**5. Applications**

### **5.1. Bulk electroporation**

From the last decade, the application of electroporation has been increasing rapidly. Nowa‐ days, the electroporation technique can be applied in many way to deliver drugs, antibodies, oligonucleotides, proteins, RNA, DNA and plasmid in vivo for clinical, biotechnological and biomedical applications [42, 99-101]. Table 4 described details about gene transfer by electro‐ poration technique with the variation of molecules/gene, targeted cells, different types of electric pulses [7, 102-117].



tissues scaffold. During irreversible electroporation, the membrane survives in two stages as (a) steady state current stage and (b) fluctuating current stage. The phenomena of irreversible electroporation can cause by charge pulse technique [80] in which membrane is charged at U=0.1 V (with pulse width 400 ns) and discharged was very slow. The large pulse of the same width, can charge the membrane towards 0.4 V, but after 300-400µs, charges can be decreased

From the last decade, the application of electroporation has been increasing rapidly. Nowa‐ days, the electroporation technique can be applied in many way to deliver drugs, antibodies, oligonucleotides, proteins, RNA, DNA and plasmid in vivo for clinical, biotechnological and biomedical applications [42, 99-101]. Table 4 described details about gene transfer by electro‐ poration technique with the variation of molecules/gene, targeted cells, different types of

> **Pulsing CD:E0;τ**

incub.

PBS

CD:3×8 KV/CM;5µs 200C, 10 min postincub., HBS (without Mg2+)

CD: 3× 14 KV/cm; 5 µsec40% PEG present, 200C, 10 min

CD: 3×8 KV/cm; 5µsec 200C, 10 min incub., DME medium + 20 mM MgCl2 (plastic cuvette)

Pulse: ISCO 494 power supply directly discharged through cuvette, no definite pulse parameters given, estimated: 320 V/cm; 17 msec, 00C, 5 min preincub.,10 min postincub.,

**Results**

Sharp optimum in field strength, incubation after pulse necessary, linear plasmid better than circular, 100col./106

Small objects, high electric field strength necessary, 10-fold increase in stable transformation.

Two to five copies of plasmid per genome integrated in transformed clones.

Up to 300 transf./106 cells, linear > supercoiled, low temperature favorable, few copy number (1-15) integrated, mitotic arrest by colcemid

favorable

cells/µg DNA

as a sigmoidal manner up to zero because of membrane rupture [78].

76 Advances in Micro/Nano Electromechanical Systems and Fabrication Technologies

**Plasmid /gene**

pAGO with tk gene herpes virus(HAT select.)

pUB110 from B. thuringiensis(kn resistance)

Plasmid with Ig κ

Mouse and human Ig κ gene

gene

**5. Applications**

**5.1. Bulk electroporation**

electric pulses [7, 102-117].

**Ref. Year Authors Recipient**

**7** 1982 Neumann et al.

**102** 1983 Shivarova et al.

**103** 1984 Falkner et al. Mouse lymphoid

**104** 1984 Potter et al. Mouse B and T

**cells**

Mouse L tk-Fibroblast cells

Bacillus cereus protoplasts

cell lines

lymphocytes and fibroblasts



**Table 4.** Modified table of gene delivery by electroporation technique. Permission to reprint obtained from Springer book series [94]

In vivo electroporation is a special kind of interest for all researchers because it is nonviral gene delivery with low cost, safety and ease of realization. Recently nucleic acid based gene transfer has been investigated successfully which could be helpful for more clinical trials in human body [118]. T This technique can be applied for food industry [119]. For cancer treatment, electrochemotherapy has emerged and this therapy successfully used for clinical trials [42,99, 120-123]. The different types of application of electroporation has mention below.
