**Author details**

Galina N. Leonova1 , Larisa M. Somova1 , Sergei I. Belikov2 , Il'ya G. Kondratov2 , Natalya G. Plekhova1 , Natalya V. Krylova1 , Elena V. Pavlenko1 , Mikhail P. Tiunov3 and Sergey E. Tkachev4

1 Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

2 Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Rus‐ sia

3 Biology-soil Institute, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

4 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

### **References**


done in the cases of classical rabies. The exact diagnosis was not get, the clinical course of

The authors thank the infectious disease specialists, neurologists from clinical hospitals of Primorsky Krai, actively involved in clinical and epidemiological description of the case.

4006.

, Sergei I. Belikov2

1 Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of

2 Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Rus‐

3 Biology-soil Institute, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok,

4 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian

[1] Badrane, H., & Tordo, N. (2001). Host switching in Lyssavirus history from the Chi‐

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[4] Botvinkin, A. D., Poleschuk, E. M., Kuzmin, I. V., Borisova, T. I., Gazaryan, S. V., Ya‐ ger, P., & Rupprecht, C. E. (2003). Novel lyssavirus isolated from bats in Russia.

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**Acknowledgements**

246 Encephalitis

**Author details**

Galina N. Leonova1

Sergey E. Tkachev4

sia

Russia

**References**

Natalya G. Plekhova1

This work was supported by Grant ISTC No

Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

, Larisa M. Somova1

, Natalya V. Krylova1


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**Chapter 14**

**Pathogenesis of Encephalitis Caused by Persistent**

Demyelinating encephalitis is a type of encephalitis in which the insulating myelin sheath sur‐ rounding nerve fibers is damaged. Most types of demyelinating encephalitis are known to be caused by viral infection, and therefore the nature of viral persistence in the central nervous sys‐ tem (CNS) has become crucial to understanding the pathogenesis of associated diseases. Suba‐ cute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive fatal demyelinating disease caused by infection with high levels of neuronal measles virus (MV) in the CNS. Thus, MV infection pro‐ vides one of the main paradigms of persistent viral infection that causes encephalitis. Many re‐ views have been published explaining how MV establishes a persistent infection in the CNS [1, 2, 3]. A number of studies on SSPE using cDNA cloning and sequencing techniques have re‐ vealed that MV genomes are present in samples obtained from SSPE patients. This demon‐ strates the presence of mutations that may lead to MV persistence in the CNS. However, no study has been able to explain how persistent MV is reactivated and results in subsequent pathogenesis of the CNS. In this review, we describe a brief overview of MV and SSPE. We will attempt to focus on host cell modifications related to MV persistence, and on reactivation mech‐ anisms of MV during persistent infections. We will then discuss the pathogenesis of persistent MV infections in patients to highlight molecular events that lead to the manifestation of SSPE symptoms. These key advances in the understanding of MV persistence will provide novel in‐

**Measles.** Measles is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by MV. More than 10 million people worldwide are affected by MV each year, resulting in several hundred thou‐

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Honda et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Tomoyuki Honda, Misako Yoneda, Hiroki Sato and Chieko Kai

**Measles Virus Infection**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54434

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

sights into the elucidation of SSPE pathogenesis.

**2. Measles and the CNS sequelae**

