**Therapeutic Potential**

**Chapter 6**

**Energy Medicine**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Energy medicine (EM) is medicine based on physics instead of biochemistry. Energy medi‐ cine works with subtle forms of energy known as chi or prana that exist in and around the human body. EM treats with the understanding that all illness results from disturbances in this energy known as the human biofield. Physics does not override biochemistry, it drives it. Biology and chemistry behave according to the laws of physics. Physics is the study of energy. The human body is made of energy. It has structure (bones), plumbing (digestive tract), and electricity (nervous systems), all infused with energy. Energy is a property of all matter, therefore cells, molecules, and atoms are all made of energy. Science has begun to measure the subtle but important energy field around the human body and research is showing that when the natural flow of energy is obstructed, disordered, and depleted, the body becomes diseased [1]. Pharmaceuticals affect chemical signals in the body but EM af‐ fects electromagnetic signals in the body. EM heals using an integrated system that super‐ vises the interaction of all the body's systems and is not only faster, but more efficient. A continuous, uninterrupted flow of energy through the biofield plays the main role in health

In 1989 the term *energy medicine* was coined by the International Society for the Study of Subtle Energy and Energy Medicine which studies the science of medical and therapeutic applications of subtle energies. Energy medicine came under government guidelines in 1992 when the National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the National Center for Comple‐ mentary and Alternative Medicine [2]. According to the NIH, energy medicine is defined as

*Veritable* energy medicine, which uses mechanical vibration (sound) and electromagnetic radiation (light) in order to affect health and healing. Veritable EM involves the use of specific, measurable wavelengths and frequencies to treat patients. Many of the human body

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Ross; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

a form of complementary and alternative medicine which has two distinct categories:

Christina L. Ross

**1. Introduction**

and healing.

## **Chapter 6**

## **Energy Medicine**

Christina L. Ross

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

## **1. Introduction**

Energy medicine (EM) is medicine based on physics instead of biochemistry. Energy medi‐ cine works with subtle forms of energy known as chi or prana that exist in and around the human body. EM treats with the understanding that all illness results from disturbances in this energy known as the human biofield. Physics does not override biochemistry, it drives it. Biology and chemistry behave according to the laws of physics. Physics is the study of energy. The human body is made of energy. It has structure (bones), plumbing (digestive tract), and electricity (nervous systems), all infused with energy. Energy is a property of all matter, therefore cells, molecules, and atoms are all made of energy. Science has begun to measure the subtle but important energy field around the human body and research is showing that when the natural flow of energy is obstructed, disordered, and depleted, the body becomes diseased [1]. Pharmaceuticals affect chemical signals in the body but EM af‐ fects electromagnetic signals in the body. EM heals using an integrated system that super‐ vises the interaction of all the body's systems and is not only faster, but more efficient. A continuous, uninterrupted flow of energy through the biofield plays the main role in health and healing.

In 1989 the term *energy medicine* was coined by the International Society for the Study of Subtle Energy and Energy Medicine which studies the science of medical and therapeutic applications of subtle energies. Energy medicine came under government guidelines in 1992 when the National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the National Center for Comple‐ mentary and Alternative Medicine [2]. According to the NIH, energy medicine is defined as a form of complementary and alternative medicine which has two distinct categories:

*Veritable* energy medicine, which uses mechanical vibration (sound) and electromagnetic radiation (light) in order to affect health and healing. Veritable EM involves the use of specific, measurable wavelengths and frequencies to treat patients. Many of the human body

© 2012 Ross; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

electrical systems and electromagnetic fields are well known, and veritable forms of EM are being used in well established models for patients in today's medicine. Examples of verita‐ ble forms of EM are the use of lasers and magnetic pulses which have been found to be therapeutic. Commonly used forms of veritable EM such as electrocardiogram (EKG), elec‐ troencephalogram (EEG), Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan, Magnetic Reso‐ nance Imaging (MRI) and ultrasound equipment are currently being used in traditional medical applications.

[30] and also quicken the healing time of skin wounds [31]. Fields at 15 Hz were used to sig‐ nificantly accelerate wound healing in diabetic mice [32]. Skin wounds have electrical poten‐ tials that can be stimulated by ELF-EMF to aid in the healing process by dedifferentiating cells near the wound, thereby accelerating cell proliferation [23]. In a study examining the effects of whole body magnetic fields (50-165 Hz) on patients suffering from different forms of cancer, results showed the MF therapy had overall beneficial effects, particularly with re‐ spect to improved immune status and postoperative recovery [33]. Treatment consisted of 15 cycles, each 1-20 minutes in duration coupled with more traditional cancer therapies. PEMF has also been reported to reduce pain and inflammation after traumatic brain injury [34], decrease osteoarthritic inflammation [35], and reduce neuropathic pain [36], as well as

EMF treatments appear to improve certain psychological conditions as well. A study of twelve patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression underwent PEMF treatment of either 1 Hz or 5 Hz as an adjunct to antidepressant medications. Seven‐ ty-five percent of the patients had a clinically significant antidepressant response after treat‐ ment, and 50 percent had sustained that response at 2-month follow-up as compared with controls. Comparable improvements were seen in anxiety, hostility, and insomnia [38]. Lowfrequency PEMF therapy at 0.1 – 64 Hz has been shown to improve mobility function, pain, and fatigue in fibromyalgia patients [39] as well. It has been firmly established that tissues such as blood, muscle, ligaments, bone and cartilage respond to biophysical input, including electrical and electromagnetic fields. Research shows that certain field strengths and fre‐

> **Treatment Duration**

Alzheimer's [40] 5-8 Hz 30 min 2x Significantly improves

Arthritis [41] 50 Hz 60 min 3x Reduction of pain and

0.1 Hz to 114 kHz 4 months 2x/week

20 Hz 4 h daily

Back Pain [42] 64 Hz 16 min until pain stops

Bacterial Infection [20] 50 Hz 4 – 6 h 1x

**Treatment Number**

**Key Finding**

inflammation

pain

size

cognitive function

Energy Medicine

107

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

Statistically significant potential for reducing

Increased immune response against bacteria

Tumor specific frequencies showed significant decrease in

Statistically significant short- and long- term pain reduction

control the growth of lymphocytes [37].

quencies of PEMF appear to be disease-modifying [Table 1].

**Condition B or Freq \***

Cancer(breast, colon and prostate tumors) [43]

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [44]

For many years it was thought that electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure would cause only harmful effects in the body, but it is now understood that the amount of energy (field strength or amplitude), and the frequency of the field is what determines whether it is harmful, therapeutic or benign [3]. In particular, ionizing radiation has been shown to cause harmful effects by breaking the electron bonds that hold molecules like DNA together[4, 5]. Ionizing radiation includes alternating current (AC) that is produced by power lines, elec‐ trical wiring, and electrical equipment. Some epidemiological studies have suggested there is an increased risk of cancer associated with magnetic field exposure near electrical pow‐ er lines [3, 6, 7]. The energy in non-ionizing radiation, however, is not strong enough to break ion bonds in atoms and molecules [8, 9]. Depending on the frequency and ampli‐ tude, the beneficial effect of non-ionizing EMF has been reported to affect natural killer cells fighting cancer and viruses [10-16], traumatic brain injury, post-operative infections, as well as bacterial and viral related inflammatory responses that are major complications in to‐ day's medicine [17-19]. Extra low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) in the 50 Hz range has been reported to prohibit bacterial growth and improve immune response against bacterial infection [20].

Veritable EM treatments also include pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy. A Pulsed Electromagnetic Field device has been approved by the US Food and Drug Adminis‐ tration (FDA) for bone repair, although it remains widely unused due to physician misun‐ derstanding and lack of knowledge concerning the treatment [21]. PEMF therapeutic devices can be applied in two different ways - either by capacitive or inductive coupling. In capaci‐ tive coupling there is no contact with the body, whereas direct coupling requires the place‐ ment of opposing electrodes in direct contact with the surface of the skin of the targeted tissue [22]. Inductive coupling does not require electrodes to be in direct contact with the skin because it produces a field (see Faraday's Law of Induction) that emanates in all direc‐ tions. Research shows that therapeutic applications of PEMF at extra low frequency (ELF) levels (3-300 Hz) are beneficial to the immune system by suppressing inflammatory respons‐ es at the cell membrane level [23]. PEMF can pass through the skin and into the body's con‐ ductive tissue [24-26], resulting in reduced pain and the onset of edema shortly after trauma. Where edema is already present, treatment exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects [27]. In a study of the effect of PEMF therapy on arthritis, three hours of exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field revealed that experimentally-induced inflammation in rats was significantly inhibited as a result [28]. Strong beneficial effects have also occurred using 75 Hz frequency MF treatment in patients suffering from fractures of the ankle joints [29]. PEMF treatments also promote cell activation and endothelial cell proliferation through the cell membrane. ELF levels can increase the rate of formation of epithelial cells in partially healed wounds [30] and also quicken the healing time of skin wounds [31]. Fields at 15 Hz were used to sig‐ nificantly accelerate wound healing in diabetic mice [32]. Skin wounds have electrical poten‐ tials that can be stimulated by ELF-EMF to aid in the healing process by dedifferentiating cells near the wound, thereby accelerating cell proliferation [23]. In a study examining the effects of whole body magnetic fields (50-165 Hz) on patients suffering from different forms of cancer, results showed the MF therapy had overall beneficial effects, particularly with re‐ spect to improved immune status and postoperative recovery [33]. Treatment consisted of 15 cycles, each 1-20 minutes in duration coupled with more traditional cancer therapies. PEMF has also been reported to reduce pain and inflammation after traumatic brain injury [34], decrease osteoarthritic inflammation [35], and reduce neuropathic pain [36], as well as control the growth of lymphocytes [37].

electrical systems and electromagnetic fields are well known, and veritable forms of EM are being used in well established models for patients in today's medicine. Examples of verita‐ ble forms of EM are the use of lasers and magnetic pulses which have been found to be therapeutic. Commonly used forms of veritable EM such as electrocardiogram (EKG), elec‐ troencephalogram (EEG), Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan, Magnetic Reso‐ nance Imaging (MRI) and ultrasound equipment are currently being used in traditional

For many years it was thought that electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure would cause only harmful effects in the body, but it is now understood that the amount of energy (field strength or amplitude), and the frequency of the field is what determines whether it is harmful, therapeutic or benign [3]. In particular, ionizing radiation has been shown to cause harmful effects by breaking the electron bonds that hold molecules like DNA together[4, 5]. Ionizing radiation includes alternating current (AC) that is produced by power lines, elec‐ trical wiring, and electrical equipment. Some epidemiological studies have suggested there is an increased risk of cancer associated with magnetic field exposure near electrical pow‐ er lines [3, 6, 7]. The energy in non-ionizing radiation, however, is not strong enough to break ion bonds in atoms and molecules [8, 9]. Depending on the frequency and ampli‐ tude, the beneficial effect of non-ionizing EMF has been reported to affect natural killer cells fighting cancer and viruses [10-16], traumatic brain injury, post-operative infections, as well as bacterial and viral related inflammatory responses that are major complications in to‐ day's medicine [17-19]. Extra low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) in the 50 Hz range has been reported to prohibit bacterial growth and improve immune response against

Veritable EM treatments also include pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy. A Pulsed Electromagnetic Field device has been approved by the US Food and Drug Adminis‐ tration (FDA) for bone repair, although it remains widely unused due to physician misun‐ derstanding and lack of knowledge concerning the treatment [21]. PEMF therapeutic devices can be applied in two different ways - either by capacitive or inductive coupling. In capaci‐ tive coupling there is no contact with the body, whereas direct coupling requires the place‐ ment of opposing electrodes in direct contact with the surface of the skin of the targeted tissue [22]. Inductive coupling does not require electrodes to be in direct contact with the skin because it produces a field (see Faraday's Law of Induction) that emanates in all direc‐ tions. Research shows that therapeutic applications of PEMF at extra low frequency (ELF) levels (3-300 Hz) are beneficial to the immune system by suppressing inflammatory respons‐ es at the cell membrane level [23]. PEMF can pass through the skin and into the body's con‐ ductive tissue [24-26], resulting in reduced pain and the onset of edema shortly after trauma. Where edema is already present, treatment exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects [27]. In a study of the effect of PEMF therapy on arthritis, three hours of exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field revealed that experimentally-induced inflammation in rats was significantly inhibited as a result [28]. Strong beneficial effects have also occurred using 75 Hz frequency MF treatment in patients suffering from fractures of the ankle joints [29]. PEMF treatments also promote cell activation and endothelial cell proliferation through the cell membrane. ELF levels can increase the rate of formation of epithelial cells in partially healed wounds

medical applications.

106 Alternative Medicine

bacterial infection [20].

EMF treatments appear to improve certain psychological conditions as well. A study of twelve patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression underwent PEMF treatment of either 1 Hz or 5 Hz as an adjunct to antidepressant medications. Seven‐ ty-five percent of the patients had a clinically significant antidepressant response after treat‐ ment, and 50 percent had sustained that response at 2-month follow-up as compared with controls. Comparable improvements were seen in anxiety, hostility, and insomnia [38]. Lowfrequency PEMF therapy at 0.1 – 64 Hz has been shown to improve mobility function, pain, and fatigue in fibromyalgia patients [39] as well. It has been firmly established that tissues such as blood, muscle, ligaments, bone and cartilage respond to biophysical input, including electrical and electromagnetic fields. Research shows that certain field strengths and fre‐ quencies of PEMF appear to be disease-modifying [Table 1].



