**4. Conclusion**

**Early stage Advanced stage**

• **IPRs**: Case Study 1 (wind), 9 (wind), 11 (wind), 5

• High capital cost: Case study 3 (LED), 8 (building

• Low priority in finance: Case Study 4 (biomass) • Lack of enabling environment: Case Study 8 (building energy efficiency), 12 (bio-energy),13

• Lack of policy support: Case Study 6 (PV), 8

• Knowledge sharing and coordination (including

• Enhancement of enabling environment

Knowledge sharing and coordination/ enhancement of enabling environment • Patent pools for licensing inventions.

• Various capacity building programs covering a

• Business matching venues among various business actors such as project developers, manufacturers and investors (local and

Financing facilitation and support • Various clean energy finance and carbon finance vehicles including CDM, bilateral crediting scheme, co-benefit approach at the int'l level, feed-in-tariff, subsidy at the national level. • Co-investments, loans or risk guarantees. • Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs).

• Financing facilitation and support (including "market formation" and "resource mobilization")

(hybrid vehicles), and 3 (LED) • Market size: Case study 3 (LED)

(building energy efficiency)

"guidance of the search")

(including "legitimization")

whole supply-chain.

international).

energy efficiency)

(biogas)

In theory…

**Barriers** • **Technological barriers**: Case Study 2 (IGCC), 7

• High capital cost: Case Study 2 (IGCC)

• Financing facilitation and support ("resource mobilization" and "market formation")

• Public-supported centers for technology

• Strengthening bilateral and multilateral

Financing facilitation and support • Technology funding mechanisms for the developing country participants in R&D. • Global clean technology venture capital fund.

• Clean energy incubator incentives.

**Table 4.** Identified barriers and roles of institutions to overcome the identified barriers

**Identified roles Identified roles**

(CCS)

210 Environmental Change and Sustainability

In theory… • R&D cooperation

• Entrepreneurial activities

R&D cooperation

network for R&D.

innovation and transfer.

Entrepreneurial activities

**Roles institutions** This paper consisted of two parts. The first part of the paper attempted to show a broad landscape of barriers in technology diffusion in the developing countries by addressing two levels of barriers: generic barriers and technology-specific barriers (Section 1 and 2). Section 2.3 summarized the results of previous case studies that were conducted to uncover technol‐ ogy-specific barriers in diffusing clean energy technologies in Asia.

The second part of the paper explored roles of institutions to overcome the identified barriers in diffusing clear energy technologies in Asia (Section 3). It attempted to match the barriers in technology diffusion identified in Section 2 with functions of national and international institutions. The results of matching indicated that there are several different roles of institu‐ tions including the role to encourage R&D cooperation from the public site for the technologies at the early stages of technological development and the role to enhance the enabling envi‐ ronment and facilitate finance for the technologies at the advanced stages of technological development.

It is recognized that the existing institutions both at the national and international levels have already been working to overcome barriers in diffusing clean energy technologies. For example, at the national level, the governments in the developing countries are conducting various capacity building programs to enhance knowledge of the private sector about clean energy technologies. At the international level, the financial institutions such as the World Bank and Asian Development Bank are facilitating financial support to encourage diffusion of clean energy technologies. At the innovation stage, there are both bilateral (such as the Global CCS Institute for building a network between Australia and the developing countries) and multilateral (such as the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate concluded in April 2011) network to encourage technology innovation. Further research is needed to investigate whether these existing institutions are playing a role in overcoming the barriers that were illustrated in this paper.
