**4. Conclusion**

108 Radioisotopes – Applications in Physical Sciences

Scofield (1974a)

Manson &Kennedy (1974)

Ertuğral et al. (2007)

This Work

*Kβ*2,4/*Kα* 0.0352±0.009

*Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1841±0.010

*Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 0.1989±0.011

*Kβ*2,4/*Kα* 0.0355±0.012

*Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1844±0.012

*Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 0.2001±0.010

*Kβ*2,4/*Kα* 0.0359±0.009

*Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1867±0.011

*Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 0.2002±0.008

Table 6. *Kβ*1,3/*Kα, Kβ*2,4/*Kα, Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 and *Kβ*/*Kα* X-ray intensity ratios of pure Y their

Element

Y(SO4)3.8

compounds.

External Magnetic Field

Intensity Ratio

 *Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1824±0.009 YF3 **B=0** *Kβ*1,3/*Kα* 0.2371±0.008

 *Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 0.2011±0.010 *Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1859±0.010 B=0.6T *Kβ*1,3/*Kα* 0.2338±0.006 *Kβ*2,4/*Kα* 0.0330±0.008 *Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 0.2003±0.011

 B=1.2T *Kβ*1,3/*Kα* 0.2307±0.009 *Kβ*2,4/*Kα* 0.0325±0.010

*Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1829±0.011

H2O **B=0** *<sup>K</sup>β*1,3/*Kα* 0.2380±0.007

 *Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 0.2015±0.010 *Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1867±0.011 B=0.6T *Kβ*1,3/*Kα* 0.2323±0.008 *Kβ*2,4/*Kα* 0.0332±0.012 *Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 0.2006±0.011

 B=1.2T *Kβ*1,3/*Kα* 0.2311±0.007 *Kβ*2,4/*Kα* 0.0318±0.012

 *Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1816±0.011 Y2S3 **B=0** *Kβ*1,3/*Kα* 0.2385±0.012

 *Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 0.2019±0.009 *Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1876±0.008 B=0.6T *Kβ*1,3/*Kα* 0.2354±0.007 *Kβ*2,4/*Kα* 0.0335±0.010 *Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 0.2009±0.009

 B=1.2T *Kβ*1,3/*Kα* 0.2332±0.006 *Kβ*2,4/*Kα* 0.0301±0.007

*Kβ***/***Kα* 0.1849±0.012

There has been increasing interest in chemical speciation of the elements in recent years which can be attributed to the great alterations in the chemical and biological properties of the elements depending on their oxidation state, the type of chemical bonds etc. Usually, the influence of the chemical environment results in energy shifts of the characteristic X-ray lines, formation of satellite lines and changes in the emission linewidths and relative X-ray intensities. High resolution X-ray spectroscopy, employing crystal spectrometers of a few eV resolutions, can be applied to probe these phenomena efficiently, exploiting them for chemical state analysis. Measurements of the shapes and wavelengths of certain X-ray lines have been made by previous investigators with both EDXRF and WDXRF. It has been shown that the WDXRF spectrometer is capable of measuring X-ray wavelengths with a precision equal to or greater than that attained with the EDXRF system. Both EDXRF and WDXRF technique has been used to study the effect of chemical state of an element on characteristic X-rays.

We have presented and discussed the effect of chemical composition and external magnetic field on the *Kβ*1,3/*Kα*, *Kβ*2,4/*Kα*, *Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 and *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratios for some Yttrium compounds. The experimental measurements have been performed with a Si(Li) detector. The observed spectral features, namely the asymmetry indices, FWHM values, chemical shifts, energy separations between *Kα* and *Kβ* lines and *Kβ/Kα* intensity ratio values show an interesting correlation with crystal symmetries. Furthermore, these values change

Determination of Chemical State and External Magnetic Field

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symmetrically with the external magnetic field. There is a relation between the crystal structures and *K* X-ray emission rate because of the change in bond distance, inter atomic distance, the interaction between ligand atoms and the central atom, and the Auger electron and dipole transition. These situations cause a redistribution of the electron configuration in the molecule.

A correlation between the *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio of 4d elements and chemical state was found in this work. Excluding the values for Y, we can generally state that *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio increases for different compounds. The *Kβ*1/*Kα*, *Kβ*2/*Kα*, *Kβ*2/*Kβ*1 and *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio values were obtained in the present work and listed in Table 6 and compared with other experimental and theoretical values. As a result, we can say that the uncertainties of the measured values are too large to allow any statement about the specific dependence of the *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio on the crystal symmetry, but small enough to show significant increase in the *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio with increasing external magnetic field values.