**Condition B or Freq \***

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [38]

Wound Healing in diabetic mice [60]

*How do veritable EMF therapies work?*

mT=10 Gauss

**Treatment Duration**

Pain and edema [54] 1mT or 5 mT 6 h/day 90 days Significantly aids in

40 sec or

Rheumatoid Arthritis [55] 30 mT 30 min 15 – 20x Reduces pain in chronic

Tendonitis [58] 30 mT 60 min 10 – 20x Significant beneficial

15 Hz 8 h/day 24 days

**Table 1.** Veritable EM therapies applied to various conditions. \* B=magnetic field; G=Gauss; T=Tesla; Hz=Hertz; 1

The mechanism for action of EMF on cells and tissues is based on how cells can detect and generate electromagnetic fields in general. Biological systems such as cells communicate not only with each other but also interact with their environment [61, 62]. This is done through several mechanisms at many levels depending on the type of cell tissue and nature of the information being communicated. Most known mechanisms in the literature address cellcell interaction as chemical or electrical signaling, but intercellular interaction can also be at‐ tributed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) [63]. Burr *et al* published a report on stable voltage gradients in various biological systems back in 1935 [64]. Since then researchers have discov‐ ered that these stable gradients can be altered when the whole organism undergoes biologi‐

8 sec/1 hr 20-30 days

Osteoarthritis [53] 25 G/5-24 Hz 25 G/5-24 Hz 18x

Septic Shock [56] 50 Hz/2mT 6 h 1x

Skin Ulcers [57] 75 Hz/2.7 mT 4 hr/day for 3 months

Whiplash [59] 64 Hz 8 min 4x

1Hz or 5Hz

**Treatment Number**

**Key Finding**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

clinical recovery

pain populations

*E. coli* became more sensitive to antibiotics

Positive effects but only in small lesions

Considerable and statistically significant pain reduction

Postoperative pain was significantly reduced for a decrease in the need for analgesic

effects

resolve

significant antidepressant response

Rapid improvements of immuno-logical indices & alleviates symptoms

Energy Medicine

109

Seventy-five percent of patients had a clinically


**Table 1.** Veritable EM therapies applied to various conditions. \* B=magnetic field; G=Gauss; T=Tesla; Hz=Hertz; 1 mT=10 Gauss

#### *How do veritable EMF therapies work?*

**Condition B or Freq \***

108 Alternative Medicine

Chronic Bronchitis [45] 30 mT 15- 20 min 15x

Fibromyalgia [39] 0.1-64 Hz 30 min 2x day/3 weeks

Gastroduodenitis [46] 100 Hz 6-10 min 8-10x

Multiple Sclerosis [49] 1-25 Hz 2-24h/day Up to 5 weeks

Migraine Headache [50] 27.12 Hz 1 h/day 5days/wk/2 wks

Nerve Regeneration [51] 2 Hz/0.3mT 1 h/day 10 days

Neuritis [51] 10-100 Hz 6 min 10-12x

Oral Surgery [52] 5mT/30Hz 30 min 3-5 days prior to

**Treatment Duration**

Edema [27] 70 mT 15 - 30 min 6x Significantly reduces

Mastitis [47, 48] 10-25 Hz 60 min 1x/2-3 mos Significantly reduced

**Treatment Number**

**Key Finding**

acute edema

patients

Improved function, pain, fatigue, and global status in FM

77 % of treatment patients experienced elimination of gastroesophageal and duodenogastral refluxes compared to 29 % of controls

post-op inflammation

significantly alleviated

Effective, short-term intervention for migraine, but not tension headaches

Pre and post injury exposure suggests that PEMF influences regeneration indirectly

Produced beneficial effects in 93% of patients suffering from nerve problems

Significantly reduce inflammation in clinical

trials

PEMF device

symptoms

Proved effective in patients suffering from chronic bronchitis when coupled with standard drug therapies

> The mechanism for action of EMF on cells and tissues is based on how cells can detect and generate electromagnetic fields in general. Biological systems such as cells communicate not only with each other but also interact with their environment [61, 62]. This is done through several mechanisms at many levels depending on the type of cell tissue and nature of the information being communicated. Most known mechanisms in the literature address cellcell interaction as chemical or electrical signaling, but intercellular interaction can also be at‐ tributed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) [63]. Burr *et al* published a report on stable voltage gradients in various biological systems back in 1935 [64]. Since then researchers have discov‐ ered that these stable gradients can be altered when the whole organism undergoes biologi‐

cal processes such as growth, localized injury and microbial invasion. Because EMFs radiate, they behave in a wave-like manner (Figure 1).

It is now well established that exogenous applied EMFs affect cell signaling and cyto‐ kine production. PEMF treatment appears to be disease-modifying in a model studying osteoarthritis [103]. Since transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is understood to upre‐ gulate gene expression for aggrecan (a cartilage-specific core protein), downregulate ma‐ trix metalloprotease and IL-1 activity, and upregulate inhibitors of matrix metalloprotease, the stimulation of TGF-β could be considered a mechanism by which PEMF favorably

Energy Medicine

111

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

Application of PEMF does not appear to alter the cell immunophenotype of fibroblast-like cell populations, but does appear to decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. PEMF also appears to increase anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 [104]. Both IL-1 and TNF-α concentration in the synovial fluid were significantly lowered while TGF-β was significantly higher compared with controls. Large bone formation was also ob‐ served one month after osteochondral graft implantation using PEMF treated grafts which favor early graft stabilation [105]. PEMF exposure at 75 Hz, 45 mT limited bone resorption in the subchondral bone while cytokine assessment in the synovial fluid indicated a more fa‐

EMF has many well documented physiological effects on cells and tissues including anti-in‐ flammatory effects. MF therapies can provide noninvasive, safe and easy to apply methods to directly treat the source of pain, injury, inflammation and dysfunction [106]. Low-fre‐ quency EMF has a long term record of safety, backed by tissue culture, animal and clinical studies which have been conducted for over two decades [107]. Although the exact mecha‐ nism of anti-inflammatory effect is unclear, the cell membrane is most often considered the main target for EMF signals [106]. It has been reported that EMF affects membrane mediated signal transduction processes, especially the Ca2+ transport system [108]. Early events in sig‐ nal transduction play a critical role in calcium influx in the lymphocyte. Because calcium is an important second messenger for a wide variety of important cellular processes such as RNA, DNA and protein synthesis; modulation of calcium signaling by electromagnetic fields has the potential to influence these cell functions [108]. Studies have demonstrated that EMF can stabilize the cell membrane by restoring membrane protein activity (Ca2+ -AT‐ Pase) and maintain intracellular Ca2+ levels [109, 110]. Biological systems in transition have been shown to be more sensitive to EMF exposure than in stationary systems. In one study immune compromised animals constituting systems in transition state were shown to be more sensitive to EMF exposure; whereas healthy animals, considered to be in relatively sta‐ ble systems, exhibiting no sensitivity to the same field parameters [111]. Low-frequency, low-intensity EMF was reported to be beneficial in reducing inflammation without potential side effects indicating its value as a viable alternative for treating inflammatory responses. In living systems, from planarian flatworms to humans, mechanisms involved strongly sug‐ gest that therapeutic EMF applications stop inflammation first, then initiate healing [98].

affects cartilage homeostasis.

*EMF and Inflammation*

vorable articular environment for the graft.

#### **Figure 1.**

The biological effects of low-frequency magnetic fields have been the subject of extensive studies since they can penetrate deep into tissues [65-72]. It has been shown that low-fre‐ quency EMF can act at the cellular level affecting various cell functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation [73-76], apoptosis [77-79], DNA synthesis [80, 81], RNA transcription [82], protein expression [83], protein phosphorylation [84], re-dox mediated rises in NFkB and cell damage [85, 86], microvesicle motility [87], ATP synthesis [88], hor‐ mone production [89], antioxidant enzyme activity [90], metabolic activity [91], and the inhibition of adherence [92]. It has been proposed that the initial interaction occurs out‐ side the plasma membrane, but could also involve interactions with transmembrane pro‐ teins [93, 94]. For example, NIH3T3 cells exposed to a 50 Hz PEMF for over 2 h significantly increased the clustering of intermembrane proteins compared with controls [95]. Investiga‐ tors concluded that the signal was likely being propagated and amplified through the intra‐ cellular signal transduction pathways [96]. An example of this is when the calcium stored in the intracellular compartment prompting mitochondria to produce free radicals (which increase DNA response) [97] can be controlled by PEMF[98], providing a first order effect in preventing the onset of inflammatory responses. The impact of EMF on calcium chan‐ nel protein has been reported many times [99-102]. The genes that encode ion channels are important because they produce the gradients that determine downstream cell behavior. Future advances in this work will fully integrate bioelectric cascades. Increased understand‐ ing of how these mechanisms work will lead directly to devices that stimulate cell treat‐ ment directly to the damaged region producing the bioelectromagnetic changes needed to repair and regenerate tissues.

*Effect of EMF on cytokine production*

It is now well established that exogenous applied EMFs affect cell signaling and cyto‐ kine production. PEMF treatment appears to be disease-modifying in a model studying osteoarthritis [103]. Since transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is understood to upre‐ gulate gene expression for aggrecan (a cartilage-specific core protein), downregulate ma‐ trix metalloprotease and IL-1 activity, and upregulate inhibitors of matrix metalloprotease, the stimulation of TGF-β could be considered a mechanism by which PEMF favorably affects cartilage homeostasis.

Application of PEMF does not appear to alter the cell immunophenotype of fibroblast-like cell populations, but does appear to decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. PEMF also appears to increase anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 [104]. Both IL-1 and TNF-α concentration in the synovial fluid were significantly lowered while TGF-β was significantly higher compared with controls. Large bone formation was also ob‐ served one month after osteochondral graft implantation using PEMF treated grafts which favor early graft stabilation [105]. PEMF exposure at 75 Hz, 45 mT limited bone resorption in the subchondral bone while cytokine assessment in the synovial fluid indicated a more fa‐ vorable articular environment for the graft.

#### *EMF and Inflammation*

cal processes such as growth, localized injury and microbial invasion. Because EMFs radiate,

The biological effects of low-frequency magnetic fields have been the subject of extensive studies since they can penetrate deep into tissues [65-72]. It has been shown that low-fre‐ quency EMF can act at the cellular level affecting various cell functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation [73-76], apoptosis [77-79], DNA synthesis [80, 81], RNA transcription [82], protein expression [83], protein phosphorylation [84], re-dox mediated rises in NFkB and cell damage [85, 86], microvesicle motility [87], ATP synthesis [88], hor‐ mone production [89], antioxidant enzyme activity [90], metabolic activity [91], and the inhibition of adherence [92]. It has been proposed that the initial interaction occurs out‐ side the plasma membrane, but could also involve interactions with transmembrane pro‐ teins [93, 94]. For example, NIH3T3 cells exposed to a 50 Hz PEMF for over 2 h significantly increased the clustering of intermembrane proteins compared with controls [95]. Investiga‐ tors concluded that the signal was likely being propagated and amplified through the intra‐ cellular signal transduction pathways [96]. An example of this is when the calcium stored in the intracellular compartment prompting mitochondria to produce free radicals (which increase DNA response) [97] can be controlled by PEMF[98], providing a first order effect in preventing the onset of inflammatory responses. The impact of EMF on calcium chan‐ nel protein has been reported many times [99-102]. The genes that encode ion channels are important because they produce the gradients that determine downstream cell behavior. Future advances in this work will fully integrate bioelectric cascades. Increased understand‐ ing of how these mechanisms work will lead directly to devices that stimulate cell treat‐ ment directly to the damaged region producing the bioelectromagnetic changes needed to

they behave in a wave-like manner (Figure 1).

**Figure 1.**

110 Alternative Medicine

repair and regenerate tissues.

*Effect of EMF on cytokine production*

EMF has many well documented physiological effects on cells and tissues including anti-in‐ flammatory effects. MF therapies can provide noninvasive, safe and easy to apply methods to directly treat the source of pain, injury, inflammation and dysfunction [106]. Low-fre‐ quency EMF has a long term record of safety, backed by tissue culture, animal and clinical studies which have been conducted for over two decades [107]. Although the exact mecha‐ nism of anti-inflammatory effect is unclear, the cell membrane is most often considered the main target for EMF signals [106]. It has been reported that EMF affects membrane mediated signal transduction processes, especially the Ca2+ transport system [108]. Early events in sig‐ nal transduction play a critical role in calcium influx in the lymphocyte. Because calcium is an important second messenger for a wide variety of important cellular processes such as RNA, DNA and protein synthesis; modulation of calcium signaling by electromagnetic fields has the potential to influence these cell functions [108]. Studies have demonstrated that EMF can stabilize the cell membrane by restoring membrane protein activity (Ca2+ -AT‐ Pase) and maintain intracellular Ca2+ levels [109, 110]. Biological systems in transition have been shown to be more sensitive to EMF exposure than in stationary systems. In one study immune compromised animals constituting systems in transition state were shown to be more sensitive to EMF exposure; whereas healthy animals, considered to be in relatively sta‐ ble systems, exhibiting no sensitivity to the same field parameters [111]. Low-frequency, low-intensity EMF was reported to be beneficial in reducing inflammation without potential side effects indicating its value as a viable alternative for treating inflammatory responses. In living systems, from planarian flatworms to humans, mechanisms involved strongly sug‐ gest that therapeutic EMF applications stop inflammation first, then initiate healing [98].

