviation of about 2%.

in wide range of 2% up 92%.

We have used two ways of transporting items via gate:


Likewise, in our measurements were sequenced according to the serial number of items, grouped into bundles, according to the size of the consignments as shown in Figure 23.

**Figure 23.** Configurations of letters bundles

**Figure 24.** Several set of letter bundles

*5.4.2. Test of readability of postal items*

444 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

**situation 1**

**Figure 23.** Configurations of letters bundles

Measurements carried out in an improvised laboratory in the premises of the computer lab of the University of Žilina. There were measured passive tags placed uniformly on all mail in the mid‐ dle of the upper left corner. Tags were placed so strictly because simulate challenging situation that could occur in real practice, so that all shipments under the labels overlap, the close neigh‐ bours. This arrangement could cause the EM waves emitted by RFID tags will interfere with each other. For each item was then transcribed RFID tag number and serial number marked for later processing easier statistical information. The object of measurement items were deposited into the mail bags, which are grouped into a bundle. To determine the characteristics of reading and expanding sub-measure was introduced by another character, and that is the position of the

beam due to the antennas. These positions are defined (according to Figure 23 ):

**1.** boundle horizontally - the length of the area enclosing antennas,

**2.** boundle horizontally - the width of the area enclosing antennas,

**situation 3 situation 4**

**3.** boundle vertically - party address shipments parallel flat antennas,

**4.** boundle vertically - mail address side perpendicular to the plane antenna.

Likewise, in our measurements were sequenced according to the serial number of items, grouped into bundles, according to the size of the consignments as shown in Figure 23.

**situation 2**

We have used two ways of transporting items via gate:


All data recorded after the measurement time was subject of evaluation, and because of the large scale of the recorded data was be evaluated only average and cumulative results De‐ termining the accuracy of measurements based on the statistical characteristics - it is a statis‐ tical description, which expresses the degree of statistical variability of the file, it indicates the letter R, It indicates the difference between the largest and smallest value and in some extent we are able to denounce both the large inaccuracies in the measurement occurred. It is expressed by the formula*R* = *X*max − *X*min. In percentage terms inaccuracies modified for‐ mula looks as follows:

$$Z = ((X\_{\text{max}} - X\_{\text{min}}) / number\\_of\\_items\\_\* 100\ )$$

Based on this formula was compiled by chart positions inaccuracies sets.

Since the evaluation of this quantity of data with the graphic processing is substantially opa‐ que (a sample can be figure 25 with a graphical evaluation, which is a preview of kits de‐ pending on the speed of transition between the antennas) and it is not possible to present all the results of measurements on such a small space of this contribution will sum up only the basic results of the measurements and focus only on some important findings.

The measurement is made clear that that some parameters are irrelevant in terms of reada‐ bility, such as speed of shipments run through the transition zone readers are relatively in‐ dependent (readability in an average of about 76% to 2% deviation, the readers distance is taken with a 77% deviation around 6% use conveyor with 80% deviation around 4%, or manual switch (94% with a deviation of about 2%.

It is interesting that in an evaluation of readability situations of the consignment given the readers runs through the gate (table 1 upper), in some cases is sufficient and relatively uni‐ form (situation 2 and 3 value of 100%), while what for example situation 4 is the readership in wide range of 2% up 92%.

Based on the evaluation of measurement data cannot be identified unambiguously exclude or recommend the use of this technology in practice. These measurements may be partly conditional on imprecision caused by a provisional Laboratories. There is unable to clearly provide the desired stable speed and position of shipments due to the antenna. The end re‐ sult is therefore a lack of readability of RFID tags in a traditional way-now commonly used in practice in the post measurement known as the set A. Although in other cases, the reada‐ bility is very high and almost 100% (set C or B), there were other aspects that significantly

Possibility of RFID in Conditions of Postal Operators

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53285

447

RFID technology is still growing up and there is several type of application, which you can use in condition of the postal processes. This chapter deals with type of application that are common uses in postal sector such as mail bag, letter trays, roll cages and vehicle tracking and managing application. All these application are useful for the track and trace system and it presents added value for costumers. Most postal services provide at least a limited form of track and trace, particularly for premium delivery services. Today, tracking uses bar codes. Switching to RFID tags can lower tracking labor by eliminating the need for most manual piece handling. RFID is a very useful and exciting technology. It seems that every‐ where one looks there is some article about RFID and the huge benefits its technology prom‐ ises. Moreover, there are many examples that demonstrate how this technology is fulfilling

Based on the measurements it can be concluded, with some exceptions that prove the rule, the closer they are to each antenna, the greater the success of reading RFID tags. Given the large dispersion of values it can be concluded that some elements are simply eliminated They can, for example using multiple counting gates, respectively antennas (eliminating the position of shipments), or the use of such specialty (bubble) envelopes for magnification air

This article deals with identification of postal items and transport units in logistic chain of postal operators. It described scheme of the transport process, including planned technology and there is also simulated a real postal process in conditions close to operational. Article is part of the projects described below, which, together with the afore-mentioned application,

The benefits of RFID technology can be reaped if RFID events give realtime visibility to the business processes either already in place or to new ones. The backend systems give a busi‐ ness context to the RFID events collected from the RFID data collection tools and then in‐ voke the right business process in real time (or near real time). Protecting the backend system is vital from the various security threats at the network level (attacking ONS or net‐ work communication between data collection tool and backend system) or at the data level (spurious events).The network level attacks can be prevented by using secured communica‐ tions between various processes. The data attacks are hard to deal with, and application de‐

will improve the learning process at the Department of Communications.

affect its use.

its potential.

gap between consignments (as by set C)

**6. Conclusion**

**Figure 25.** Final test results


**Table 7.** Basic dependency between sets of readability and situations

The overall success of the method of transition as the distance of antennas for different speed ranges from 81% - 87%, and has a major impact on readability, similar to the way the transition between sets of antennas is relative stable (81% to 95%)

Based on the evaluation of measurement data cannot be identified unambiguously exclude or recommend the use of this technology in practice. These measurements may be partly conditional on imprecision caused by a provisional Laboratories. There is unable to clearly provide the desired stable speed and position of shipments due to the antenna. The end re‐ sult is therefore a lack of readability of RFID tags in a traditional way-now commonly used in practice in the post measurement known as the set A. Although in other cases, the reada‐ bility is very high and almost 100% (set C or B), there were other aspects that significantly affect its use.
