*5.1.2.3. HIV vaccine*

Since early 1980s, for causative agent of acquired immudeficiency syndrome (AIDS), an effective vaccine has been continuously tried to find to recover AIDS. Nowadays, the HIV vaccine is introduced by electroporation technique. In vivo experiment on mice, electropora‐ tion technique can amplify cellular and humoral immune response to a HIV type 1 EnvDNA vaccine, capable of tenfold reduction in vaccine dose and resulting in an increased recruitment of inflammatory cells [148]. The plasmid HIV vaccine, ADVAX env/gag+ADVAX pol/nef-tat (ADVAX), ongoing to examine in phase I trials for uninfected adults (Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT00249106) combination with electroporation as a potential protective vaccine against HIV (Clinical Trials.gov Identifier:NCT00545987). Now more recent study was going on for safety and immunogenicity of an IM injection of two dose of ADVAX using Electropo‐ ration TriGrid Delivery Systems (Inchor Medical Systems, Clinical Tials.gov Identifier: NCT00545987)[143].

### *5.1.2.4. Cancer treatment*

Electroporation technique for cancertreatment (Electrochemotherapy) have been increasing rapidly after first reported of clinical use of electroporation [122]. Electrochemotherapy can combine electroporation and chemotherapeutic agents [149-150]. The treatment of cutane‐ ous and subcutaneous tumors has reached for clinical trials using bleomycin or cisplatin by antitumor electrochemotherapy process [120,151-157]. For localized therapy to avoid systematic drug delivery, bleomycin can be injected directly into the tumors by using electrochemotherapy process. Bleomycin is hydrophilic in nature, which can be internal‐ ized in limited amounts only in normal condition [158]. The use of bleomycin for electropo‐ ration process can directly enter into cytosol and its cytotoxicity can be increased up to 300-5000 fold [159-161]. Different types of cancer can be treated by electroporation techni‐ que. The prostate cancer is one of the most common cancer, which is increasing day to day. For this cancer prostate specific antigen (PSA), targeted to the prostate cancer cell for immunotherapeutic approach. The phase I clinical trials with PSA DNA vaccine for human prostate cancer is safe and which can include cellular and humoral immune responses against PSA protein [162-163]. The PSA-DNA vaccine has been investigated by electroporation technique [164-165]. Electroporation treated with CD4+, CD8+ cells and antibodies were detected in patient successfully with safe and tolerated mode. Electrochemotherapy has also been investigated for treatment of human colorectal cell line and liver tumours [166-167]. The local treatment of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with master cell tumours of Dog has been experimented in where size of the tumors was 5.2 cm3 and 2.9 cm3 treated by surgery and ECT. The ECT treatment was easy, effective and safe local treatment for master cell tumors of Dogs [168]. Recently, electrochemotherapy has been developed in more advancement for treat ment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutane‐ ous approaches to gain access to the treatment area [169-170].