## **2. Veritable EM Devices**

#### *PEMF Knee Device*

The PEMF knee device is an FDA-approved device consisting of a cuff that surrounds the knee. It has a coil and heating pads that send magnetic pulses and heat through injured tis‐ sue. This device combines PEMF energy and thermal therapy to increase circulation, reduce swelling, relieve chronic pain and arthritis, as well as improve range of motion. It has been reported to benefit patients with osteoarthritis [112].

generate sub extremely low frequency (sub ELF) fields (0.3-30 Hz) from their hands through meditation and intention [118, 119]. This subtle energy entrains the biofield of the patient and initiates a healing effect. Instruction on body movement is also used to shift energy im‐ balances. Treatments are carried out in an integrative and holistic manner. The concept of holism in medicine dates back to 460 B.C. with Hippocrates, the father of medicine, positing the idea that every aspect of our body and mind are interrelated to every other aspect of our being [120]. Manipulation of the holistic field allows for healing throughout the entire being

Energy Medicine

113

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

The hands of EM practitioners produce coherent electromagnetic fields that affect the hu‐ man biofield in many ways. A measuring device called the Superconducting Quantum In‐ terference Device (SQUID) is a magnetometer used to detect very weak biomagnetic fields. SQUID has detected frequencies coming from the hands of practitioners in the sub extra low frequency electromagnetic field (sub ELF-EMF) range of 0.3 to 30 Hz [121]. The signal emit‐ ted by a practitioner is not steady or constant, but moves through the range of sub ELF-EMFs with an average range around 7 – 8 Hz. EM techniques are capable of producing healing results because they directly affect mechanical vibrations in the membrane and the cytoskeleton of human cells as well as the biofield in general. Many research studies have detected the frequency limit of cell oscillations to be only 30 Hz [122-126], which is the same frequency range coming from the hands of EM practitioners. This suggests a subtle reso‐ nance involved in the healing process. An interesting characteristic of energy emission from any living organism is that it stays somewhat organized in its fields. It has a tendency to re‐ main stable and does not randomly dissipate [127]. Biofield vibrations are like tuning forks, acting as both transmitters and receivers of vibration coming from their environment. They resonate at specific harmonic pitches when we are healthy. When we are not healthy a noncoherent type noise vibrates from our cells and our biofield. Valerie Hunt, PhD, Professor Emeritus in the UCLA Department of Physiological Sciences has been conducting research in this field for over 40 years. She was the first to research the relationship between changes in bioenergy fields and human health. In mapping bioenergy fields, Hunt has found that each individual has a unique resting pattern she calls the *Signature Field*. "The Signature Field of a healthy human being is composed of balanced, coherent energy patterns running the full spectrum of frequencies (4 – 20 microns in wavelength [128]). This coherency shows up on a graph as smooth, gentle, shallow waves evenly distributed throughout the frequen‐ cy spectrum". There are two types of patterns in the Signature Fields of people who have (or are soon going to develop) disease: deficiency patterns, and hyperactive patterns. They ap‐ pear in graphs as thick, jagged waves concentrated in the high- or low-frequency bands

– body, mind and spirit.

(Figure 2).

*How Putative EM Techniques work*

#### *Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)*

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) uses electric current to stimulate nerves to induce therapeutic treatment. These devices are usually connected to the skin using elec‐ trodes. A typical TENS device is able to modulate pulse width, frequency, and intensity of the electrical field it uses. TENS applied at frequencies above 50 Hz uses intensity below motor contraction (sensory intensity). TENS applied at frequencies below 10 Hz, use an in‐ tensity that produces motor contractions [113]. Studies show that TENS stimulates nerves in order to reduce both acute and chronic pain [114, 115].

#### *PEMF Mats*

PEMF mats produce a therapeutic pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) that surrounds the entire body. PEMF whole-body mats are promoted in many countries for a wide range of therapeutic applications. Randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind trials focusing on os‐ teoarthritis of the knee (3 trials) or the cervical spine (1 trial), fibromyalgia (1 trial), pain per‐ ception (2 trials), skin ulcer healing (1 trial), multiple sclerosis-related fatigue (2 trials), or heart rate variability and well-being (1 trial) have been performed, with outcomes varying between improvement and ineffective [116]. PEMF mats are primarily advertised and dis‐ tributed over the internet, and are often used without medical supervision. More research is needed to repeat outcomes. As of 2012 they have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

The second type of energy medicine is known as putative energy medicine.

*Putative* energy medicine is based on the idea that human beings are able to influence subtle forms of energy with their hands, intentions, or meditation. By focusing on these subtle en‐ ergies, EM practitioners are able to feel vibrational frequencies with their hands and align the biofield through healing treatments [117]. Putative energy medicine is an all-inclusive term used for practices that include, but are not limited to Acupuncture, Alexander Techni‐ que, Bowen Technique, Chakra Balancing, Craniosacral Therapy, Eden Energy Medicine, Energy Psychology, Feldenkrais, Healing Touch (HT), Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques (NAET), Polarity Therapy (PT), Reiki, Rolfing, Therapeutic Touch (TT), Tradi‐ tional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Trager Approach and yoga.

Putative EM is based on the understanding that a therapist instead of a device is able to fa‐ cilitate healing by balancing disturbances in a patients' energy field. Practitioners are able to generate sub extremely low frequency (sub ELF) fields (0.3-30 Hz) from their hands through meditation and intention [118, 119]. This subtle energy entrains the biofield of the patient and initiates a healing effect. Instruction on body movement is also used to shift energy im‐ balances. Treatments are carried out in an integrative and holistic manner. The concept of holism in medicine dates back to 460 B.C. with Hippocrates, the father of medicine, positing the idea that every aspect of our body and mind are interrelated to every other aspect of our being [120]. Manipulation of the holistic field allows for healing throughout the entire being – body, mind and spirit.

#### *How Putative EM Techniques work*

**2. Veritable EM Devices**

reported to benefit patients with osteoarthritis [112].

order to reduce both acute and chronic pain [114, 115].

*Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)*

The PEMF knee device is an FDA-approved device consisting of a cuff that surrounds the knee. It has a coil and heating pads that send magnetic pulses and heat through injured tis‐ sue. This device combines PEMF energy and thermal therapy to increase circulation, reduce swelling, relieve chronic pain and arthritis, as well as improve range of motion. It has been

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) uses electric current to stimulate nerves to induce therapeutic treatment. These devices are usually connected to the skin using elec‐ trodes. A typical TENS device is able to modulate pulse width, frequency, and intensity of the electrical field it uses. TENS applied at frequencies above 50 Hz uses intensity below motor contraction (sensory intensity). TENS applied at frequencies below 10 Hz, use an in‐ tensity that produces motor contractions [113]. Studies show that TENS stimulates nerves in

PEMF mats produce a therapeutic pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) that surrounds the entire body. PEMF whole-body mats are promoted in many countries for a wide range of therapeutic applications. Randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind trials focusing on os‐ teoarthritis of the knee (3 trials) or the cervical spine (1 trial), fibromyalgia (1 trial), pain per‐ ception (2 trials), skin ulcer healing (1 trial), multiple sclerosis-related fatigue (2 trials), or heart rate variability and well-being (1 trial) have been performed, with outcomes varying between improvement and ineffective [116]. PEMF mats are primarily advertised and dis‐ tributed over the internet, and are often used without medical supervision. More research is needed to repeat outcomes. As of 2012 they have not been approved by the US Food and

*Putative* energy medicine is based on the idea that human beings are able to influence subtle forms of energy with their hands, intentions, or meditation. By focusing on these subtle en‐ ergies, EM practitioners are able to feel vibrational frequencies with their hands and align the biofield through healing treatments [117]. Putative energy medicine is an all-inclusive term used for practices that include, but are not limited to Acupuncture, Alexander Techni‐ que, Bowen Technique, Chakra Balancing, Craniosacral Therapy, Eden Energy Medicine, Energy Psychology, Feldenkrais, Healing Touch (HT), Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques (NAET), Polarity Therapy (PT), Reiki, Rolfing, Therapeutic Touch (TT), Tradi‐

Putative EM is based on the understanding that a therapist instead of a device is able to fa‐ cilitate healing by balancing disturbances in a patients' energy field. Practitioners are able to

The second type of energy medicine is known as putative energy medicine.

tional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Trager Approach and yoga.

*PEMF Knee Device*

112 Alternative Medicine

*PEMF Mats*

Drug Administration (FDA).

The hands of EM practitioners produce coherent electromagnetic fields that affect the hu‐ man biofield in many ways. A measuring device called the Superconducting Quantum In‐ terference Device (SQUID) is a magnetometer used to detect very weak biomagnetic fields. SQUID has detected frequencies coming from the hands of practitioners in the sub extra low frequency electromagnetic field (sub ELF-EMF) range of 0.3 to 30 Hz [121]. The signal emit‐ ted by a practitioner is not steady or constant, but moves through the range of sub ELF-EMFs with an average range around 7 – 8 Hz. EM techniques are capable of producing healing results because they directly affect mechanical vibrations in the membrane and the cytoskeleton of human cells as well as the biofield in general. Many research studies have detected the frequency limit of cell oscillations to be only 30 Hz [122-126], which is the same frequency range coming from the hands of EM practitioners. This suggests a subtle reso‐ nance involved in the healing process. An interesting characteristic of energy emission from any living organism is that it stays somewhat organized in its fields. It has a tendency to re‐ main stable and does not randomly dissipate [127]. Biofield vibrations are like tuning forks, acting as both transmitters and receivers of vibration coming from their environment. They resonate at specific harmonic pitches when we are healthy. When we are not healthy a noncoherent type noise vibrates from our cells and our biofield. Valerie Hunt, PhD, Professor Emeritus in the UCLA Department of Physiological Sciences has been conducting research in this field for over 40 years. She was the first to research the relationship between changes in bioenergy fields and human health. In mapping bioenergy fields, Hunt has found that each individual has a unique resting pattern she calls the *Signature Field*. "The Signature Field of a healthy human being is composed of balanced, coherent energy patterns running the full spectrum of frequencies (4 – 20 microns in wavelength [128]). This coherency shows up on a graph as smooth, gentle, shallow waves evenly distributed throughout the frequen‐ cy spectrum". There are two types of patterns in the Signature Fields of people who have (or are soon going to develop) disease: deficiency patterns, and hyperactive patterns. They ap‐ pear in graphs as thick, jagged waves concentrated in the high- or low-frequency bands (Figure 2).

side effects if not delivered properly by a qualified practitioner. Make sure the practitioner is

Energy Medicine

115

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

*Alexander Technique* improves physical postural habits, particularly those that have become ingrained or are conditioned responses. The technique has been purported to improve ath‐ letic performance, self observation and impulse control, as well as relieve chronic stiffness, tension and stress. It changes movement habits in everyday activities, improving ease and freedom of movement, balance, support and coordination, teaching the use of appropriate amount of effort for a particular activity, increasing energy. It is not a series of treatments or exercises, but rather a reeducation of the mind and body. It can be applied to sitting, lying down, standing, walking, lifting, and other daily activities. Strong evidence exists for the ef‐ fectiveness of Alexander Technique lessons for chronic back pain and moderate evidence in

*Bowen* is a gentle technique involving a series of moves held for several seconds and then released. The therapist gently pulls the skin on the back of the neck, knees, or affected body part away from the muscle or tendon beneath it and applies light pressure following a spe‐ cific pattern. Bowen relieves both physical and psychosocial problems, including pain, sports injuries [139], shoulder problems [140], postpartum symptoms [141], fatigue, anger

*Chakra balancing* based on the seven energy centers along the center of the human body start‐ ing from the base of the spine to the top of the head. Chakras are responsible for keeping vital energy flowing through the biofield. They create openings for life energy to flow into and out of the aura. Their function is to vitalize the physical body and to bring about the development of our self-consciousness. They are associated with physical, mental and emo‐ tional interactions. An energy worker trained in chakra balancing will determine which chakras are functioning poorly and which chakras are over stressed in order to keep the body's energy balanced. When one or two chakras are performing at a reduced level, the re‐ maining chakras have to work harder. Having a non-functioning or closed chakra can cause another chakra to blow, creating havoc in the biofield [143]. Blown chakras cause pain and initiate disease. Chakra balancing reprograms the chakra system to flow as nature intended.

*Craniosacral therapy (CST)* is a manipulation technique involving light touch to the cranium (skull) and sacrum (tailbone). It is based on the theory that the movement of bones within the skull and the lower back, as well as the rhythmic flow of cerebrospinal fluid (in and around the spinal cord), play a central role in the body's overall function. Obstruction of this flow of spinal fluid contributes to problems in the brain, spine and endocrine system. Re‐ search shows statistically significant improvements in the treatment of migraine headache

*Eden Energy Medicine* activates the body's natural healing ability by restoring weak or distur‐ bed energy. Eden EM utilizes techniques from acupuncture, yoga, kinesiology, and qi gong. Energy is brought back into balance by tapping, massaging, pinching, twisting, or connect‐ ing specific energy points (acupoints) on the skin; by tracing or swirling the hand over the skin along specific energy pathways; through exercises or postures designed for specific en‐

a certified Licensed Acupuncturist (L.Ac.).

