Contents

**Preface XIII**



Chapter 7 **Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype Induced by Maternal Immune Stimulation During Pregnancy 113**

Nicholas M. Ponzio, Mili Mandal, Stella Elkabes, Pan Zhang, Junichi Sadoshima, Sayantani Basak, Peiyong Zhai and Robert Donnelly

**Section 4 Aetiological Factors - Co-Morbidity 359**

**Hyperactivity Disorder 361** Ginny Russell and Zsuzsa Pavelka

**A Review 387**

**Disorders 427**

**Management 451**

**Characteristics 479**

Verhoeven

Jennifer Elder

Efrosini Kalyva

**and Relationships 425**

Leonard

Chapter 17 **Co-Occurrence of Developmental Disorders: Children Who**

Chapter 18 **Pre-Existing Differences in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Intellectual Disability:**

**Section 5 Aetiological Factors - Sensory Issues, Foetal Alcohol Syndrome**

Chapter 19 **Relationships, Sexuality, and Intimacy in Autism Spectrum**

Bondi Polychronopoulos and Vanessa Dorbin

Chapter 21 **Autism Spectrum Disorders in People with Sensory and**

Kieran D. O'Malley and Susan D. Rich

**Section 6 Aetiological Factors - Parents and Families 501**

Chapter 22 **Empowering Families in the Treatment of Autism 503**

Chapter 23 **Collaboration Between Parents of Children with Autism**

Chapter 20 **Clinical Implications of a Link Between Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and Autism or Asperger's Disorder – A Neurodevelopmental Frame for Helping Understanding and**

**Share Symptoms of Autism, Dyslexia and Attention Deficit**

Contents **VII**

Jenny Fairthorne, Amanda Langridge, Jenny Bourke and Helen

Maria R. Urbano, Kathrin Hartmann, Stephen I. Deutsch, Gina M.

**Intellectual Disabilities Symptom Overlap and Differentiating**

Gitta De Vaan, Mathijs P.J. Vervloed, Harry Knoors and Ludo

**Spectrum Disorders and Mental Health Professionals 521**

Chapter 8 **Valproic Acid in Autism Spectrum Disorder: From an Environmental Risk Factor to a Reliable Animal Model 143** Carmem Gottfried, Victorio Bambini-Junior, Diego Baronio, Geancarlo Zanatta, Roberta Bristot Silvestrin, Tamara Vaccaro and Rudimar Riesgo


### **Section 4 Aetiological Factors - Co-Morbidity 359**

Chapter 7 **Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype Induced by Maternal Immune**

Chapter 9 **Mnesic Imbalance or Hyperthymestic Syndrome as Cause of**

**Autism Symptoms in Shereshevskii 165**

Chapter 10 **Genetic Evaluation of Individuals with Autism Spectrum**

Miguel Ángel Romero-Munguía

**Section 3 Aetiological Factors - Genetics 189**

Nicholas M. Ponzio, Mili Mandal, Stella Elkabes, Pan Zhang, Junichi Sadoshima, Sayantani Basak, Peiyong Zhai and Robert Donnelly

**Environmental Risk Factor to a Reliable Animal Model 143** Carmem Gottfried, Victorio Bambini-Junior, Diego Baronio, Geancarlo Zanatta, Roberta Bristot Silvestrin, Tamara Vaccaro and

Eric C. Larsen, Catherine Croft Swanwick and Sharmila Banerjee-

Agnes Cristina Fett-Conte, Ana Luiza Bossolani-Martins and Patrícia

**Stimulation During Pregnancy 113**

Chapter 8 **Valproic Acid in Autism Spectrum Disorder: From an**

Rudimar Riesgo

**VI** Contents

**Disorders 191**

Chapter 11 **Genetic Etiology of Autism 215**

Pereira-Nascimento

**Basis of ASD 249**

**Conditions 299**

Esra Guney and Elvan Iseri

Chapter 16 **Discovering the Genetics of Autism 341**

Chapter 12 **Advances in Autism Research – The Genomic**

Melanie Lacaria and James R. Lupski

Chapter 14 **The Genetic Architecture of Autism and Related**

Chapter 15 **Genetic and Environmental Factors in Autism 321**

Chapter 13 **Autism Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Genomics 275** John J. Connolly and Hakon Hakonarson

Michael Gill, Graham Kenny and Richard Anney

Abdullah K. Alqallaf, Fuad M. Alkoot and Mash'el S. Aldabbous

Basu

	- **Section 5 Aetiological Factors Sensory Issues, Foetal Alcohol Syndrome and Relationships 425**

#### **Section 7 Aetiological Factors - Intervention in Person with Autism 565**

Chapter 24 **Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorders 567** Olive Healy and Sinéad Lydon

Preface

for Iran. Benjak does this for Croatia.

including autism.

The pace of research on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) can only be described as extraor‐ dinary as this volume shows. It is extremely difficult for any single professional to keep abreast of all the developments in this area. This volume gathers together leading research‐ ers and expert clinicians from many different parts of the world to produce this "up-to-theminute" volume. It gives an in depth view of many areas of research which may be unfamiliar to the clinician and indeed researcher focused on their own area of interest. The

The best outcome for Autism Spectrum Disorders occurs where there is an early diagnosis at around two years. Unfortunately this is only achieved in a minority of persons with ASD as described in the first section on diagnosis and prevalence. Siller et al describes the strategy for improving the situation. Information from non-English speaking countries is critical to a global understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Samadi and McConkey provide this

The brain/gut axis has a long and controversial history in autism. Sajdel-Sulkowska et al pro‐ duced some new findings in relation to the "leaky gut" during development, abnormalities in the gut microbiome and effects on the brain. This area of research remains an exciting proposi‐ tion. The non-relationship between vaccines and autism is covered in two important chapters by Bustin and De Soto. The focus on immune dysregulation in ASD by Ponzio et al is an area of increasing importance and a particularly useful method of research is the mouse model.

Another important chapter using an animal model is by Gottfried et al who focused on Val‐ proac acid in pregnancy and associated autistic features in offspring. Romero-Munguia de‐ scribes a very interesting mnesic imbalance or hyperthymestic syndrome as a cause of autism symptoms in Shereshevskii, a man whose memory was studied by Luria. The under‐ standing of the aetiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders clearly has to pay large attention to genetic factors. This very rapidly expanding field of study is dealt with in great depth in a number of chapters by some of the foremost researchers on this topic in the world. Larsen et al discusses the genetic evaluation of individuals with ASD including genetic screening tests. Fett-Conte focuses on candidate genes, copy number variations, epigenetics and exome sequencing. Lupski and Lacario focus on mouse models in a number of conditions

Connolly et al notes the relative scarcity of causal common variants and the growing list of casual rare variants. Gill et al's chapter on the genetic architecture of autism and related dis‐ orders gives an excellent overview of genetic linkage and association. They also discuss mu‐ tation rates and models of risk in autism as well as next generation sequencing studies.

volume gives an in depth overview of the field of Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Immune problems have been observed at a clinical level for a long time in ASDs.


Liliana Maria Passerino and Maria Rosangela Bez

