**5. Conclusion**

**YZ** 

166 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

**2.45GHz**

**5.8GHz**

**3D** 

**XY** 

**XY** 

**3D** 

The electrical field vector distribution of the proposed antenna at frequencies 2.45 and 5.8 GHz is illustrated in Fig. 17. This distribution is extracted from HFSS software. It is noticed that the vital electric fields are generated from the folded resonating portion. The middle horizontal portion of the strip generates the radiation and the upper horizontal directs the energy propagation towards the end fire direction. The ground plane acts more likely as a reflector or suppressor. It mainly suppresses the back radiation and improves the impe‐ dance matching of the radiation element. The electric fields generated from the top edge of the ground plane are observed to extend in the forward direction. Thus it forces the electro‐ magnetic energy and produces the front-directional radiation patterns. The measured radia‐ tion patterns of the fabricated prototype antenna at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz are illustrated in Fig 18. It is seen that the antenna provides front-directional radiation pattern for both bands. More importantly the cross-polarization levels are low (at least -10 dB) in both E- and Hplanes. Also the front to back ratio in the scale of -10 dB is observed in the lower resonance; and at upper band it increases around the scale of -20 dB. The peak gain of the prototype is

**YZ** 

**Figure 17.** Electric field vector distribution of the proposed antenna

found to be 3 and 3.2 dBi at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz respectively.

This chapter reveals the advantages and limitations of forward directional antennas to the readers for compact handheld RFID operation for multi-band operation. A comprehensive review and limitations of RFID technology concerning the prospects of directional antennas and propagation for both single and multi-band operation are presented in this chapter. The technical considerations of directional antenna parameters are also discussed in details in or‐ der to provide a complete realization of the parameters in pragmatic approach to the direc‐ tional antenna designing process, which primarily includes scattering parameters and radiation characteristics. The antenna literature is also critically overviewed to identify the possible solutions of the directional antennas to utilize in single and multi-band handheld RFID reader operation.

### **Author details**

Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher and Rabah W. Aldhaheri

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

[11] Mobashsher, A. T., Islam, M. T., & Misran, N. 2010. A novel high gain dual band an‐ tenna for RFID reader application. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., 9:

Advancements and Prospects of Forward Directional Antennas for Compact Handheld RFID Readers

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53283

169

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[14] Research and Markets, 2012 "Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology - Global Strategic Business Report", http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/

[15] Sabran, M. I., Rahim, S. K. A., Rahman, A. Y. A., Rahman, T. A., Nor, M. Z. M., & Evizal. 2011. A dual-band diamond-shaped antenna for RFID application. IEEE An‐

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Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher and Rabah W. Aldhaheri

168 Radio Frequency Identification from System to Applications

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz

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**Chapter 9**

**RFID Textile Antenna and Its Development**

Textile fabric material has become one of the most important things in life. In early times people used to wear the animal skin to cover their body. The advance form of this is all the clothes we wear today. They protect our body from changing environment conditions and keep us warm. As the technology is increasing day by day, it is influencing every sector. With the increase in wireless technology the electromagnetic radiation also increases. This increased radiation may affect human body severely. Thus with invent of problem, cure was also proposed to make a conductive textile material that could be equally wearable but at the same time work as a filter and does not allow the harmful frequency signal to penetrate into the human body. This completely changed the purpose of fabric material which was previously assumed to be used only for keeping human body warm as now it can be used for protection against the harmful

Going one step further ahead, we have tried to explore more advantage of textile fabric. With this new invention of conductive textile, we have designed an antenna for RFID (Radio

The RFID uses wireless technology to identify the objects. It consists of RFID tag and a reader. The bi directional communication between the tag and the reader is accomplished by the Radio Frequency (RF) part of the electromagnetic spectrum, to carry information between an RFID tag and reader. There are two types of RFID tag. Passive RFID tags are the ones that does not require any external power supply and works by receiving the signal from reader and

> © 2013 Vojtech et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Vojtech et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Frequency Identification) applications made out of conductive textile material.

Lukas Vojtech, Robi Dahal, Demet Mercan and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Marek Neruda

**1. Introduction**

electromagnetic radiation.

**2. RFID basics**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53521
