Contents

#### **Preface XIII**

#### **Part 1 Radioisotopes and Some Physical Aspects 1**

#### Chapter 1 **Natural Occurring Radionuclide Materials 3**  Raad Obid Hussain and Hayder Hamza Hussain


X Contents


Contents VII

**Part 3 Radioisotopes in Power System Applications 417** 

Chapter 21 **Radioisotope Power Systems for Space Applications 457** 

**and Applications: Past, Present and Future 473**

**A Key Technology for Deep Space Exploration 419**  George R. Schmidt, Thomas J. Sutliff and Leonard A. Dudzinski

Chapter 20 **Radioisotope Power:** 

Antonio Sanchez-Torres

Chapter 22 **U.S. Space Radioisotope Power Systems**

Robert L. Cataldo and Gary L. Bennett

#### **Part 3 Radioisotopes in Power System Applications 417**

VI Contents

Chapter 8 **The Newly Calculations of Production Cross** 

Chapter 9 **History of Applications of Radioactive Sources in**

**Measurements and Calculations 175** 

Chapter 11 **Radiological Survey in Soil of South America 197** María Luciana Montes and Judith Desimoni

Chapter 12 **Radioactivity in Marine Salts and Sediments 225**

Manuel Navarrete, José Golzarri, Guillermo Espinosa, Graciela Müller, Miguel Angel Zúñiga and Michelle Camacho

**Metal Speciation Measurements in Seawater 247** P.L. Croot, M.I. Heller, C. Schlosser and K. Wuttig

Mykhailo Vinichuk, Anders Dahlberg and Klas Rosén

Chapter 15 **Body Composition Analyzer Based on PGNAA Method 311** 

**Potassium and Phosphorous in Grape Fruit 325** 

**Radiation Induced Stress: Bystander Effects in Vitro and in Vivo and Their Possible Clinical Implications 335** 

**Industrial Flotation Machines Using Radioisotopes 391** 

Chapter 18 **The Potential Of I-129 as an Environmental Tracer 367**

Hamed Panjeh and Reza Izadi-Najafabadi

Chapter 17 **Intercellular Communication in Response to**

Andrej Osterc and Vekoslava Stibilj

Juan Yianatos and Francisco Díaz

Chapter 19 **Hydrodynamic Characterization of** 

**Rubidium in Macromycete Fungi and** *Sphagnum* **Plants 279**

Zhenming Niu, Yi Wang, Yanqing Lu, Xuefeng Xu and Zhenhai Han

Thanasis E. Economou

Chapter 13 **Utilizing Radioisotopes for Trace** 

Chapter 16 **Transportation Pathway of** 

Maria Widel

Chapter 14 **Cesium (137Cs and 133Cs), Potassium and** 

Chapter 10 **Environmental Dosimetry –** 

Mats Isaksson

**Part 2 Radioisotopes in Environment 173** 

**Sections for Some Positron Emitting and Single** 

**Photon Emitting Radioisotopes in Proton Cyclotrons 141**  E. Tel, M. Sahan, A. Aydin, H. Sahan, F. A.Ugur and A. Kaplan

**Analytical Instruments for Planetary Exploration 155**


Preface

more.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different atomic mass because they have a different number of neutrons in their nuclei with the identical number of protons. Some isotopes are unstable due to a specific combination of neutrons and protons which occurs naturally or can be artificially produced by bombarding the target atoms with neutrons in a nuclear reactor or with charged particles in an accelerator. These unstable nuclei attain their stability by emitting nuclear radiations such as neutrons, alpha particles, beta (positron/electron) or gamma rays and are termed as radioisotopes, while the term radioactivity is used to describe these spontaneous, energy emitting, atomic transitions that involve changes in the state of the nucleus of an atom. Radioactivity was discovered by A. H. Becquerel in l896 when he was investigating the fluorescence of a double sulphate of uranium and potassium, using a photographic plate. Marie Curie coined the word radioactivitè, investigated this property in a number of minerals containing uranium, which she found to be more active and subsequently polonium was discovered. Readers are referred to read more in NCRP Report No.58, A Handbook

Radiation from radioisotopes plays a very important role in all fields, useful in our life such as soil and earth science, radioactive dating, environment, archeology, agriculture, biochemical analysis, radiotherapy and cancer treatment, medical diagnosis, nuclear medicine, biological sciences, sterilization of medical products, non‐destructive elemental analysis and testing of materials, oceanography, pharmaceutical, radioisotope power systems for space applications and many

The basic aim of this book is to present a very comprehensive review. Applications of radioisotopes have been reviewed and compiled in chapters contributed by world known authors in their respective specialized fields of research. The book contains three sections; Radioisotopes and some physical aspects, Radioisotopes in

In Tech Open Access Publisher has put in a lot of effort to complete the task of publishing this book for the immense benefit of the scientific and technical

environment and Radioisotopes in power system for space applications.

of Radioactivity Measurements and Procedures.
