**Author details**

Li Xuan, Zhaoliang Cao, Quanquan Mu, Lifa Hu and Zenghui Peng

State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin Changchun, China

### **References**

pared to the conventional couple reaction method, this synthesis route improves the total

It has rarely been reported that LCs with a very low rotational viscosity were mixed to high Δ*n* LCs in order to improve response performance. However, Peng et al. introduce a type of

prove the response performance of NCS LCs. The chemical structure is shown in Fig. 30. When the material was mixed to NCS LCs with a high Δ*n*, the visco-elastic coefficient of mixture decreased noticeably, the LC mixture approximately maintained high birefringence,

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, with Grant

State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and

s-1

O) LCs with a very low rotational viscosity so as to im‐

at 7% concentration [95].

**Figure 29.** The synthesis of isothiocyanato tolane LC compound using electronation reaction.

reaction yield [94].

92 Adaptive Optics Progress

difluorooxymethylene-bridged (CF2

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**

and the *FoM* value increased from 14.8 to 16.9 µm2

Nos. 50703039, 60736042, 11174274 and 11174279.

**Figure 30.** Chemical structure of difluorooxymethylene- bridged LC compound.

Li Xuan, Zhaoliang Cao, Quanquan Mu, Lifa Hu and Zenghui Peng

Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin Changchun, China


[22] A.V. Kudryashov, J. Gonglewski, S. Browne, R. Highland. Opt. Comm. 141, 247-253 (1997).

[41] Zhaoliang Cao, Li Xuan, Lifa Hu, Yongjun Liu, Quanquan Mu, Dayu Li. Optics Ex‐

Liquid Crystal Wavefront Correctors http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54265 95

[42] Lifa Hu, Li Xuan, Yongjun Liu, Zhaogliang Cao, Dayu Li, QuanQuan Mu. Optics Ex‐

[44] A. Awwal, B. Bauman, D. Gavel, S. S. Olivier, S. Jones, J. L. Hardy, T. Barnes, J. S.

[46] X. Wang, D. Wilson, R. Muller, P. Maker, D. Psaltis. Applied Optics, 39, 6545-6555

[51] M. Reicherter, T. Haist, E. U. Wagemann, H. J. Tiziani. Optics Letters, 24, 608-610

[52] W. Hossack, E. Theofanidou, J. Crain, K. Heggarty, M. Birch. Optics Express, 11,

[54] S. Krueger, G. Wernicke, H. Gruber, N. Demoli, M. Duerr, S. Teiwes. SPIE, 4294,

[55] G. Wernicke, S. Kruger, H. Gruber, N. Demoli, M. Durr, S. Teiwes. SPIE, 4596,

[57] I. Moreno, A. Marquez, J. Nicolas, J. Campos, M. J. Yzuel. SPIE, 5456, 186-196 (2004).

[59] L. Scolari, T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Riishede, A. Bjarklev, D. S. Hermann, Anawati, M. D.

[60] J. D. Schmidt, M. E. Goda, B. D. Duncan. SPIE, 6711, 67110M.1-67110M.12 (2007).

[61] L. Hu, L. Xuan, Z. Cao, Q. Mu, D. Li, Y. Liu. Optics Express, 14, 11911-11918 (2006).

[62] K. Hirabayashi, T. Yamamoto, M. Yamaguchi. "Free space optical interconnections with liquid crystal microprism arrays," Applied Optics, Vol. 34, 2571-2580 (1995).

[43] F. V. Martin, P. M. Prieto, P. Artal. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 15, 2552-2562 (1998).

press, 13, 1059-1065 (2005).

press, 12, 6403-6409 (2004).

(2000).

(1999).

2053-2059 (2003).

84-91 (2001).

182-190 (2001).

Werner. SPIE, 5169, 104-122 (2003).

[48] J. Stockley, S. Serati. SPIE, 5550, 32-39 (2004).

[45] W. Quan, Z. Wang, G. Mu, L. Ning. Optik, 114, 1-5 (2003).

[50] S. Serati, J. Stockley. SPIE, 5894, 58940K.1-58940K.13 (2005).

[56] P. Ambs, L. Bigue, E. Hueber. SPIE, 5518, 92-103 (2004).

Nielsen, P. Bassi. Optics Express, 13, 7483-7496 (2005).

[58] V. G. Chigrinov. SPIE, 5003, 130-137 (2003).

[47] S. Serati, J. Stockley. IEEE Aerospace Conf. Proc. 3, 1395-1402, (2002).

[49] N. V. Tabiryan, S. R. Nersisyan. Applied Physics Letters, 84, 5145-5147 (2004).

[53] L. Quesada, J. Andilla, E. M. Badosa. Applied Optics, 48, 1084-1090 (2009).


[22] A.V. Kudryashov, J. Gonglewski, S. Browne, R. Highland. Opt. Comm. 141, 247-253

[23] D. C. Dayton, S. L. Browne, S. P. Sandven, J. D. Gonglewski, and A. V. Kudryashov.

