**3. Japanese encephalitis distribution in Nepal**

This JE virus is transmitted through a series of bites -when the mosquito bites a pig, for in‐ stance, it transmits the virus to the pig which acts as a host to the virus. The virus is further transmitted to humans when bitten by mosquitoes who have already bitten the pig.

**Scheme 1.** Map 1.

These mosquitoes can breed in sub-urban and peri-urban area provided the ecological con‐ ditions similar to rural area are present (Pradhan, 1981, Khatri et al., 1981, 1983). These mos‐

**2. Infected population and death cases from Japanese encephalitis (JE)**

In Nepal JE has been recorded and reported as a seasonal disease in Nepal. "Shrawan" (July and August) appears to have been the deadliest month for the Nepalese as far as human cas‐

quitoes can breed same environment wherever it is favourable.

Japan 1949 to 1950

Republic of Korea 1949 to 1958

Malaysia 1955 to 1960 Indonesia 1955 to 1960 Philippines 1950 to 1955 Singapore 1955 to 1960

Vietnam 1958 to 1969 India 1955 (South), 1973

Thailand 1969 to 1970

Egypt 1977

56 Encephalitis

China 1949

Bangladesh 1977

Burma 1974 (West Bengal), U.P. and Bihar 1978

Sri Lanka 1968 Nepal 1978

High Risk Population: (Below 15 Years) 5.5 millions JE Cases:26658 people during the year 1978-2003

Death Cases: 5370 people during the year 1978-2003

**Table 1.** Historical reviews of JE outbreak worldwide.

**disease in Nepal (EDCD/DHS)**

High Risk Population: 12.5 million

Incidence: 50% (Below 15 Years)

ualties from JE are concerned.

Mortality: 5 to 25%

The virus attacks the central nervous system of human, causing encephalitis-an infection of the brain. The patients starts vomiting, suffers severe headache and fever gradually becomes unconscious and nears death due to brain swelling. Even if the patients survive they remain with a lot of deflect- both physical and intellectual. Such a deadly disease, so wide spread in Nepal and without a cure. Preventing mosquito bite is thus so very important. But unlike for dengue virus, there is a vaccine for Japanese B virus which the government is trying to make available in mass. Japanese encephalitis virus also called Japanese B virus.

The mosquitoes that transmit this disease breed in and around dirty, stagnant water and in areas where the pigs are farmed. We all know that there are many places in and around Kathmandu that fits into this description, so I would urge you to hurry and get vaccinated. Another disease Filarisis- is also transmitted through the disease vector that is the female *Culex* mosquito. Filariasis is spread from infected persons to uninfected persons by mosqui‐ toes that release large numbers of very small worm larvae, which circulate in an affected person's blood stream. The worms grow and live in an infected person's lymph vessels for about 7 years and divide in the lymphatic system. This causes inflammation and eventually blocks the lymphatic system and causes a lot of disfiguration.

**1. District Total JE Cases Morbidity** 2. Baitadi 1 0.79 3. Banke 7 5.56 4. Bara 2 1.59 5. Bardiya 2 1.59 6. Bhaktapur 1 0.79 7. Chitwan 4 3.17 8. Dang 3 2.38 9. Dhankuta 2 1.59 10. Dhanusha 7 5.56 11. Ghulmi 1 0.79 12. Gorkha 1 0.79 13. Illam 2 1.59 14. Jhapa 4 3.17 15. Kailali 10 7.94 16. Kanchanpur 5 3.97 17. Kapilbastu 2 1.59 18. Kathmandu 9 7.14 19. Kaski 1 0.79 20. Kavre 4 3.17 21. Lalitpur 2 1.59 22. Mahottari 5 3.97 23. Makwanpur 1 0.79 24. Morang 6 4.76 25. Nawalparasi 9 7.14 26. Palpa 3 2.38 27. Parsa 4 3.17 28. Pyuthan 1 0.79 29. Rautahat 6 4.76 30. Rupandehi 2 1.59 31. Saptari 1 0.79 32. Sarlahi 1 0.79 33. Sunsari 9 7.14 34. Surkhet 1 0.79 35. Syangja 3 2.38 36. Udayapur 4 3.17 **37. 2011 total 126 100**

Review on Japanese Encephalitis Outbreak Cases in Nepal During the Year 2011

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52422

59

Source: Child Health Division, IPD Section, WHO, 2011

**Table 2.** JE cases diagnosed, reported and recorded by Child Health Division of DHS, during the year 2011 in Nepal

The government is trying again to eradicate this disease by distributing the drug called Di‐ ethlcarbamazine- a three tablets-at-a-time treatment, and a single tablet treatment of Alben‐ dazole. However the medical fraternity is in doubt about its continuation. Saving the most important of all disease for the last, malaria, which is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, causes febrile disease. One of the agents called Plasmodium Falciparum causes very severe malaria, which can lead to death. Again there is no vaccine against this agent. But effective drug prophylaxis has been in use to prevent the disease. Nonetheless mosquito prevention and control is the key against all these disease.
