**1. Introduction**

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For most patients with end-stage heart failure (more than 90%) there is no definitive treatment option up to now. This fact is caused on the one hand by a severe shortage in donor hearts, and on the other hand by technical and economic limitations of mechanical cardiac assist devices and artificial hearts. An additional cardiac output of 2-3 litres per minute should give most patients with end-stage heart failure a better quality of life and a longer survival. Latissimus dorsi muscle as a source for muscular blood pumps would have several advantages. Its availability is nearly unlimited, there is no foreign tissue rejection and of course no need for an immune-suppression, less risk of infection and this procedure should be less costly than heart transplantation and the treatment with fully implantable cardiac assist devices and artificial hearts.

Skeletal muscle ventricles (SMVs) and Biomechanical Hearts (BMHs) are experimental muscular blood pumps to support the circulation. They are developed and tested as future treatment option for patients with end stage heart failure. SMVs and BMHs basically have two main limitations: firstly muscle damage after electrical muscle fiber transformation from a fast twitched into a slow twitched non-fatigue muscle and secondly thromboembolic complica‐ tions from the blood contacting surface especially when a muscular blood pump works on demand. Former investigators developed sack-ventricles within circulation in dogs pumping up to 4 years [1-5].

© 2013 Guldner et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Figure 1.** Boer goats with a weight between 60 and 100 kg and a latissimus dorsi muscle of 300 to 450 g.

**Figure 2.** Topography of the latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) in a big animal (goat) and a human. LDM consists of three parts: Pars transversalis (1), Pars obliqua (2) and Pars lateralis (3), LDMs weight is 300 to 450g in Boer bocks and about 600g in hu‐ mans.