Parkinson's-associated disability [138].

and depression [142].

using CST [144].

#### **Figure 2.**

Deficiency diseases like cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome have what Hunt calls "anticoherent" patterns in the high frequency ranges, with almost no energy at all in the lower frequencies. Hyperactive conditions like colitis, hypertension, and skin problems show anticoherent patterns in the low frequencies, with absent vibrations in the high frequencies [129]. The sub ELF-EMF frequency emitted from the hands of EM practitioners is capable of retraining the incoherent frequencies back to a healthy state. Gentle changes in body move‐ ment exhibited in EM therapies such as Alexander Technique, Feldenkrais and yoga retrain the cells and biofield back to a healthy vibrational state as well. The application of energy medicine, whether from a medical device or from the hands of a practitioner, is a viable al‐ ternative or complement to conventional medicine. Free flowing energy throughout the body eliminates physical health problems attributed to pain, disease and structural dysfunc‐ tion [130]. EM significantly increases energy levels even if no specific problem exists [131]. It is used as both a preventative as well as a healing treatment.

#### *Energy Medicine Therapies*

More people are turning to energy medicine because of its holistic approach that includes not just the physiological, but mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of disease. Being diag‐ nosed with a life threatening illness is very emotionally and psychologically disruptive; EM helps the patient find solace despite challenge. It also eases or counteracts the side effects of conventional therapies [131]. When it comes to selecting an EM therapy there are a variety of options. The following EM treatments are substantiated by peer reviewed published research:

*Acupuncture* uses meridians of Eastern medicine traditions which form a continuous, semi‐ conducting network. This Chinese medical procedure uses the stimulation of specific points on the body where the insertion of needles through the skin removes blockages in the flow of chi through the body's meridians to reinstate health. Acupuncture needles are metallic, solid, and hair-thin. Experienced differently, most people feel little or minimal pain while the needles are inserted. Some feel energized by treatment, others feel relaxed. Acupuncture has been shown to improve treatment related pain in cancer patients [132], pain manage‐ ment for women in labor [133], treatment of temporomandibular (TMJ) disorders [134], treat infertility, improve symptoms of menopause [135], improve insomnia [136], and improve chances of successful in vitro fertilization [137]. Relatively few complications have been re‐ ported from the use of acupuncture; however, acupuncture can cause potentially serious side effects if not delivered properly by a qualified practitioner. Make sure the practitioner is a certified Licensed Acupuncturist (L.Ac.).

*Alexander Technique* improves physical postural habits, particularly those that have become ingrained or are conditioned responses. The technique has been purported to improve ath‐ letic performance, self observation and impulse control, as well as relieve chronic stiffness, tension and stress. It changes movement habits in everyday activities, improving ease and freedom of movement, balance, support and coordination, teaching the use of appropriate amount of effort for a particular activity, increasing energy. It is not a series of treatments or exercises, but rather a reeducation of the mind and body. It can be applied to sitting, lying down, standing, walking, lifting, and other daily activities. Strong evidence exists for the ef‐ fectiveness of Alexander Technique lessons for chronic back pain and moderate evidence in Parkinson's-associated disability [138].

**Figure 2.**

114 Alternative Medicine

*Energy Medicine Therapies*

Deficiency diseases like cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome have what Hunt calls "anticoherent" patterns in the high frequency ranges, with almost no energy at all in the lower frequencies. Hyperactive conditions like colitis, hypertension, and skin problems show anticoherent patterns in the low frequencies, with absent vibrations in the high frequencies [129]. The sub ELF-EMF frequency emitted from the hands of EM practitioners is capable of retraining the incoherent frequencies back to a healthy state. Gentle changes in body move‐ ment exhibited in EM therapies such as Alexander Technique, Feldenkrais and yoga retrain the cells and biofield back to a healthy vibrational state as well. The application of energy medicine, whether from a medical device or from the hands of a practitioner, is a viable al‐ ternative or complement to conventional medicine. Free flowing energy throughout the body eliminates physical health problems attributed to pain, disease and structural dysfunc‐ tion [130]. EM significantly increases energy levels even if no specific problem exists [131]. It

More people are turning to energy medicine because of its holistic approach that includes not just the physiological, but mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of disease. Being diag‐ nosed with a life threatening illness is very emotionally and psychologically disruptive; EM helps the patient find solace despite challenge. It also eases or counteracts the side effects of conventional therapies [131]. When it comes to selecting an EM therapy there are a variety of options. The following EM treatments are substantiated by peer reviewed published research:

*Acupuncture* uses meridians of Eastern medicine traditions which form a continuous, semi‐ conducting network. This Chinese medical procedure uses the stimulation of specific points on the body where the insertion of needles through the skin removes blockages in the flow of chi through the body's meridians to reinstate health. Acupuncture needles are metallic, solid, and hair-thin. Experienced differently, most people feel little or minimal pain while the needles are inserted. Some feel energized by treatment, others feel relaxed. Acupuncture has been shown to improve treatment related pain in cancer patients [132], pain manage‐ ment for women in labor [133], treatment of temporomandibular (TMJ) disorders [134], treat infertility, improve symptoms of menopause [135], improve insomnia [136], and improve chances of successful in vitro fertilization [137]. Relatively few complications have been re‐ ported from the use of acupuncture; however, acupuncture can cause potentially serious

is used as both a preventative as well as a healing treatment.

*Bowen* is a gentle technique involving a series of moves held for several seconds and then released. The therapist gently pulls the skin on the back of the neck, knees, or affected body part away from the muscle or tendon beneath it and applies light pressure following a spe‐ cific pattern. Bowen relieves both physical and psychosocial problems, including pain, sports injuries [139], shoulder problems [140], postpartum symptoms [141], fatigue, anger and depression [142].

*Chakra balancing* based on the seven energy centers along the center of the human body start‐ ing from the base of the spine to the top of the head. Chakras are responsible for keeping vital energy flowing through the biofield. They create openings for life energy to flow into and out of the aura. Their function is to vitalize the physical body and to bring about the development of our self-consciousness. They are associated with physical, mental and emo‐ tional interactions. An energy worker trained in chakra balancing will determine which chakras are functioning poorly and which chakras are over stressed in order to keep the body's energy balanced. When one or two chakras are performing at a reduced level, the re‐ maining chakras have to work harder. Having a non-functioning or closed chakra can cause another chakra to blow, creating havoc in the biofield [143]. Blown chakras cause pain and initiate disease. Chakra balancing reprograms the chakra system to flow as nature intended.

*Craniosacral therapy (CST)* is a manipulation technique involving light touch to the cranium (skull) and sacrum (tailbone). It is based on the theory that the movement of bones within the skull and the lower back, as well as the rhythmic flow of cerebrospinal fluid (in and around the spinal cord), play a central role in the body's overall function. Obstruction of this flow of spinal fluid contributes to problems in the brain, spine and endocrine system. Re‐ search shows statistically significant improvements in the treatment of migraine headache using CST [144].

*Eden Energy Medicine* activates the body's natural healing ability by restoring weak or distur‐ bed energy. Eden EM utilizes techniques from acupuncture, yoga, kinesiology, and qi gong. Energy is brought back into balance by tapping, massaging, pinching, twisting, or connect‐ ing specific energy points (acupoints) on the skin; by tracing or swirling the hand over the skin along specific energy pathways; through exercises or postures designed for specific en‐ ergetic effects; by focused use of the mind to move specific energies; and/or by surrounding an area with healing energies. There is qualitative evidence that Eden EM relieves pain; stimulates immune function, relieves headaches, releases stress, improves memory, enhan‐ ces digestion, relieve arthritis, neck, shoulder, and low back pain [145].

through intention. This mindset begins the healing process for both the practitioner and the client. PT balances the subtle energy of the biofield which can be detected and manipulated by movements of the practitioner's hands. The practitioner provides the resonating template for the patient's biofield to follow. Change occurs on a spiritual or unconscious level, and most people do not feel much other than becoming very relaxed. This mind-body state is op‐ timal for healing and cell regeneration. After effects of the treatment last from hours to days with feelings of calm, focus, peace and serenity. PT bases its philosophy in the traditional system of Ayurvedic medicine, which defines patterns of health as energy moving through the Five Elements of Life – Ether, Air, Fire, Water and Earth. The practice of PT focuses on the balance of these elements as the foundation of good health. It integrates philosophies of Ayurvedic medicine, hermetic or ancient Egyptian medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), chakra balancing and the balance of yin and yang. PT understands that energy flows through the body along five pathways, enabled by positive and negative poles of the body. Five energy centers along the body represent the five elements of Ayurvedic tradition relat‐ ing to different organs and functions in the body. Practitioners aim to correct disturbances and enable optimal physical, emotional as well as spiritual healing. Along with energy bal‐ ancing sessions, cleansing diet and energy exercises are part of the therapy. PT has been shown to reduce cancer related fatigue [154], and improve the quality of life for caregivers of dementia and Alzheimer's patients [155] as well as improved stress reduction in burned

Energy Medicine

117

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

*Reiki* is an ancient Tibetan Buddhist practice in which practitioners serve as facilitators for life force energy (chi). Reiki is used to reduce stress, improve health and quality of life, and promote mental clarity. Practitioners use 12 – 15 specific hand positions each held for a few minutes on the patient's clothed body. Sessions last 30-90 minutes and the number of treat‐ ments may vary. Like other EM therapies, Reiki practitioners assert treatments can be effec‐ tive over long distances. Formal scientific evidence has shown that Reiki can increase quality of life and reduce pain when used with standard medications [156]. Reiki has also been reported to relieve stress and improve psychological well being in patients with heart

*Rolfing* focuses on fascia tissue that connects all internal structures within the human frame. Connective tissue unites the structure of the body and divides it into individual function‐ ing parts. Fascia is constantly changing and adapting in response to demands placed on the body. It reacts to trauma to a joint for instance by producing extra tissue to enhance stabil‐ ity and support; however, it can produce more than is necessary. In time, rather than stabi‐ lizing movement it can actually reduce mobility, leading to a changed posture and altered patterns of movement. After completing ten sessions a client can expect greater ease of movement and all over range of motion, along with better posture. Rolfing has been shown to significantly decrease pain and increase range of motion in adults who have cervical

*Therapeutic Touch (TT)* is similar to PT and HT, except practitioners usually do not actually touch the patient, but hold their hands 4-8 inches (10-18 cm) from the body in order to detect energy imbalances and correct them. TT has been shown to significantly reduce pain and in‐

out oncology professionals [131].

spine dysfunction [159].

rate variability [157], and pain management issues [158].

*Energy Psychology (EP)* addresses the relationship of energy systems to emotion, cognitive behavior and health [146]. Energy psychology uses imagery, narrative, and hyperarousal as‐ sociated with traumatic memory or threatening situations to resolve traumatic memory [147]. When the brain reprocesses traumatic memory, the new association is retained by re‐ ducing it to hyperarousal. This leads to treatment outcomes that involve less time with few‐ er repetitions and higher impact. These techniques show less chance of retraumatization [147]. During EP treatments, mental/emotional/spiritual problems are healed through the biofield. The biofield is connected through the consciousness, thought processes and spirit, and includes the electrical activity of the nervous system, heart, meridians, biophotons (en‐ ergy field particles), and chakras.

*Feldenkrais Method* uses gentle movement and directed attention to improve range of motion and enhance human functioning. Based on principles of physics, biomechanics and an em‐ pirical understanding of learning and human development, Feldenkrais exercises have been reported to be an effective way to improve balance and mobility, flexibility and coordina‐ tion, helping to offset age-related declines in mobility and reduce the risk of falling among community-dwelling older adults [148].

*Healing Touch (HT)* is an energy medicine practice involving the relationship between the practitioner, the patient, intention, and the power of touch to facilitate healing. Like most EM treatments the patient is lying on a massage-type table, where the practitioner applies different forms of touch in order to assess the patient's biofield imbalances. HT is widely used to help ease pain, stress and anxiety [149]. Patients receiving music, imagery and touch therapy during angiograms or other cardiac procedures were 65 percent less likely to die in the following six months than patients who received no such intervention [150]. Other re‐ search shows that HT lowers blood pressure, heart and breathing rates, fatigue, mood dis‐ turbances, and pain in patients receiving chemotherapy [151]. HT is endorsed by the American Holistic Nurses' Association.

*Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques* (NAET®) is an EM treatment designed to alle‐ viate allergies using a combination of energy balancing, testing and treatment procedures from acupuncture/acupressure, allopathy, chiropractic, nutritional, and kinesiological disci‐ plines of medicine. Research suggests it is effective in treating allergies to milk, sugar, egg whites, pork meat and other foods causing eczema and dyspnea [152].

