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**25** 

Yujun Song

 *China* 

**Controlled Fabrication of Noble Metal** 

**Lithography and Their Optical Properties** 

*School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing,* 

*Key Laboratory for Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education),* 

Since ancient time, noble metal has been used to make ornaments, jewelry, high-value tableware, utensils, currency coins and medicines due to its brilliant metallic luster, stability in air and water and anti-bacteria and anti-fungi properties (Jain, Huang et al. 2007) (Erhardt 2003; Daniel and Astruc 2004; Brayner 2008; Maneerung, Tokura et al. 2008). In fact, noble metal is also valuable due to its unique physicochemical properties, the highest electrical and thermal conductivity, the lowest contact resistance, and the highest optical reflectivity (particularly in ultra-violet region) of all metals(Edwards and Petersen 1936 ; Hammond 2000). Its d-electron configuration endows them with active chemical properties, for example, 3 variable oxidation states for silver, the most common of which is the +1 state, as in AgNO3, the +2 state as in silver(II) fluoride AgF2, and the +3 state as in compounds such as potassium tetrafluoroargentate K[AgF4], and suitability as catalysts by losing one or two more 4d electrons (Dhar, Cao et al. 2007). Silver and gold have the stable face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structures but readily absorbs free neutrons due to its massive nucleus, which make them good absorbers for nucleus raidation. These unique features have enabled them to be applied to diverse applications such as those mentioned above, medical and dental applications, photography, electronics, nuclear reactors, catalysts, clothing and foods

The intrinsic features of noble metal also endow their nanoscale species with attractive physicochemical properties due to the size and shape effects, including unique optical properties (e.g. Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance: LSPR; Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering: SERS), catalytic/electric properties and bio-functions (Percival, Bowler et al. 2005; Jain, Huang et al. 2007; Schwartzberg and Zhang 2008; Zhou, Qian et al. 2008; Vo-Dinh, Wang et al. 2009). Although ancient people used some features of Ag or Au nanocolloids (e.g. optical property) in fabrication of ceramic glazes for lustrous or iridescent effect in ancient Persia, they did not realize that these effects were due to nanoscale effects from size, shape and surface morphology dependent physicochemical properties of silver materials (Erhardt 2003; Brayner 2008). As materials science has progressed down to nanoscale, the unique properties of nanoscaled noble metal materials are only now being recognized and realized intentionally. These properties have shown vast applications in

**1. Introduction** 

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver).

**Nanomaterials via Nanosphere** 

*Materials Science and Engineering C*, Vol.27, No.5-8 (September 2007), pp. 1241-1246, ISSN 0928-4931.

