**10. Psychopathology**

There is a very close relationship between creativity (especially in literature and arts) and psychopathology, particularly mood disorder [151, 152]. An association of biochemical fac‐ tors in psychosis and creativity has been suggested by Folley et al [153] indicating the nora‐ drenergic system. This model also provides possible links between attention, divergent thinking, and arousal based on mechanisms that interact with structural and neurochemical systems of the brain and has the potential to explain the novelty seeking behaviour implicat‐ ed in ADHD but may have less explanatory power as far as autism is concerned. According to Sternberg and Lubart [154] creativity and novelty must be coupled with appropriateness for something to be considered creative. Although schizotypal thought most likely leads to an increase in novel ideas, they may not always be appropriate.

In contrast, the nature of creativity displayed by individuals with ASD is associated with the distinctiveness of the autistic brain and its unique neural connectivity. In this context Tem‐ ple Grandin [155] has stated, "it is likely that genius is an abnormality" (p178-179). Howev‐ er, she also believes that autistic intelligence is necessary in order to add diversity and creativity to the world: "It is possible that persons with bits of these traits are more creative, are possibly even geniuses…If science eliminated these genes, maybe the whole world would be taken over by accountants" (p.124).

## **11. Conclusion**

The results of our evaluation suggest that many features of ASD are advantageous for great creativity. Creativity is an extremely complex and multifaceted construct and no cognitive theory or model of brain function has so far been able to fully account for it. We suggest that the distinctive gifts of perception, attention, memory and information processing combined with personality attributes can give rise to the extraordinary crea‐ tivity seen in some individuals with ASD. It is our view that progress in elucidating the neural basis of autism may hold promises for a better understanding of autistic creativi‐ ty and creativity in general. Autism Spectrum Disorders are mainly portrayed as nega‐ tive phenomena, as a curse, but if they were an integral part of the mindset of highly creative individuals such as Einstein and Darwin who possessed autistic traits they could be regarded in some aspects as a gift [156].

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## **Author details**

Viktoria Lyons\* and Michael Fitzgerald

\*Address all correspondence to: viktorialyons@yahoo.co.uk

Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

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