*Polarity Therapy* (PT) uses touch, verbal interaction, exercise, and nutrition [153] to balance and restore the natural flow of energy in the biofield. Blocked and stagnant energy is re‐ sponsible for both emotional and physical pain as well as disease. Energy medicine treat‐ ments are patient-practitioner oriented, where both the giver and receiver of the energy treatment work in tandem to facilitate treatment. The practitioner grounds and centers his/her body, meaning all thoughts, emotions and physical sensations are neutralized through intention. This mindset begins the healing process for both the practitioner and the client. PT balances the subtle energy of the biofield which can be detected and manipulated by movements of the practitioner's hands. The practitioner provides the resonating template for the patient's biofield to follow. Change occurs on a spiritual or unconscious level, and most people do not feel much other than becoming very relaxed. This mind-body state is op‐ timal for healing and cell regeneration. After effects of the treatment last from hours to days with feelings of calm, focus, peace and serenity. PT bases its philosophy in the traditional system of Ayurvedic medicine, which defines patterns of health as energy moving through the Five Elements of Life – Ether, Air, Fire, Water and Earth. The practice of PT focuses on the balance of these elements as the foundation of good health. It integrates philosophies of Ayurvedic medicine, hermetic or ancient Egyptian medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), chakra balancing and the balance of yin and yang. PT understands that energy flows through the body along five pathways, enabled by positive and negative poles of the body. Five energy centers along the body represent the five elements of Ayurvedic tradition relat‐ ing to different organs and functions in the body. Practitioners aim to correct disturbances and enable optimal physical, emotional as well as spiritual healing. Along with energy bal‐ ancing sessions, cleansing diet and energy exercises are part of the therapy. PT has been shown to reduce cancer related fatigue [154], and improve the quality of life for caregivers of dementia and Alzheimer's patients [155] as well as improved stress reduction in burned out oncology professionals [131].

ergetic effects; by focused use of the mind to move specific energies; and/or by surrounding an area with healing energies. There is qualitative evidence that Eden EM relieves pain; stimulates immune function, relieves headaches, releases stress, improves memory, enhan‐

*Energy Psychology (EP)* addresses the relationship of energy systems to emotion, cognitive behavior and health [146]. Energy psychology uses imagery, narrative, and hyperarousal as‐ sociated with traumatic memory or threatening situations to resolve traumatic memory [147]. When the brain reprocesses traumatic memory, the new association is retained by re‐ ducing it to hyperarousal. This leads to treatment outcomes that involve less time with few‐ er repetitions and higher impact. These techniques show less chance of retraumatization [147]. During EP treatments, mental/emotional/spiritual problems are healed through the biofield. The biofield is connected through the consciousness, thought processes and spirit, and includes the electrical activity of the nervous system, heart, meridians, biophotons (en‐

*Feldenkrais Method* uses gentle movement and directed attention to improve range of motion and enhance human functioning. Based on principles of physics, biomechanics and an em‐ pirical understanding of learning and human development, Feldenkrais exercises have been reported to be an effective way to improve balance and mobility, flexibility and coordina‐ tion, helping to offset age-related declines in mobility and reduce the risk of falling among

*Healing Touch (HT)* is an energy medicine practice involving the relationship between the practitioner, the patient, intention, and the power of touch to facilitate healing. Like most EM treatments the patient is lying on a massage-type table, where the practitioner applies different forms of touch in order to assess the patient's biofield imbalances. HT is widely used to help ease pain, stress and anxiety [149]. Patients receiving music, imagery and touch therapy during angiograms or other cardiac procedures were 65 percent less likely to die in the following six months than patients who received no such intervention [150]. Other re‐ search shows that HT lowers blood pressure, heart and breathing rates, fatigue, mood dis‐ turbances, and pain in patients receiving chemotherapy [151]. HT is endorsed by the

*Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques* (NAET®) is an EM treatment designed to alle‐ viate allergies using a combination of energy balancing, testing and treatment procedures from acupuncture/acupressure, allopathy, chiropractic, nutritional, and kinesiological disci‐ plines of medicine. Research suggests it is effective in treating allergies to milk, sugar, egg

*Polarity Therapy* (PT) uses touch, verbal interaction, exercise, and nutrition [153] to balance and restore the natural flow of energy in the biofield. Blocked and stagnant energy is re‐ sponsible for both emotional and physical pain as well as disease. Energy medicine treat‐ ments are patient-practitioner oriented, where both the giver and receiver of the energy treatment work in tandem to facilitate treatment. The practitioner grounds and centers his/her body, meaning all thoughts, emotions and physical sensations are neutralized

whites, pork meat and other foods causing eczema and dyspnea [152].

ces digestion, relieve arthritis, neck, shoulder, and low back pain [145].

ergy field particles), and chakras.

116 Alternative Medicine

community-dwelling older adults [148].

American Holistic Nurses' Association.

*Reiki* is an ancient Tibetan Buddhist practice in which practitioners serve as facilitators for life force energy (chi). Reiki is used to reduce stress, improve health and quality of life, and promote mental clarity. Practitioners use 12 – 15 specific hand positions each held for a few minutes on the patient's clothed body. Sessions last 30-90 minutes and the number of treat‐ ments may vary. Like other EM therapies, Reiki practitioners assert treatments can be effec‐ tive over long distances. Formal scientific evidence has shown that Reiki can increase quality of life and reduce pain when used with standard medications [156]. Reiki has also been reported to relieve stress and improve psychological well being in patients with heart rate variability [157], and pain management issues [158].

*Rolfing* focuses on fascia tissue that connects all internal structures within the human frame. Connective tissue unites the structure of the body and divides it into individual function‐ ing parts. Fascia is constantly changing and adapting in response to demands placed on the body. It reacts to trauma to a joint for instance by producing extra tissue to enhance stabil‐ ity and support; however, it can produce more than is necessary. In time, rather than stabi‐ lizing movement it can actually reduce mobility, leading to a changed posture and altered patterns of movement. After completing ten sessions a client can expect greater ease of movement and all over range of motion, along with better posture. Rolfing has been shown to significantly decrease pain and increase range of motion in adults who have cervical spine dysfunction [159].

*Therapeutic Touch (TT)* is similar to PT and HT, except practitioners usually do not actually touch the patient, but hold their hands 4-8 inches (10-18 cm) from the body in order to detect energy imbalances and correct them. TT has been shown to significantly reduce pain and in‐

crease the quality of life in fibromyalgia patients [160], significantly decrease pain and im‐ prove function in patients with osteoarthritis [161], produce significant reductions in behavioral symptoms of dementia [162], and chemical dependency in pregnant women who suffer from anxiety [163]. TT is mainly practiced by nurses.

*In Summary*

**Author details**

Christina L. Ross1,2\*

Winston-Salem, U. S. A.

inburgh

**References**

Address all correspondence to: chrross@wakehealth.edu

1 Department of Energy Medicine, Akamai University, U. S. A.

[2] NCCAM,. (2010). http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/.

densely ionizing radiation. PloS One. , 6(6), e21540.

mediacentre/factsheets/fs296/en/index.html

Health , 26, 165-89.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/elfradiationretrieved February 15

viewpoint paper for Safegrounds. J Radiol Prot , 31(3), 289-307.

magnetic fields with humans. Health Phys , 53, 585-606.

The growth and maintenance of correct vibrational patterning of tissues and organs is the hallmark of good health. Current biomedical interventions ultimately attempt to restore the body's optimal vibrational patterns. In order to accomplish this goal it is imperative to under‐ stand the key aspects of immune response with respect to cellular communication, as well as biochemical, bioelectrical, and bioelectromagnetic processes; and to develop technologies to facilitate the body's use of this information during the repair and regeneration process.

Energy Medicine

119

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

2 Research Fellow, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine,

[1] Oschman, J. (2000). Energy Medicine: The Scientific Basis. Churchill Livingstone,. Ed‐

[3] Administration, O., & S.a, H. (2012). Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Radiation.

[4] Buonanno, M., Toledo, S., & Azzam, E. (2011). Increased frequency of spontaneous neoplastic transformation in progeny of bystander cells from cultures exposed to

[5] Mobbs, S., Muirhead, C., & Harrison, J. (2011). Risks from ionising radiation: an HPA

[6] Organization, W. H. (2012). Electromagnetic fields and public health. WHO fact sheet on electromagnetic hypersensitivity Retrieved February 15 http://www.who.int/

[7] Feychting, M., Ahlbom, A., & Kheifets, L. (2005). EMF and health. Annu Rev Public

[8] Tenforde, T., & Kaune, W. (1987). Interaction of extremely low-frequency electric and

*Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)* suggests that the basis for disease results from the disrup‐ tion in the flow of subtle energy known as qi or chi. TCM works with imbalance in the forces of yin (feminine principle) and yang (masculine principle). Practices such as Chinese herbs, meditation, massage and acupuncture aid healing by restoring yin-yang and Qi to ho‐ meostasis. This same subtle energy is known as ki in the Japanese Kamp system.

*Trager Approach* is a combination of massage, meditation and movement education. The head, torso, arms and legs are manipulated with rhythmic pull and rotation techniques in order to release tension, increase mobility and clear the mind. Movement awareness is emphasized to promote relaxation and ease neuromuscular pain. The Trager Approach has been shown to reduce symptoms of chronic headache along with reduction of head‐ ache medication [164].

*Yoga* is an ancient Indian practice uniting the spirit, the body and mind accomplished through physical postures, controlled breathing exercises, and meditation, often accompa‐ nied by healthy lifestyle and search for higher consciousness. Yoga is not a religion but a philosophy and way of life. Hatha yoga is most commonly practiced in North America and Europe, using a sequence of postures or asanas held statically or moved through dynamical‐ ly in sequence, using the breath and hand positions for balance. Ashtanga yoga builds strength, stamina and flexibility, more commonly known in the United States as power yo‐ ga. Bikram yoga is practiced in rooms heated to 100 °F (39 °C). Profuse sweating loosens muscles and tendons while promoting inner cleansing. This type of yoga should only be practiced after consulting with a physician. Research has shown the practice of yoga can re‐ duce pain, and increase energy, flexibility, and function during physical activity, as well as relieve stress and anxiety in breast cancer survivors[165]. It has also been shown to reduce pain associated disability [166], reduce stress [167], and as a complementary therapy for ma‐ jor psychiatric disorders [168].

As with pharmaceuticals, the effectiveness of these treatments varies with each patient. It is important to speak with a practitioner before scheduling an appointment to discuss your needs and ask questions about what to expect during your visit. Most of these therapies are practiced with the patient fully clothed except for shoes, socks and jewelry. Although hu‐ man biofields have as yet been proved measurable with conventional scientific equipment, medical journals have published articles suggesting the existence of such fields [169-171]. Please consult with a physician to determine any health issues (recent surgeries or trauma) which may not allow for physical manipulation. Many EM treatments are not recommended for people who have multi-personality disorder or schizophrenia as manipulation of the bio‐ field can sometimes exacerbate delusion, hallucination and bring out multiple personalities at once.

#### *In Summary*

crease the quality of life in fibromyalgia patients [160], significantly decrease pain and im‐ prove function in patients with osteoarthritis [161], produce significant reductions in behavioral symptoms of dementia [162], and chemical dependency in pregnant women who

*Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)* suggests that the basis for disease results from the disrup‐ tion in the flow of subtle energy known as qi or chi. TCM works with imbalance in the forces of yin (feminine principle) and yang (masculine principle). Practices such as Chinese herbs, meditation, massage and acupuncture aid healing by restoring yin-yang and Qi to ho‐

*Trager Approach* is a combination of massage, meditation and movement education. The head, torso, arms and legs are manipulated with rhythmic pull and rotation techniques in order to release tension, increase mobility and clear the mind. Movement awareness is emphasized to promote relaxation and ease neuromuscular pain. The Trager Approach has been shown to reduce symptoms of chronic headache along with reduction of head‐

*Yoga* is an ancient Indian practice uniting the spirit, the body and mind accomplished through physical postures, controlled breathing exercises, and meditation, often accompa‐ nied by healthy lifestyle and search for higher consciousness. Yoga is not a religion but a philosophy and way of life. Hatha yoga is most commonly practiced in North America and Europe, using a sequence of postures or asanas held statically or moved through dynamical‐ ly in sequence, using the breath and hand positions for balance. Ashtanga yoga builds strength, stamina and flexibility, more commonly known in the United States as power yo‐ ga. Bikram yoga is practiced in rooms heated to 100 °F (39 °C). Profuse sweating loosens muscles and tendons while promoting inner cleansing. This type of yoga should only be practiced after consulting with a physician. Research has shown the practice of yoga can re‐ duce pain, and increase energy, flexibility, and function during physical activity, as well as relieve stress and anxiety in breast cancer survivors[165]. It has also been shown to reduce pain associated disability [166], reduce stress [167], and as a complementary therapy for ma‐

As with pharmaceuticals, the effectiveness of these treatments varies with each patient. It is important to speak with a practitioner before scheduling an appointment to discuss your needs and ask questions about what to expect during your visit. Most of these therapies are practiced with the patient fully clothed except for shoes, socks and jewelry. Although hu‐ man biofields have as yet been proved measurable with conventional scientific equipment, medical journals have published articles suggesting the existence of such fields [169-171]. Please consult with a physician to determine any health issues (recent surgeries or trauma) which may not allow for physical manipulation. Many EM treatments are not recommended for people who have multi-personality disorder or schizophrenia as manipulation of the bio‐ field can sometimes exacerbate delusion, hallucination and bring out multiple personalities

meostasis. This same subtle energy is known as ki in the Japanese Kamp system.

suffer from anxiety [163]. TT is mainly practiced by nurses.

ache medication [164].