[25] G. T. Bold, T. H. Barnes, J. Gourlay, R. M. Sharples, T. G. Haskell. Optics Communi‐

[26] J. Gourlay, G. D. Love, P. M. Birch, R. M. Sharples, and A. Purvis. Opt. Comm., 137,

[28] V. A. Dorezyuk, A. F. Naumov, V. I. Shmalgauzen. Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys., 34, 1384

[30] D. Dayton, J. Gonglewski, S. Restaino, J. Martin, J. Phillips, M. Hartman, S. Browne, P. Kervin, J. Snodgrass, N. Heimann, M. Shilko, R. Pohle, B. Carrion, C. Smith, D.

[31] Quanquan Mu, Zhaoliang Cao, Lifa Hu, Yonggang Liu, Zenghui Peng, Lishuang

[32] Zenghui Peng, Yonggang Liu, Lishuang Yao, Zhaoliang Cao, Quanquan Mu, Lifa

[33] Quanquan Mu, Zhaoliang Cao, Lifa Hu, Yonggang Liu, Zenghui Peng, Li Xuan. Op‐

[34] Zhaoliang Cao, Quanquan Mu, Lifa Hu, Yonggang Liu, Li Xuan. Optics Communica‐

[35] Zhaoliang Cao, Quanquan Mu, Lifa Hu, Xinghai Lu, and Li Xuan. Opt. Express, 17,

[36] Zhaoliang Cao, Quanquan Mu, Lifa Hu, Dayu Li, Zenghui Peng, Yonggang Liu, Li

[38] Zhaoliang Cao, Quanquan Mu, Lifa Hu, Dayu Li, Yonggang Liu, Lu Jin, Li Xuan.

[39] Zhaoliang Cao, Quanquan Mu, Lifa Hu, Yonggang Liu, Zenghui Peng, Li Xuan. Ap‐

[40] Quanquan Mu, ZhaoLiang Cao, Dayu Li, Lifa Hu, Li Xuan. Applied Optics, 47,

[37] Ran Zhang, Jun He, Zenghui Peng, Xuan Li. Chinese Physics B, 18, 2885-92 (2009).

(1997).

94 Adaptive Optics Progress

17-21 (1997).

(1989).

App. Opt., 37, 5579-5589 (1998).

cations, 148, 323-330 (1998).

[27] D. Bonaccini, et. al. SPIE, 2000, 96-98 (1993).

[29] W. Klaus, et. al. SPIE, 3635, 66-73 (1999).

tics Express, 18, 21687-21696 (2010)

Xuan. Opt. Express, 17, 2530-2537 (2009).

Opt. Express, 16, 7006-7013 (2008)

plied Optics, 47, 1785-1789 (2008)

tions, 283,946-950 (2010)

9330-9336 (2009).

4297-4301 (2008).

Thiel. Optics Express, 10, 1508-1519 (2002).

Yao, Li Xuan. Optics Communications, 285, 896-899 (2012)

Hu, and Li Xuan. Optics Letters, 36, 3608–3610 (2011).

[24] T. L. Kelly, G. D. Love. App. Opt., 38, 1986-1989 (1999).


[63] Y. H. Lin, M. Mahajan, D. Taber, B. Wen, B. Winker. SPIE, 5892, 58920C.1-58920C.10 (2005).

[87] A.V. Zakharov, A. V. Komolkin, A. Maliniak. Phys. Rev. E, 59, 6802-6807 (1999).

Liquid Crystal Wavefront Correctors http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54265 97

[90] S. Gauza, H. Wang, C. Wen, S. Wu, A. Seed, R. Dabrowski. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 42,

[91] S. Gauza, C. Wen, B. Wu, S. Wu, A. Spadlo, R. Dabrowski. Liq. Cryst., 33, 705-710

[93] S. Gauza, A. Parish, S. Wu, A. Spadlo, R. Dabrowski. Liq. Cryst., 35, 483-488 (2008).

[94] Z. Peng, Y. Liu, L. Yao, et al. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystal and Display, 26,

[95] Z. Peng, Y. Liu, L. Yao, Z. Cao, Q. Mu, L. Hu, X. Lu, L. Xuan, Z. Zhang. Chinese

[92] C. O. Catanescu, S. T. Wu, L. C. Chien. Liq. Cryst., 31, 541-555 (2004).

[88] M. Fialkowski Phys. Rev. E, 58, 1955-1966 (1998).

3463-3466 (2004).

427-431 (2011) (In Chinese).

(2006).

[89] M. F. Vuks, Opt & Spectroscopy, 20, 361-368 (1966).

Physics Letters, 28, 094207-1-094207-3 (2011).


