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**7** 

*1Spain 2Mexico 3Germany* 

**Processing Analysis** 

*2Universidad Autonoma de Puebla* 

*3Universidad de Erlangen,* 

B. de Celis1, V. del Canto1, R. de la Fuente1,

*1Escuela de Ingenieria Industrial, Universidad de Leon* 

J.M. Lumbreras1, J. Mundo2, and B. de Celis Alonso3

**Determination of Actinides Using Digital Pulse** 

The determination of low concentrations of actinides (Pu, U, Am, Np, etc) in environmental samples is vital for evaluating radioactive contamination caused by nuclear reactors, atomic bomb tests, and any type of nuclear incident. In an emergency situation, rapid analytical methods are essential to provide timely information to the authorities working to protect the

Actinides disintegrate by emission of alpha particles which are difficult to detect because they are absorbed by the samples themselves. They are very dangerous to man because of the high relative biological effectiveness of alpha particles and their tendency to accumulate in several parts of the body (bones, kidney, liver, etc.) for many years because of their long biological and physical half-lives. Their determination usually demands lengthy analytical procedures which usually employ radiochemical pre-treatment of the sample followed by

Alpha-emitting radioisotopes produce alpha particles at characteristic energies between 4 and 7 MeV, which can differ by as little as 10 keV, close to the smallest resolution of the silicon detectors used in alpha spectrometers. Alpha particles are heavy charged particles. Therefore, any physical medium between the alpha-emitting radionuclide and the detector will strongly absorb most of the alpha particle energy. These attenuations are produced by the sample itself or by any material between the sample and the detector. To solve this problem two different analytical procedures are commonly applied. A separation and concentration step is necessary in both procedures to avoid possible energy interferences between radionuclides and to concentrate in a small volume a significant amount of radioactivity, making it easier to measure. In order to account for any loss of the sample during separation, a known quantity of a specific isotope or tracer is usually added. The tracer is an isotope of the element under study with similar chemical behaviour. The radionuclide and tracer behaviour during the chemical treatment is the same, assuming that the tracer is homogeneously mixed and brought into chemical equilibrium with the sample.

environment and the population from the consequences of possible contamination.

**1. Introduction** 

measurements using alpha spectrometry.