118 Alternative Medicine

jor psychiatric disorders [168].

at once. 

The growth and maintenance of correct vibrational patterning of tissues and organs is the hallmark of good health. Current biomedical interventions ultimately attempt to restore the body's optimal vibrational patterns. In order to accomplish this goal it is imperative to under‐ stand the key aspects of immune response with respect to cellular communication, as well as biochemical, bioelectrical, and bioelectromagnetic processes; and to develop technologies to facilitate the body's use of this information during the repair and regeneration process.

## **Author details**

Christina L. Ross1,2\*

Address all correspondence to: chrross@wakehealth.edu

1 Department of Energy Medicine, Akamai University, U. S. A.

2 Research Fellow, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, U. S. A.

## **References**


[9] Ng, K. H. (2003). Non-Ionizing Radiations- Sources, Biological Effects, Emissions and Exposures. Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-Ionizing Radiation at UNITEN ICNIR2003 Electromagnetic Fields and Our Health October 20- 22http:// www.who.int/peh-emf/meetings/archive/en/keynote3ng.pdf

[23] O'Connor, M., Bentall, R., & Monahan, J. (1990). Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine

Energy Medicine

121

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

[24] Stiller, M., et al. (1992). A portable pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) device to en‐ hance healing of recalcitrant venous ulcers: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical

[25] Hannan, C., et al. (1994). Chemotherapy of Human Carcinoma Xenografts during

[26] Traina, G., et al. (1998). Use of Electric and Magnetic Stimulation in Orthopaedics

[27] Morris, C., & Skalak, T. (2007). Acute exposure to a moderate strength static magnet‐ ic field reduces edema formation in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , 294, H50-

[28] Mizushima, Y., Akaoka, I., & Nishida, Y. (1975). Effects of Magnetic Field on Inflam‐

[29] Gromak, G., & Lacis, G. (1987). Evaluations of the efficacy of using a constant mag‐ netic field in treatments of patients with traumas. *Electromagnetic Therapies of Injuries and Diseases of the Support-Motor Apparatus., (International Collection of Papers, Riga,*

[30] Mertz, P., Davis, S., & Eaglestein, W. (1988). Pulsed electrical stimulation increases the rate of epithlialization in partial thickess wounds. Transactions of the 8th Annual Meeting ot the Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society, (Washington, D.C) October ,

[31] Ottani, V., et al. (1988). Effects of pulsed extremely-low frequency magnetic fields on

[32] Callaghan, M., et al. (2007). Pulsed electromagnetic fields acclerate normal and dia‐ betic wound healing by increasing endogenous FGF-2 release. *Plast Reconstr Surg*,

[33] Lubennikov, F., Lazarev, A., & Golubtsov, V. (1995). First Experience in Using a Whole-Body Magnetic Field Exposure in Treating Cancer Patients. *Vopr Onkol*, 41(2),

[34] Rasouli, J., Lekhraj, R., White, N. M., Flamm, E. S., Pilla, AA, Strauch, B., & Casper, D. (2012). Attenuation of interleukin-1beta by pulsed electromagnetic fields after

[35] Fini, M., Torricelli, P., Giavaresi, G., Aldini, N. N., Cavani, F., Setti, S., Nicolini, A., Carpi, A., & Giardino, R. (2008). Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on knee cartilage, subchondral and epyphiseal trabecular bone of aged Dunkin Hartley

Pulsed Magnetic Field Exposure. *Anticancer Research*, 1521-1524.

and Traumatology: Consensus Conference. *J Ortho Trauma*, 24(1), 1-31.

conference proceedings. *Springer-Verlag, New York*.

trial. Br J Dermatol , 27, 147-154.

mation. *Experientia*, 1141-1412.

*Latvia: Riga Medical Institute)*, 88-95.

skin wounds in the rat. *Bioelectromagnetics*, 53-62.

traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett , 519(1), 4-8.

guinea pigs. Biomed Pharmacother , 62(10), 709-715.

H57.

9-12.

121(1), 130-141.

140-141.


[23] O'Connor, M., Bentall, R., & Monahan, J. (1990). Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine conference proceedings. *Springer-Verlag, New York*.

[9] Ng, K. H. (2003). Non-Ionizing Radiations- Sources, Biological Effects, Emissions and Exposures. Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-Ionizing Radiation at UNITEN ICNIR2003 Electromagnetic Fields and Our Health October 20- 22http://

[10] Cadossi, R., Emilia, G., & Torelli, G. (1988a). Lymphocytes and pulsing magnetic

[11] Cadossi, R., et al. (1988b). Effect of low-frequency low-energy pulsing electromagnet‐ ic fields on mice undergoing bone marrow transplantation. *Intl j of immunopath and*

[12] Cossarizza, A., et al. (1989). a Extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields increase cell proliferation in lymphocytes from young and aged subjects. Biochem Bi‐

[13] Cossarizza, A., et al. (1989b). Extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields increase interleukin-2 (IL-2) utilization in IL-2 receptor expressionin mitogen-stimu‐

[14] Cossarizza, A., et al. (1989c). DNA repair after irradiation in lymphocytes exposed to

[15] Mi, Y., Sun, C., Yao, C., Xiong, L., Wang, S., Luo, X., & Hu, L. (2007). Effect of steep pulsed electric fields on the immune response of tumor-bearing Wistar mice. *Sheng*

[16] Traitcheva, N., Angelova, P., Radeva, M., & Berg, H. (2003). ELF fields and photooxi‐

[17] Darouiche, R. (2001). Device-associated infections: a macroproblem that starts with

[18] Harris, L., & Richards, R. (2006). Staphylococci and implant surfaces: A review. *In‐*

[19] Saakatian-Elahi, M., Teyssou, R., & Vanhems, P. (2008). Staphylococcus aureus, the major pathogen in orthopaedic and cardiac surgical site infections. *Int J. Surg*, 6(3),

[20] Akan, Z., Aksu, B., Tulunay, A., Bilsel, S., & Inhan-Garip, A. (2010). Extremely lowfrequency electromagnetic fields affect the immune response of monocyte-derived

[21] Bassett, A., Carpenter, D., & Ayrapetyan, S. (1994). Therapeutic uses of electric and magnetic fields in orthopedics. *Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields: Benefi‐*

[22] Trock, D. (2000). Electromagnetic Fields and Magnets: Investigational Treatment for

dation yielding lethal effects on cancer cells. *Bioelectromagnetics*, 148-150.

microadherence. Clinical Infectious Disease , 33(9), 1567-1572.

macrophages to pathogens. *Bioelectromagnetics*, 603-612.

*cial and Harmful Effects,. II(San Diego: Academic Press):*, 13-48.

Musculoskeletal Disorders. Rheum Dis Clin North Am , 26(1), 51-62.

lated human lymphocytes from old subjects. *FEBS.*, 248(141-144).

*Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi*, 24(2), 253-256.

low-frequency pulsed eletromagnetic fields. *Radiat Res*, 118, 161-168.

field. *In A.A. Marino ed Modern Bioelectricity. Marcel Dekker, Inc: New York*.

www.who.int/peh-emf/meetings/archive/en/keynote3ng.pdf

*pharm*, 1, 57-62.

120 Alternative Medicine

*jury*, S3-S14.

238-245.

ophys Res Commun , 160, 692-698.


[36] Weintraub, M., & Cole, S. P. (2004). Pulsed magnetic field therapy in refractory neu‐ ropathic pain secondary to peripheral neuropathy: electrodiagnostic parameters--pi‐ lot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair , 18(1), 42-46.

[48] Navaratil, L., Hlavaty, V., & Landsingerova, E. (1993). Possible Therapeutic Applica‐

Energy Medicine

123

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

[49] Lappin, M., et al. (2003). Effects of a pulsed electromagnetic therapy on multiple scle‐ rosis fatigue and quality of life: a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Altern Ther

[50] Sherman, R., Acosta, N., & Robso, L. (1999). Treatment of migraine headaches with pulsing electromagnetic fields: A double blind, placebo controlled study. *Headache.*,

[51] Sisken, B. (1992). Nerve regeneration: implicaiton for clinincal application of electri‐ cal stimulation. Paper presented at the 1st World Congress for Electricity and Mag‐

[52] Hillier-Kolarov, V., & Pekaric-Nadj, N. (1992). PEMF Therapy as an Additional Ther‐

[53] Hulme, J., et al. (2002). Electromagnetic Fields for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis.

[54] Dallari, D. (2009). Effects of pulsed electromagnetic stimulation on patients undergo‐ ing hip revision prostheses: A randomized prospective double-blind study. *Bioelec‐*

[55] Shupak, N. (2003). Therapeutic Uses of Pulsed Magnetic Field Exposure. Radio Sci‐

[56] Gaafar, E., et al. (2006). Stimulation and control of E. coli by using an extremely low-

[57] Jeran, M. (1987). PEMF Stimulation of Skin Ulcers of Venous Origina in Humans: Preliminary Report of a Double Blind Study. *Bioelectromagnetics*, 6(2), 181-188.

[58] Binder, A. (1984). Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy of persistent rotator cuff ten‐

[59] Thuilea, C., & Walzlb, M. (2002). Evaluation of electromagnetic fields in the treat‐ ment of pain in patients with lumbar radiculopathy or the whiplash syndrome. *Neu‐*

[60] Man, D. (1997). Effect of Permanent Magnetic Field on Postoperative Pain and Wound Healing in Plastic Surgery. *Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism*

[61] Levin, M. (2009). Bioelectric mechanisms in regeneration: unique aspects and furture

[62] Levin, M. (2012). Molecular bioelectricity in developmental biology: New tools and

tions of Pulsed Magnetic Fields. *Cas Lek Cesk*, 132(9), 590-594.

netism in Biology and Medicine, (Orlando, FL),June , 14-19.

Cochrane Review, Cochrane Library, Oxford CD003523, 1

frequency magnetic field. *Romanian J. Biophys*, 16(4), 283-296.

apy for Oral Diseases. *EuroBioelectromag Assoc, (1st Congress)*, 23-25.

Health Med , 9(4), 38-48.

39(8), 567-575.

*tromagnetics*, 423-430.

ence Bulletin (December): , 307, 9-32.

dinitis. Lancet , 8379, 695-698.

*roRehabilitation*, 17(1), 63-67.

perspectives. *Semin Cell Dev Biol*, 20(5), 543-556.

recent discoveries. *Bioessays*, 205-217.

*in Biology and Medicine*.


[48] Navaratil, L., Hlavaty, V., & Landsingerova, E. (1993). Possible Therapeutic Applica‐ tions of Pulsed Magnetic Fields. *Cas Lek Cesk*, 132(9), 590-594.

[36] Weintraub, M., & Cole, S. P. (2004). Pulsed magnetic field therapy in refractory neu‐ ropathic pain secondary to peripheral neuropathy: electrodiagnostic parameters--pi‐

[37] Jasti, A., Wetzel, B. J., Aviles, H., Vesper, D. N., Nindl, G., & Johnson, M. T. (2001). Effect of a wound healing electromagnetic field on inflammatory cytokine gene ex‐

[38] Rosenberg, P., et al. (2002). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression. *The Journal of Neu‐*

[39] Sutbeyaz, S., et al. (2009). Low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in fi‐ bromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical study. Clin J Pain ,

[40] Arendash, G., Sanchez-Ramos, J., Mori, T., Mamcarz, M., Lin, X., Runfeldt, M., Wang, L., Zhang, G., Sava, V., Tan, J., & Cao, C. (2010). Electromagnetic field treatment pro‐ tects against and reverses cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease mice. *J Alz‐*

[41] Wagner, T., Rushmore, J., Eden, U., & Valero-Cabre, A. (2009). Biophysical founda‐ tions underlying TMS: setting the stage for an effective use of neurostimulation in

[42] Lee, P., et al. (2006). Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic therapy for chronic lower back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Int Med Res ,

[43] Barbault, A., Costa, F., Bottger, B., Munden, R., Bomholt, F., Kuster, N., & Pasche, B. (2009). Amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields for the treatment of cancer: dis‐ covery of tumor-specific frequencies and assessment of a novel therapeutic ap‐

[44] Weintraub, M., & Cole, S. (2008). A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of a Combination of Static and Dynamic Fields on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Amer Acad

[45] Iurlov, V., Eksareva, T., & Dolodarenko, V. (1989). The Efficacy of the Use of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Chronic Bronchitis. *Voen Med Zh*, 3, 35-36.

[46] Bukanovich, O., et al. (1996). Sinusoidally-modulated currents in the therapy of chronic gastroduodenitis in children. *Von Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult*, 2, 22-26.

[47] Smith, A., Conneely, K., Kilaru, V., Mercer, K., Weiss, T., Bradley, B., Tang, Y., Gilles‐ pie, C., Cubells, J., & Ressler, K. (2011). Differential immune system DNA methyla‐ tion and cytokine regulation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Am J Med Genet B

lot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair , 18(1), 42-46.

pression in rats. Biomed Sci Instrum , 37, 209-214.

*ropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences*, 270-276.

the cognitive neurosciences. *Cortex*, 1025-1034.

proach. J Exp Clin Cancer Res , 28(51-60)

Neuropsychiatr Genet , 156B(6), 700-708.

Pain Med,. 9(5): , 493-504.

25(8), 722-728.

122 Alternative Medicine

*heimers Dis*, 19, 191.