[63] Y. H. Lin, M. Mahajan, D. Taber, B. Wen, B. Winker. SPIE, 5892, 58920C.1-58920C.10

[65] H. Li, Z. Lu, J. Liao, Z. Weng. Acta Photonica Sinica, 29, 559-563 (2000) (In Chinese). [66] P. Xu, X. Zhang, L. Guo, Y. Guo, et al. Acta Photonica Sinica, 16, 833-838 (1996) (In

[68] F. Roddier, Adaptive Optics in Astronomy (Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp.

[69] R. K. Tyson, Principles of adaptive optics (Second Edition Academic Press 1997), pp.

[70] G. D. Love, "Liquid crystal adaptive optics," in: Adaptive optics engineering hand‐

[76] Mikhail Loktev, Gleb Vdovin, Nikolai Klimov, et al. Opt. Express, 15, 2770-2778

[77] U. Efron, J. Grinberg, P. O. Braatz, M. J. Little, P. G. Reif, R. N. Schwartz. J. Appl.

[81] Quanquan Mu, ZhaoLiang Cao, Dayu Li, Lifa Hu, Li Xuan. Applied Optics, 47,

[85] S. Gauza, H. Wang, C. Wen, S. Wu, A. Seed, R. Dabrowski, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 42,

[86] R. Zhang, Z. Peng, Y. Liu, L. Xuan. Chinese Physics B, 18, 4380-4385 (2009).

[71] Z. Cao, L. Xuan, L. Hu, Y. Liu, Q. Mu. Opt. Express 13, 5186-5191 (2005). [72] L. N. Thibos, A. Bradley. Optometry and Vision Science 74, 581-587 (1997).

[78] U. Efron, S. T. Wu, J. Grinberg, L. D. Hess. Opt. Eng., 24, 111-118 (1985).

[79] N. Konforti, E. Marom, S. T. Wu. Optics Letters, 13, 251-253 (1988).

[83] P. Birch, J. Gourlay, G. Love, et al. Appl. Opt., 37, 2164-2169 (1998).

[73] Z. Cao, Q. Mu, L. Hu, et al. Chin. Phys., 16, 1665-1671 (2007).

[75] N. Roddier. Optical Engineering, 29, 1174-1180 (1990).

[80] V. Laude. Optics Communications, 153, 134-152 (1998).

[82] Gu, B. Winker, B. Wen, et al. Proc. SPIE, 5553, 68-82, (2004).

[84] Jakeman, E.P. Raynes Phys. Lett., 39A, 69-70 (1972).

[64] M. Ferstl, B. Kuhlow, E. Pawlowski. Optical Engineering, 33 1229-1235 (1994).

(2005).

96 Adaptive Optics Progress

Chinese).

13-15.

71.

(2007).

[67] R. Hudgin. J. Opt. Am., 67, 393-395 (1977).

book (R. K. Tyson, CRC, 1999).

Phys., 57, 1356-1368 (1985).

4297-4301 (2008).

3463-3466 (2004).

[74] R. J. Noll. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 207-211 (1976).


**Chapter 5**

**Provisional chapter**

**Modeling and Control of Deformable Membrane**

**Modeling and Control of Deformable Membrane**

The use of deformable mirrors (DMs) in adaptive optics (AO) systems allows for compensation of various external and internal optical disturbances during image aquisition. For example, an astronomical telescope equipped with a fast deformable secondary mirror can compensate for atmospheric disturbances and wind shake of the telescope structure resulting in higher image resolution [1–4]. In microscopy, deformable mirrors allow to correct for aberrations caused by local variations of the refractive index of observed specimen. Especially confocal and multi-photon microscopes particularly benefit from the improved resolution for visualization of cellular structures and subcellular processes [5, 6]. In addition, results of applied adaptive optics for detection of eye diseases and in vitro retinal imaging

on the cellular level show promising examination and treatment opportunities [7–9].

In many AO systems, the deformable mirror is assumed to have negligible dynamical characteristics in comparison to the dynamic disturbances compensated by the deformable mirror. Unfortunately, this assumption is not always valid and active shape control of deformable mirrors must be employed to enhance the dynamic properties of the deformable mirror. For example, adaptive secondary mirrors for the Multi Mirror Telescope (MMT), the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), and the Very Large Telescope (VLT) with diameters around 1 m have their first natural resonant frequencies below 10 Hz. In order to be able to use these systems for compensation of atmospherical disturbances with typical frequencies up to 100 Hz, active shape control is employed pushing the bandwith of these DMs to 1 kHz [10–13]. With up to 1170 voice coil actuators and co-located capacitive position sensors, the new generation of continuous face-sheet deformable mirrors requires fast and precise shape control. Thereby, the main idea for robust control of the mirror surface is the use of distributed voice coil actuators in combination with local position sensing by capacitive

> ©2012 Ruppel, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2013 Ruppel; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2012 Ruppel; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Mirrors**

**Mirrors**

Thomas Ruppel

**1. Introduction**

Thomas Ruppel

10.5772/52726

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52726

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**Provisional chapter**
