**7. References**


X-ray spectrometry could also be used to determine the total activity of the different radioisotopes of an element by using a high-resolution germanium detector in coincidence with LS spectrometry. The coincidence experiment is necessary to eliminate the background of the germanium detector and improve the MDA limit. Si (PIN) detectors, cooled by the Peltier effect, could offer a simple alternative if detectors of large area and small electronic noise are built in the future. Modern Si (PIN) detectors can reach energy resolutions of 125 eV at 5 keV with very low backgrounds but at the cost of a low counting efficiency because

This research was supported by the Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (CSN) of Spain, and the REM (Red de Estaciones de Muestreo) and PVRAIN (Plan de Vigilancia Radiológica

Abuzwrda M., Abouzreba S., Almedhem B., Zolotarev Yu.A. and Komarov N.A. (1987).

Aggarwal S.K., Chourasiya G., Duggal R.K., Singh C.P., Rawat A.S., and H.C. Jain. (1985). A

Cadieux, J.R. (1990). Evaluation of a photoelectron-rejecting alpha liquid-scintillation

Cadieux, J.R., Clark S., Fjeld R.A., Reboul S. and Sowder A. (1994). Measurement of actinides

de Celis, B., de la Fuente, R., Williart, A., de Celis Alonso, B., (2006). Coincidence

de Celis, B., de la Fuente, R., Williart, A. and de Celis Alonso, B. (2007).

de la Fuente R., de Celis B., del Canto V., Lumbreras J.M., de Celis Alonso B., Martín-Martín

Section A, Volume 238, Issues 2-3,1 August 1985, Pages 463-468.

Evaluation of a photoelectron-rejecting alpha liquid-scintillation, *Radioanal. Nucl.* 

comparative study of different methods of preparation of sources for alpha spectrometry of plutonium. *Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research,*

(PERALS) spectrometer for the measurement of alpha-emitting radionuclides. *Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research* Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 299, Issues 1-3, 20

in environmental samples by photon-electron rejecting alpha liquid scintillation. *Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research* Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 353, Issues 1-3, 30

measurements in a/b/g spectrometry with phoswich detectors using digital pulse shape discrimination analysis. In: *ISRP10* Symposium, Coimbra, Portugal, 17-22

Coincidence measurements in α/β/γ spectrometry with phoswich detectors using digital pulse shape discrimination analysis, *Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment*, Volume 580, Issue 1, 21 September 2007, Pages 206-

A. and Gutierrez-Villanueva, J.L. (2008). Low level radioactivity measurements

Ambiental en la Central Nuclear de Sta. Mª Garoña) programmes.

of their small detector area.

**6. Acknowledgments** 

*Chem.,* 111 (1987) 11.

December 1990, Pages 119-122.

December 1994, Pages 534-538.

September 2006.

209. ISSN 0168-9002.

**7. References** 

with phoswich detectors using coincident techniques and digital pulse processing analysis *Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,* Volume 99, Issue 10, October 2008, Pages 1553-1557


**8** 

*Turkey* 

−emitters (*11C,* 

**The Newly Calculations of Production Cross** 

E. Tel1, M. Sahan1, A. Aydin2, H. Sahan1, F. A.Ugur1 and A. Kaplan3

Nowadays, radioisotopes are produced using both nuclear reactors and cyclotrons. Especially, the induced by intermediate and high energy protons nuclear reactions are very important because of a wide range technical applications. These reactions are required for advanced nuclear systems, such as spallation reaction for production of neutrons in spallation neutron source (capable of incinerating nuclear waste and producing energy), high energy proton induced fission for the radioisotope production alternatives etc. [1,2]. By using the intermediate proton induced reactions, we can directly produce radionuclides

In the last decade, a big success has been provided on production and usage of the radionuclides. The radioisotopes obtained from using charged particles (proton, deuteron, alpha etc.) play an important role in medical applications [3-6]. A medical radioisotope can be classified as a diagnostic or a therapeutic radionuclide, depending on its decay properties. Radionuclides are used in diagnostic studies via emission tomography, i.e. Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and Endoradiotheraphy (internal therapy with radio nuclides). In general, the

*13N, 15O, 18F, 62Cu, 68Ga,* etc.) and γ – emitters (*67Ga, 75Se, 123I*, etc.). The use of positron emitting radioisotopes such as *11C, 13N, 15O*, and *18F* together with PET offers a highly selective and quantitative means for investigating regional tissue biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology [7]. The positron emitting nuclei which are neutron deficient isotopes are important for PET studies. Positrons annihilate with electrons emitting two photons (Eγ=511 keV) in opposite direction. Most of the positron emitters are still being studied in terms of their applicability for diagnostic purposes. PET has been developing with the increasing

In the radioisotope production procedure, the nuclear reaction data are mainly needed for optimization of production rates. This process involves a selection of the projectile energy

diagnostic radioisotopes can also be classified into two groups; namely β+

number of clinical facilities raising interest in the use of PET in routine practice [8,9].

**1. Introduction** 

used in medicine and industry.

**Sections for Some Positron Emitting and** 

**Single Photon Emitting Radioisotopes** 

*1 Faculty of Arts and Science, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University,* 

*3Faculty of Arts and Science, Süleyman Demirel University* 

*2 Faculty of Arts and Science, Kirikkale University* 

**in Proton Cyclotrons** 