In general, our experimental values are qualitatively in agreement with the other experimental values. There are some differences between the results of this study and that of previous experimental work because these studies were carried out in different laboratories and different systems. We were not obtained researches interested in *Kβ*1,3/*Kα*, *Kβ*2,4/*Kα*, *Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 and *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio values for Y compounds. So we do not compare compounds these intensity ratio values in literature values. Rigorous systematic experiments and theoretical calculations are urgently needed for comparison with present experimental result. To obtain more definite conclusions on the magnetic field and crystal structure dependency of the atomic parameters, more experimental data are clearly needed, particularly for different symmetries and for chemical compounds.

### **5. Acknowledgment**

This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), under the project no 106T045.

#### **6. References**


symmetrically with the external magnetic field. There is a relation between the crystal structures and *K* X-ray emission rate because of the change in bond distance, inter atomic distance, the interaction between ligand atoms and the central atom, and the Auger electron and dipole transition. These situations cause a redistribution of the electron configuration in

A correlation between the *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio of 4d elements and chemical state was found in this work. Excluding the values for Y, we can generally state that *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio increases for different compounds. The *Kβ*1/*Kα*, *Kβ*2/*Kα*, *Kβ*2/*Kβ*1 and *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio values were obtained in the present work and listed in Table 6 and compared with other experimental and theoretical values. As a result, we can say that the uncertainties of the measured values are too large to allow any statement about the specific dependence of the *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio on the crystal symmetry, but small enough to show significant increase in the *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio with increasing external

In general, our experimental values are qualitatively in agreement with the other experimental values. There are some differences between the results of this study and that of previous experimental work because these studies were carried out in different laboratories and different systems. We were not obtained researches interested in *Kβ*1,3/*Kα*, *Kβ*2,4/*Kα*, *Kβ*2,4/*Kβ*1,3 and *Kβ*/*Kα* intensity ratio values for Y compounds. So we do not compare compounds these intensity ratio values in literature values. Rigorous systematic experiments and theoretical calculations are urgently needed for comparison with present experimental result. To obtain more definite conclusions on the magnetic field and crystal structure dependency of the atomic parameters, more experimental data are clearly needed,

This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

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**6** 

**Radioisotopes** 

*Ağr İbrahim Çeçen University* 

İbrahim Han

*Turkey* 

**Angular Dependence of Fluorescence X-Rays** 

This chapter concerns angular distribution measurements for fluorescence X-ray and the alignments of atoms with inner-shells vacancy resulting from ionization by radioisotope sources. The discussion on this topic is done by evaluating measurements of X-ray fluorescence parameters (such as cross-section, alignment parameter, polarization degree)

When an atom is ionized in one of its inner shells, the electrons rearrange themselves to fill the vacancy, with the transition energy released as a photon or transferred to another electron. The following X-ray or Auger electron may have an isotropic or non-isotropic angular distribution. The study of alignment of the inner-shell vacancy in ions can provide information about ionization process and the wave functions of inner-shell electrons, and calculations showed that the alignment was a sensitive testing parameter for theoretical models. For the last five decades there have been both theoretically and experimentally renewed efforts towards better understanding of the physics concerned with alignment of atoms with inner-shells vacancy and/or angular dependence of fluorescent X-rays emitted atoms induced photons or charged particle (electrons, protons, heavy ions). Generally, the alignments of atoms with inner-shells vacancy resulting from ionization by photons are investigated by measuring the anisotropic emission of X-ray lines using a detector (such as

The aim of paper interested in this topic is to determine the relationship between the angular distributions of X-rays with respect to total angular momentum values (*J*) of vacancy states. It is well-known that when radioisotope source, X-ray tube or charged particles produce vacancies in atoms at energy levels with *J*>1/2 , the resulting ions will be aligned. The signature of this alignment is the anisotropic angular distribution of the emitted characteristic X-ray radiation, or the degree of polarization of the X-ray radiation. Total angular momentum (J) of vacancy states after photoionization is greater than 1/2, the population of its magnetic sub-states is non-statistical by the ionized atoms and this is reason of this anisotropic behavior. A lot of theoretical studies have been reported so far

Si(Li) or Ge(Li) ) and radioisotope photon source in various emission angles.

**2. Historical background and current status of topic** 

**1. Introduction** 

from sample in various emission angles.

**and Alignment of Vacancy State Induced by** 

