**6. Conclusions**

This chapter described the detailed concepts about bulk electroporation(BEP) as well as single cell electroporation (SCEP) techniques. In both electroporation technique different types of exogenous molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, anticancer drugs, ions, oligonucleotides can be transported into the cell cytosol in vivo or in vitro. For bulk electroporation, the clinical development of DNA based vaccine and immunotherapeutic delivery is progressing. As a nonviral gene transfer, this technique is important for clinical gene transfer regarding efficacy and safety issue compared to other gene transfer techniques. The new technique such as single cell electroporation (SCEP) makes the possibility to judge cell to cell variations with their organelles and intracellular biochemical effect. The development of SCEP technique at clinical level and for biomedical application needs more research in the future. In SCEP, there still lacks the are lack of understanding of theory and molecular delivery inside the cell. But this technique can initiate new root of research, such as single cell biophysics and drug delivery inside single cell. To reduce the electrode gap at nanoscale level, it is possible to do localized single cell mambrane electroporation (LSCMEP) by which selective specific single cell organelles can be manipulated with higher transfection rate and high cell viability.