34(2), 160-167.


[63] Cifra, M., Fields, J., & Farhadi, A. (2011). Electromagnetic cellular interactions. *Prog‐ ress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology*, 223-246.

[78] Tofani, S., Barone, D., Cintorino, M., De Santi, M., Ferrara, A., Orlassino, R., Ossola, P., Peroglio, F., Rolfo, K., & Ronchetto, F. (2001). Static and elf magnetic fields induce

Energy Medicine

125

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

[79] Santini, M., Ferrante, A., Rainaldi, G., Indovina, P., & Indovina, P. (2005). Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields andapoptosis: a review. *Internat J Rad Biol*, 81(1),

[80] Takahashi, K., Kaneki, I., Date, M., & Fukada, E. (1986). Effect of pulsing electromag‐ netic fields on DNA synthesis in mammalian cells in culture. Cellular and Molecular

[81] Litovitz, T., Krause, D., Montrose, C., & Mullins, J. (1994). Temporally incoherent magnetic fields mitigate the response of biological systems to temporally cohreent

[82] Goodman, R., Bassett, C., & Henderson, A. (1983). Pulsing electromagnetic fields in‐

[83] Goodman, R., & Henderson, A. (1988). Exposure of salivary gland cells to low-fre‐ quency electromagnetic fields alters polypeptide synthesis. Proceed Nat Acad Sci

[84] Sun, W., Chiang, H., Fu, Y., Yu, Y., Xie, H., & Lu, D. (2001). Exposure to 50 Hz elec‐ tromagnetic field induces the phosphorylation and activity of stress-activated protein

[85] Wolf, F., Torsello, A., Tedesco, B., Fasanella, S., Boninsegna, A., D'Ascenzo, M., Grassi, C., Azzena, G., & Cittadini, A. (2005). 50-Hz extremely low frequency electro‐ magnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and DNA damage; possible involvement of redox mechanism. *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) Molecular Cell Research*,

[86] Regoli, F., Gorbi, S., Machella, N., Tedesco, S., Benedetti, M., Bocchetti, R., Notti, A., Gattorini, D., Piva, F., & Principato, G. (2005). Pro-oxidant effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in the land snail Helix aspersa. Free Radical biol

[87] Golfert, F., Hofer, A., Thummler, M., Bauer, H., & Funk, R. (2001). Extremely low fre‐ quency electromagnetic fields and heat shock can increase microvesicle motility in

[88] Zrimec, A., Jerman, I., & Lahajnar, G. (2002). Alternating electric fields stimulate ATP

[89] Paksy, K., Thuroczy, G., Forgacs, Z., Lazar, P., & Gaati, I. (2000). Influence of sinusoi‐ dal 50-Hz magnetic field on cultured human ovarian granulosa cells. Electromag Biol

synthesis in Escherichia coli. *Cell Mol Biol Letters*, 7(1), 172-175.

tumor inhibition and apoptosis. *Bioelectromagnetics*, 22(6), 419-428.

1-11.

Life Sciences , 42(2), 185-186.

USA , 85(11), 3928.

1743(1-2), 120-129.

Med , 19(1), 91-97.

and med , 39(12), 1620-1628.

astrocytes. *Bioelectromagnetics*, 71-78.

magnetic fields. *bioelectromagnetics*, 15(5), 399-410.

duce cellular transcription. Science , 220(4603), 1283.

kinase in cultures cells. Electromag Biol Med , 20(3), 415-423.


[78] Tofani, S., Barone, D., Cintorino, M., De Santi, M., Ferrara, A., Orlassino, R., Ossola, P., Peroglio, F., Rolfo, K., & Ronchetto, F. (2001). Static and elf magnetic fields induce tumor inhibition and apoptosis. *Bioelectromagnetics*, 22(6), 419-428.

[63] Cifra, M., Fields, J., & Farhadi, A. (2011). Electromagnetic cellular interactions. *Prog‐*

[64] Burr, H., & Northrop, F. (1935). The electrodynamic theory of life. *Quarterly Review of*

[65] Marino, A., & Becker, R. (1977). Biological effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: a review. *Physiological Chemistry and Physics*, 131-147.

[66] Adey, W. (1980). Frequency and power windowing in tissue interaction with weak

[67] Robinson, K. (1985). The responses of cells to electrical fields: a review. *Journal of Cell*

[68] Frey, A. (1993). Electromagnetic field interactions with biological systems. FASB J ,

[69] Hong, F. (1995). Magnetic field effects on biomolecules, cells and living organisms.

[70] Volpe, P. (2003). Interactions of zero-frequency and oscillating magnetic fields with biostructures and biosystems. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences , 2(6),

[71] Funk, R., & Monsees, T. (2006). Effects of electromagnetic fields on cells: physiologi‐ cal and therapeutical approaches and moleclular mechanisms of interaction. *Cell Tis‐*

[72] Funk, R., Monsees, T., & Ozkucur, N. (2009). Electromagnetic effects: from cell biolo‐ gy to medicine. Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 43(4), 177-264.

[73] Foletti, A., Lisi, A., Ledda, M., de Carlo, F., & Grimaldi, S. (2009). Cellular ELF signals as a possible to in informative medicine. Electromag Biol Med , 28(1), 71-79.

[74] Lisi, A., Foletti, A., Ledda, M., Rosola, E., Giuliani, L., D'Emilia, E., & Grimaldi, S. (2006). Extremely low frequency 7 Hz 100 uT electromagnetic radiation promotes dif‐ ferentiation in the human peithelial cell line HaCaT. *Electromag Biol Med*, 25(4),

[75] Ventura, C., Maioli, M., Asara, Y., santoni, D., Mesirca, P., Remondini, D., & Bersani, F. (2005). Turning on stem cell cardiogenesis with extremely low frequency magnetic

[76] Ross, S. (2005). Combined DC and ELF magnetif fields can alter cell proliferation. *Bio‐*

[77] Tian, F., Nakahara, T., Yoshida, M., Honda, N., Hirose, H., & Miyakoshi, J. (2002). Ex‐ posure to power frequency magnetic fields suppresses X-ray induced apoptosis tran‐ siently in Ku80-deficient xrs5 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 292(2), 355-361.

*ress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology*, 223-246.

electromagnetic fields. *Proceedings of the IEEE*, 119-125.

*Biology*, 10(3), 322-333.

*Biology*, 101(6), 2023-2027.

Biosystems , 36(3), 187-229.

*sues Organs*, 182(2), 59-78.

fields. FASB J , 19, 155-7.

*electromagnetics*, 11(1), 27-36.

7(2), 272.

124 Alternative Medicine

637-648.

269-280.


[90] Kula, B., Sobczak, A., & Kuska, R. (2000). Effects of static and ELF magnetic fields on free-radical processes in rat liver and kidney. Electromag Biol Med , 19(1), 99-105.

[104] Gómez-Ochoa, I., Gómez-Ochoa, P., Gómez-Casal, F., Cativiela, E., & Larrad-Mur, L. (2011). Pulsed electromagnetic fields decrease proinflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1β and TNF-α) on human fibroblast-like cell culture. *Rheumatol Int*, 31(10),

Energy Medicine

127

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

[105] Benazzo, F., Cadossi, M., Cavani, F., Fini, M., Giavaresi, G., Setti, S., Cadossi, R., & Giardino, R. (2008). Cartilage repair with osteochondral autografts in sheep: effect of biophysical stimulation with pulsed electromagnetic fields. J Orthop Res , 26(5),

[106] Markov, M., & Colbert, A. P. (2001). Magnetic and electromagnetic field therapy.

[107] Bassett, A. (1994). Biological effects of elctrical and magnetic fields. *Academic Press,*

[108] Yost, M., & Liburdy, R. P. (1992). Time-varying and static magnetic fields act in com‐ bination to alter calcium signal transduction in the lymphocyte. *FEBS Letters*, 117-122.

[109] Selvam, R. K. G., Narayana, R., Raju, K., Gangadharan, A., Manohar, B., & Puvanak‐ rishnan, R. (2007). Low frequency and low intensity pulsed electromagnetic field ex‐ erts its anti-inflammatory effect through restoration of plasma membrane calcium

[110] Balcavage, W., Alvager, T., Swez, J., Goff, C. W., Fox, M. T., Abdullyava, S., & King, M. W. (1996). A mechanism of action of extremely low frequency electromagnetic

[111] Ubeda, A., Enrique, M. D., Pascual, M. A., & Parreno, A. (1997). Hematological changes in rats exposed to weak electromagnetic fields. *Life Sci*, 61, 1651-1656. [112] Nelson, F., Zvirbulis, R., & Pilla, A. (2010). The use of a specific pulsed electromag‐ netic field (PEMF) in treating early knee osteoarthritis. *Trans 56th Annual Orthopaedic*

[113] Robinson, A., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2007). Clinical Electrophysiology: Electrothera‐ py and Electrophysiologic Testing (Third ed.). *Lippincott Williams & Wilkins*.

[114] Johnson, M., & Martinson, M. (2006). Efficacy of electrical nerve stimulation for chronic musculoskeletal pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. *Pain*,

[115] Dubinsky, R., & Miyasaki, J. (2010). Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidencebased review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee

[116] Hug, K., & Röösli, M. (2012). Therapeutic effects of whole-body devices applying pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF): A systematic literature review. *Bioelectromag‐*

of the American Academy of Neurology. *Neurology*, 74(2), 173-176.

fields on biological systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 222, 374-378.

Journal of Back Musculoskeletal Rehab , 15, 17-29.

ATPase activity. *Life Sci*, 80, 2403-2410.

*Research Society Meeting,. New Orleans, LA*, 1034.

1283-1289.

631-642.

*Inc.,,. San Diego*, 13-48.

130(1), 157-165.

*netics*, 95-105.


[104] Gómez-Ochoa, I., Gómez-Ochoa, P., Gómez-Casal, F., Cativiela, E., & Larrad-Mur, L. (2011). Pulsed electromagnetic fields decrease proinflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1β and TNF-α) on human fibroblast-like cell culture. *Rheumatol Int*, 31(10), 1283-1289.

[90] Kula, B., Sobczak, A., & Kuska, R. (2000). Effects of static and ELF magnetic fields on free-radical processes in rat liver and kidney. Electromag Biol Med , 19(1), 99-105. [91] Milani, M., Ballerini, M., Ferraro, L., Zabeo, M., Barberis, M., Cannone, M., & Faleri, M. (2001). Magnetic field effects on human lumphocytes. *Electromag Biol Med*, 20(1),

[92] Jandova, A., Hurych, J., Pokorny, J., Coeek, A., Trojan, S., Nedbalova, M., & Dohnalo‐ va, A. (2001). Effects of sinusoidal magnetic field on adherence inbition of leukocytes.

[93] Mc Leod, K., Rubin, C. T., & Donahue, H. J. (1995). Electromagnetic fields in bone re‐

[94] Otter, M., Mc Leod, K. J., & Rubin, C. T. (1998). Effects of electromagnetic fields in

[95] Bersani, F., Marinelli, F., Ognibene, A., Matteucci, A., Cecchi, S., Santi, S., Squarzoni, S., & Maraldi, N. M. (1997). Intramembrane protein distribution in cell cultures is af‐

[96] Gordon, G. (2007). Designed electromagnetic pulsed therapy: clinical applications. J

[97] Schild, L., Plumeyer, F., & Reiser, G. (2005). Ca(2+) rise within a narrow window of concentration prevents functional injury of mitochondria exposed to hypoxia/reoxy‐

[98] Ikehara, T., Yamaguchi, H., Hosokawa, K., Houchi, H., Park, K. H., Minakuchi, K., Kashimoto, H., Kitamura, M., Kinouchi, Y., Yoshizaki, K., & Miyamoto, H. (2005). Ef‐ fects of a time-varying strong magnetic field on transient increase in Ca2+ release in‐ duced by cytosolic Ca2+ in cultured pheochromocytoma cells. Biochim Biophys

[99] Lieb, R., Regelson, W., West, B., Jordan, R. L., & De Paola, D. P. (1980). Effect of pulsed high frequency electromagnetic radiation on embryonic mouse tissue palate

[100] Mc Leod, B., Liboff, A. R., & Smith, S. D. (1992). Electromagnetic gating of ion chan‐

[101] Baureus, Koch. C., Sommarin, M., Persson, B. R., Salford, L. G., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2003). Interaction between weak low frequency magnetic fields and cell membranes.

[102] Rosen, A. (2003). Mechanism of action of moderate intensity static magnetic fields on

[103] Ciombor, D., Aaron, R. K., Wang, S., & Simon, B. (2003). Modification of osteoarthri‐ tis by pulsed electromagnetic field--a morphological study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage ,

biological systems. Cell Biochem Biophys , 39, 163-173.

genation by increasing antioxidative defense. *FEBS J*, 272(22), 5844-5852.

fected by 50 Hz pulsed magnetic fields. *Bioelectromagnetics*, 463-469.

81-106.

126 Alternative Medicine

*Electromag Biol Med*, 20(3), 397-413.

Cell Physiol , 212(3), 579-582.

in vitro. *J Dent Res*, 59(1649-1652).

nels. J Theor Biol , 158, 15-31.

*Bioelectromagnetics*, 395-402.

11(6), 455-462.

