**Author details**

Imtiaz A. Chaudhry1 , Hassan Al-Dhibi2 , Waleed Al-Rashed3 , Hani S. Al-Mezaine4 , Yonca O. Arat5 and Wael Abdelghani6

1 Houston Oculoplastics Associates, Memorial Herman Medical Plaza, Texas Medical Cen‐ ter, Houston, Texas, USA

2 Vitreo-Retina Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

3 AL-Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University Faculty of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

4 Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

5 Department of Ophthalmology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

6 The Woodlands Retina Center, Woodlands, Texas, USA

### **References**

suspected bacterial endophthalmitis along-with specific symptoms and signs which could differentiate between infectious and non-infectious causes following anti-VEGF injection has been reported by Hoevenaars et al. [108] These authors reviewed case series of 118 patients from the PubMed data along with records of their own 15 patients from the Rotterdam Eye Hospital with suspected bacterial endophthalmitis after anti-VEGF injection. Their study re‐ vealed that patients presenting with a VA of 20/200 (logMAR 1.0) or less and later than 24 hours after injection were more likely to have bacterial endophthalmitis and suggested that in order to prevent under-treatment in these patients, the threshold to proceed to vitreous

Patients suspected of having endophthalmitis following ocular surgery or trauma require prompt evaluation and treatment. Patients having ocular symptoms and signs in the ab‐ sence of trauma or ocular surgery and presence of risk factors such as diabetes, cardiac dis‐ ease, renal disease, organ transplantation, immunodeficiency status and malignancy should be evaluated for endogenous endophthalmitis. Since endophthalmitis can be caused by a large number of bacterial as well as fungal species, it requires rapid identification of the causative organism. Visual prognosis depends mainly on the underlying microorganisms, and it is particularly poor in cases of infection with Gram-positive bacteria or Aspergillus species. Experience has shown that early Vitrous biopsy along with intra-vitreal antibiotics may save vision in some patients while in other patients pars-plana vitrectomy may be nec‐

, Waleed Al-Rashed3

1 Houston Oculoplastics Associates, Memorial Herman Medical Plaza, Texas Medical Cen‐

3 AL-Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University Faculty of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi

2 Vitreo-Retina Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

4 Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

5 Department of Ophthalmology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

, Hani S. Al-Mezaine4

,

biopsy and empirical intra-vitreous antibiotics should be low.

essary to prevent total loss of vision and perhaps an eye.

, Hassan Al-Dhibi2

6 The Woodlands Retina Center, Woodlands, Texas, USA

and Wael Abdelghani6

**29. Conclusion**

202 Common Eye Infections

**Author details**

Imtiaz A. Chaudhry1

ter, Houston, Texas, USA

Yonca O. Arat5

Arabia


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