Acta , 1724, 8-16.

pair and adaptation. Radio Sci , 30, 233-244.

experimental fracture repair. Clin Orthop , 355, S90-104.


[117] Benor, D. (2002). Energy Medicine for the Internist. Medical Clinics of North Ameri‐ ca , 86(1), 105-125.

[132] Lin, J., & Chen, Y. The role of acupuncture in cancer supportive care. Am J Chin Med

Energy Medicine

129

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

[133] Jones, L., Othman, M., Dowswell, T., Alfirevic, Z., Gates, S., Newburn, M., Jordan, S., Lavender, T., & Neilson, J. (2012). Pain management for women in labour: an over‐

view of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Mar 14;CD009234., 3 [134] Itoh, K., Asai, S., Ohyabu, H., Ima,i, K., & Kitakoji, H. (2012). Effects of trigger point acupuncture treatment on temporomandibular disorders: a preliminary randomized

[135] Baumelou, A., Liu, B., Wang, X., & Nie, G. (2011). Perspectives in clinical research of acupuncture on menopausal symptoms. Chin J Integr Med , 17(12), 893-897.

[136] Ganguly, G. (2011). Acupuncture may be helpful only for patients with comorbid in‐ somnia secondary to chronic pain syndromes. J Clin Sleep Med , 7(4), 411.

[137] Huang, D., Huang, G., Lu, F., Stefan, D., Andreas, N., & Robert, G. (2011). Acupunc‐ ture for infertility: is it an effective therapy? *Chin J Integr Med*, 17(5), 386-395.

[138] Woodman, J., & Moore, N. (2012). Evidence for the effectiveness of Alexander Tech‐ nique lessons in medical and health-related conditions: a systematic review. Int J Clin

[139] James, L. (2008). Bowen Technique for back pain and other conditions. *Positive*

[140] Carter, B. (2001). A pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness of Bowen technique in the management of clients with frozen shoulder. Complement Ther Med , 9, 208-215.

[142] Shapiro, G. (2004). The Bowen Technique for pain relief. *Positive Health Phys*, 48-51.

[143] Slater, V. (1995). Toward an understanding of energetic healing, Part 1: Energetic

[144] Curtis, P., Gaylord, S., Park, J., Faurot, K., Coble, R., Suchindran, C., Coeytaux, R., Wilkinson, L., & Mann, J. (2011). Credibility of low-strength static magnet therapy as an attention control intervention for a randomized controlled study of CranioSacral

therapy for migraine headaches. J Altern Complement Med , 17(8), 711-721.

complementary paradigm. Altern Ther Health Med , 14(1), 44-54.

chotherapy theory, research, practice, training , 45(2), 199-213.

[146] Association, f.c.e.p. (2012). http://www.energypsych.orgRetrieved January 4,.

[145] Feinstein, D., & Eden, D. (2008). Six pillars of energy medicine: clinical strengths of a

[147] Feinstein, D. (2008). a Energy psychology: a review of the preliminary evidence. Psy‐

[148] Ullmann, G., Williams, H., Hussey, J., Durstine, J., & Mc Clenaghan, B. (2010). Effects of Feldenkrais exercises on balance, mobility, balance confidence, and gait perform‐

clinical trial. J Acupunct Meridian Stud , 5(2), 57-62.

[141] Stiles, K. (2003). Bowtech. *Massage Ther J*, 42, 94-104.

structures. J Holist Nurs , 13(3), 209-224.

40012. 2 , 219-229.

Pract , 66(1), 98-112.

*Health.*, 143(38-39).


[117] Benor, D. (2002). Energy Medicine for the Internist. Medical Clinics of North Ameri‐

[118] Connor, M., Tau, G., & Schwartz, G. (2006). Oscillation of Amplitude as Measured by an Extra Low Frequency Magnetic Field Meter as a Physical Measure of Intentionali‐

[119] Connor, M., Flores, M., & Schwartz, G. (2004). The use of Triaxial ELF Magnetic Field Meter measurements as a predictor of capacity in Energy Medicine Practitioners in a

[120] Hippocrates, (2012). The Hippocratic Oath. Translated by Michael North: National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, retrieved(Hippocratic oath,

[121] Zimmerman, J. (1990). Laying on of hands healing and therapeutic touch: a testable

[122] Korenstein, R., & Levin, A. (1990). Membrane fluctuations in erythrocytes are linked to mGATP-dependent dynamic assembly of the membrane skeleton. *Biophysical Jour‐*

[123] Tuvia, S., Almagor, A., Bitler, A., Levin, S., Korenstein, R., & Yedgar, S. (1997). Cell membrane fluctuation are regulated by medium macroviscosity: evidence for a meta‐ bolic driving force. Proceeding of National Academy of Science USA 94 , 5045-5049.

[124] Tuvia, S., Moses, A., Nathan, G., Levin, S., & Korenstein, R. (1999). adrenergic ago‐ nists regulate cell membrane fluctuations of human erythrocytes. *Journal of physiolo‐*

[125] Popescu, G., Badizadegan, K., Dasari, R., & Field, M. (2006). Coherence properties of red blood cell membrane motions. Journal of Biomedical Optics Letters. , 11(4),

[126] Popescu, G., Park-K, Y., Dasari, R., Badizadegan, K., & Feld, M. (2007). Coherence properties of red blood cell membrane motions. *Physical Review*, E 76, 031902.

[128] Rubik, B. (2002). The Biofield Hypothesis: its biophysical basis and role in medicine. J

[129] Hunt, V. (2000). Infinite Mind: Science of the Human Vibrations of Consciousness.

[130] Hsieh, L., et al. (2006). Treatment of low back pain by acupressure and physical ther‐

[131] Pierce, B. (2007). The use of biofield therapies in cancer care. Clin J Oncol Nurs ,

[127] Dirac, P. (1930). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Clarendon Press, Oxford

ca , 86(1), 105-125.

128 Alternative Medicine

nlm.nih.gov).

*nal*, 773-737.

*gy*, 516(3), 781-792.

040503.

11(2), 253-258.

ty. *Toward a Science of Consciousness*.

theory. *J Bioelectromag Inst*, 2, 8-17.

Altern Complem Medicine , 8(6), 703-713.

apy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ , 25(332), 696-700.

Malibu, CA: Malibu Publishing Co

research setting. World Qi Gong Congress,


ance in community-dwelling adults age 65 and older. J Altern Complement Med , 16(1), 97-105.

[164] Foster, K., Liskin, J., Cen, S., Abbott, A., Armisen, V., Globe, D., Knox, L., Mitchell, M., Shtir, C., & Azen, S. (2004). The Trager approach in the treatment of chronic

Energy Medicine

131

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52818

[165] Galantino, M., Greene, L., Archetto, B., Baumgartner, M., Hassall, P., Murphy, J., Umstetter, J., & Desai, K. (2012). A qualitative exploration of the impact of yoga on breast cancer survivors with aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgias. Explore ,

[166] Büssing, A., Ostermann, T., Lüdtke, R., & Michalsen, A. (2012). Effects of yoga inter‐ ventions on pain and pain-associated disability: a meta-analysis. J Pain , 13(1), 1-9.

[167] White, L. (2012). Reducing stress in school-age girls through mindful yoga. J Pediatr

[168] Cabral, P., Meyer, H., & Ames, D. (2011). Effectiveness of yoga therapy as a comple‐ mentary treatment for major psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. Prim Care Com‐

[169] Anderson, J., & Taylor, A. (2011). Effects of healing touch in clinical practice: a sys‐ tematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Holist Nurs , 29(3), 221-228.

[170] Hart, L., Freel, M., Haylock, P., & Lutgendorf, S. (2011). The use of healing touch in

[171] Mills, P., & Jain, S. (2010). Biofield therapies and psychoneuroimmunology. *Brain Be‐*

integrative oncology. Clin J Oncol Nurs , 15(5), 519-525.

headache: a pilot study. *Altern Ther Health Med*, 10(5), 40-46.

8(1), 40-47.

Health Care , 26(1), 45-56.

panion CNS Disord , 13(4), 8.

*hav Immun*, 24(8), 1229-1230.


[164] Foster, K., Liskin, J., Cen, S., Abbott, A., Armisen, V., Globe, D., Knox, L., Mitchell, M., Shtir, C., & Azen, S. (2004). The Trager approach in the treatment of chronic headache: a pilot study. *Altern Ther Health Med*, 10(5), 40-46.

ance in community-dwelling adults age 65 and older. J Altern Complement Med ,

[149] Wardell, D., & Weymouth, K. (2004). Review of studies of Healing Touch. *Journal of*

[150] Krucoff, M. (2005). Healing touch, music, relaxation a plus for heart surgery patients.

[151] Post-White, J., Kinney, M., Savik, K., Gau, J., Wilcox, C., & Lerner, I. (2003). Thera‐ peutic massage and healing touch improve symptoms in cancer. Integr Cancer Ther ,

[152] Terwee, C. (2008). Succesful treatment of food allergy with Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques (NAET) in a 3-year old: A case report. Cases J , 1(1), 166.

[154] Mustian, K., Roscoe, J., Palesh, O., Sprod, L., Heckler, C., Peppone, L., Usuki, K., Ling, M., Brasacchio, R., & Morrow, G. (2011). Polarity Therapy for Cancer-Related Fatigue in Patients With Breast Cancer Receiving Radiation Therapy: A Randomized

[155] Korn, L., Logsdon, R., Polissar, N., Gomez-Beloz, A., waters, T., & Tyser, R. (2009). A Randomized Trial of a CAM Therapy for Stress Reduction in American Indian and

[156] Olson, K., Hanson, J., & Michaud, M. (2003). A Phase II Trial of Reiki for the Manage‐ ment of Pain in Advanced Cancer Patients. *Journal of Pain and Symptom Management*.

[157] Baldwin, A., Wagers, C., & Schwartz, G. (2008). Reiki improves heart rate homeosta‐

[158] Lucas, M., & Olson, K. (1997). Reiki To Manage Pain. *Cancer Prevention and Control*, 1,

[159] James, H., Castaneda, L., Miller, M., & Findley, T. (2009). Rolfing structural integra‐ tion treatment of cervical spine dysfunction. J Bodyw Mov Ther , 13(3), 229-238.

[160] Denison, B. (2004). Touch the pain away: new research on therapeutic touch and per‐

[161] Gordon, A., Merenstein, J., Di Amico, F., & Hudgens, D. (1998). The effects of thera‐ peutic touch on patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Journal of Family Practice ,

[162] Woodsa, D., Beckb, C., & Sinha, K. (2009). The Effect of Therapeutic Touch on Behav‐

[163] Larden, C., Palmer, L., & Janssen, P. (2004). Therapeutic Touch Eases Anxiety for Pregnant, Chemically Dependent Women. *Journal of Holistic Nursing*, 22(4), 320-332.

ioral Symptoms and Cortisol in Persons with Dementia. 16(3), 181-189.

sons with fibromyalgia syndrome. Holist Nurs Pract , 18(3), 142-151.

[153] Association, A.P.T., APTA. (2003). Standards for Practice. *Fourth Edition:*, 2.

Controlled Pilot Study. Integr Cancer Ther , 10(1), 27-37.

Alaskan Native Family Caregivers. The Gerontologist , 32, 1-10.

sis in laboratory rats. J Altern Complement Med , 14(4), 417-422.

16(1), 97-105.

130 Alternative Medicine

*The Lancet*.

2(4), 332-344.

108-113.

47, 271-277.

*Nursing Scholarship Image*, 36(2), 147-154.


**Chapter 7**

**Propolis: Alternative Medicine for the Treatment of Oral**

Bees are arthropods of Hymenoptera order and are classified into two groups based on their type of life: solitary and social life. Propolis is produced by bees that live socially, from the harvesting of products derived from plants and used to seal and protect the hive against intruders and natural phenomena [1]. Propolis term derives from the Greek Pro, "opposite, the entry" and polis, "city or community" [2,3]. Propolis is a natural substance collected by *Apis mellifera* bees in several plant species. It has been used in folk medicine for centuries [2,4]. Characteristically, it is a lipophilic material, hard and brittle when cold, but soft, flexible and very sticky when warm. Hence the name "beeswax" [5]. It has characteristic odor and shows adhesive properties of oils and interact strongly with skin proteins [6]. The composition of propolis is complex [7,8]. Some factors, such as the botanical origin of propolis and its time of collection can influence the chemical composition of this resinous material [9]. The color of propolis varies from yellowish green to dark brown, depending on location - savannah, tropical forests, desert, coastal and mountainous regions - where it is produced. [10,11,12]. Propolis is used by bees to protect against the entry of microorganisms, fungi and bacteria in the hive, and as a sealing material for preventing the entry of light and moisture inside. It is also used to line the comb, to allow the deposition of eggs by the queen, and to embalm small dead animals (beetles and insects) that usually bees could not take into the hive, preventing

Interest in the pharmacological action of natural products has grown and found significant popular acceptance. Among these products, propolis has been highlighted due to its applica‐ bility in the food industry and cosmetics, to be used as the active ingredient in several products, among which include toothpastes and skin lotions [13]. Also available in the form of a capsule (pure or combined), extract (hydroalcoholic or glycolic acid), mouthwash (combined with

> © 2012 Santos; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Microbial Diseases**

Vagner Rodrigues Santos

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54003

**1. Introduction**

its putrefaction.3,5,7].

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
